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Project Management Tools
Geography 176CSean Benison
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What is Project Management?Framework and tools for planning, managing, and completing large-scale projectsNew professional field
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Formal DescriptionA way of thinking systematically about the behavior of people at work in an organizational settingA vocabulary of terms, concepts, theories, and methodologies that allow work experiences to be clearly analyzed, shared, and discussedTechniques for dealing with many of the problems that commonly occur in the work setting (Springer 2006)
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Why It’s ImportantTremendous growth in recent yearsTools are increasingly used in businesses and organizationsMeasurable benefitsNew career possibilities
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History“Scientific” approach to industry and business in early 20th Century
Ford, Taylor, etc
Advent of very large projects in Second World War
Realization that new management techniques were needed for such projects
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P-51 MustangOutstanding
P-39 AiracobraPoor
P-38 LightningFairly Good
Outcomes: WW2 Fighter
Projects
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History (2)Project management techniques developed in 1950s-1960s
Primarily military projectsIncreasing popularity in variety of businesses & organizations from 1980s-present
Creation of “Project Manager” as distinct occupationProject Management Professional (PMP) and other certifications
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Basic ToolsOrganization
Project LifecycleProject ProposalWork Breakdown Structure
Scheduling and visualization Gantt ChartPERTCritical Path Method
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Organization Tools
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Project LifecycleUnderstanding and planning for entire lifespan of projectFour basic stages
InitiationPlanningExecutionClosure
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Project ProposalDocument outlining and arguing for proposed projectProvides foundation for project planningOften in response to Request for Proposal (RFP)
Open or targeted call for proposed projects to address given need
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Project Proposal (2)Typical components
Problem definitionMission and scopeStakeholdersBenefitsResources needed (incl. budget)Tasks and milestonesRisksOutcome/deliverables
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Work Breakdown StructureDefines and organ-izes work elements of projectWork broken down into set of major tasksValues assigned for portion of total work represented by each task
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Scheduling and Visualization Tools
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Gantt ChartDeveloped in 1917 by Henry Gantt as tool for managing factory productionDepicts start times and lengths of major tasks (i.e. WBS)Can be used to monitor ongoing progress
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Gantt Chart Example
Blue bars show time periods for tasksArrows depict dependenciesBlack inner lines and percentages show amount of progress
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Program Evaluation & Review Technique (PERT)
Developed in 1958 for Polaris missile programTime estimates, scheduling, and interdependencies of WBS tasksVisualized in network model
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PERT NetworkIllustration of WBS with time estimatesNodes = “mile-stones” (completion of major tasks)Arcs = “activities” (tasks) with required times
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Critical Path Method (CPM)Similar to PERT (and developed at same time)Different emphases
“Critical path”: Longest set of tasks –determines overall time for project“Crash” time estimates: Shortest time required in “emergency” situation
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CPM Chart
Time estimates given on nodesIncluding crash times
Critical path highlighted
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SoftwareDozens of programs!Commercial desktop
Microsoft ProjectPrimavera
Open sourcedotProject
Web-basedeProject
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ConclusionProject Management provides a framework for planning large-scale projectsTools aid in organizing, scheduling, and visualizing required workLikely to encounter in your future career