Geographies of diversity in LeicestershireSummary•The ethnic minority population, as measured by
non-white residents, increased between 1991 and 2011 by 34,000 in Leicestershire and 79,000 in Leicester City.
•Despitethisgrowth,theWhiteBritishethnicgroup,onlymeasuredsince2001,accountedfor89%and45%ofthepopulationofLeicestershireandLeicesterCity.
• IndianisthelargestethnicminoritygroupinLeicestershire(4%)andLeicesterCity(28%).ThegroupisclusteredintheeasternpartsofthecityinthewardsofLatimer,Belgrave,SpinneyHills,RusheyMeadandColeman.
•ThesecondlargestethnicminoritygroupisWhiteOther,whichhasgrownrapidlyduringthe2000sinLeicesterCity(growthof160%)andinLeicestershire(growthof57%).
•TheAfricanethnicgrouphasgrownfasterthananyothercomparablegroupduringthepasttwodecades,butaccountsforlessthan10%ofthepopulationinallwardsinLeicestershireandLeicesterCity.
•There is evidence of dispersal of ethnic minority groups from areas in which they have previously clustered.
•TheIndiangroupisgrowingmostrapidlyinareasneighbouringthoseinwhichtheyaremostclusteredinLeicester,includingHumberstone;andinsomeruralpartsoftheCounty,includingGreatGlenandHoughtonontheHill.
•New measures in the 2011 Census show that Leicestershire and Leicester City are not becoming less British, as more people report a British national identity than report White British ethnic identity.
•PoorEnglishlanguageproficiencyisgreatestinthoseareaswhereethnicminoritiesaremostclustered.Thismayreflectadifficultythatasmallminorityofresidentswillfaceinparticipatinginthewidercommunity.
2%
3%
96% (includes White Other)
93%
89%
2%
3%
4%
1%
2%
4%
1991
2001
2011
White Other* White Bri�sh Indian Other ethnic groups
Total popula�on - 650,500
Total popula�on - 610,300
Total popula�on - 573,300
3%
5%
70% (includes White Other)
61%
45%
23%
26%
28%
7%
10%
21%
1991
2001
2011
White Other* White Bri�sh Indian Other ethnic groups
Total popula�on - 329,800
Total popula�on - 282,800
Total popula�on - 281,500
Figure 1.Increasedethnicdiversity,1991-2011
Notes:WhiteOtherincludesWhiteIrishin2001(4,100or0.7%)andWhiteIrish(3,500or0.5%)andWhiteGypsyorIrishTraveller(400or0.1%)in2011.Figuresmaynotaddduetorounding.
Notes:WhiteOtherincludesWhiteIrishin2001(3,600or1.3%)andWhiteIrish(2,500or0.8%)andWhiteGypsyorIrishTraveller(400or0.1%)in2011.Figuresmaynotaddduetorounding.
a)Leicestershire
b)LeicesterCity
LOCAL DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUSPrepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE)OCTOBER 2013
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The growth of ethnic diversity 1991-2011Theethnicminoritypopulation(ornon-whitepopulation)increasedby34thousandor160%inLeicestershireandby79thousandor94%inLeicesterCitybetween1991and2011(seeFigures1a-1b,Page1).Despitethisgrowth,theWhiteBritishethnicgroup,onlymeasuredsince2001(seebox,right),remainsbyfarthelargestgroupintheCityandtheCounty.InLeicesterCity,nooneethnicgroupisinthemajority.TheWhiteBritish(45%)andIndian(28%)arethelargestethnicgroups.Theremainderofthepopulationcomprisesadiversemixofethnicgroups,includingWhiteOther(5%),AsianOther(4%),African(4%)andPakistani(2%).InLeicestershire,theWhiteBritishethnicgroupaccountsforalmostnine-tenthsofthepopulation.ThelargestethnicminoritygroupisIndian,accountingfor4%ofthepopulationin2011.
Census ethnic group questionTherehasbeenaquestiononethnicityintheUKCensussince1991.Thequestionhaschangedovertimeintermsofhowitisframedandthepre-definedresponsecategoriesofferedforpeopletochoosefrom.In1991,thecensusasked‘whichethnicgroupdoyoudescendfrom:White;Black-Caribbean;Black-African;Black-Other;Indian;Pakistani;BangladeshiandChinese.’Butin2001,itaskedabout‘yourethnicgroupintermsofculturalbackground.’Therewereadditionalpre-definedcategoriesofMixedandWhiteIrishin2001aswellasan‘Other’categoryforeachbroadgroupofWhite,Mixed,AsianandBlack.The2011questionchangedagain,simplyaskingabout‘yourethnicgrouporbackground’andtherewerecategoriesaddedforWhiteGypsyorIrishTravellerandArab.Thechangesinthephrasingofthequestionandthetickboxresponsecategoriesrestrictcomparisonacrosscensuses.
Geographies of diversity in Leicestershire
Figure 2.GeographicaldistributionofthelargestethnicminoritygroupsinLeicestershireandLeicesterCitybyward,2011
Oadby & Wigston
NW Leicestershire
Melton
LeicesterHinckley &
Bosw
orth
Harborough
Charnwood
Blaby
0% - 5%
5% - 20%
20% - 50%
50% - 80%
kl
Leicestershire average - 4%Leicester City average - 28%England & Wales average - 3%
Percentage of popula�on
a)Indiangroup
Oadby & Wigston
NW Leicestershire
Melton
LeicesterHinckley &
Bosw
orth
Harborough
Charnwood
Blaby
0% - 1%
1% - 3%
3% - 5%
5% - 10%
kl
Leicestershire average - 0%Leicester City average - 4%England & Wales average - 2%
Percentage of popula�on
c)Africangroup
Oadby & Wigston
NW Leicestershire
Melton
LeicesterHinckley &
Bosw
orth
Harborough
Charnwood
Blaby
0% - 2%
2% - 4%
4% - 8%
8% - 13%
kl
Leicestershire average - 2%Leicester City average - 5%England & Wales average - 4%
Percentage of popula�on
b)WhiteOthergroup
Oadby & Wigston
NW Leicestershire
Melton
LeicesterHinckley &
Bosw
orth
Harborough
Charnwood
Blaby
0% - 5%
5% - 10%
10% - 20%
20% - 35%
kl
Leicestershire average - 4%Leicester City average - 18%England & Wales average - 11%
Percentage of popula�on
d)Otherminoritygroups
Notes:Thesemapsarepopulationcartogramswhereeachwardisshownapproximatelyproportionalinsizetoitsresidentpopulation.
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Geographical spread of diversityFigures2a-2dshowtheclusteringofthelargestethnicminoritygroupsinLeicestershireandLeicesterCitybywardin2011.TheIndianethnicgroupisclusteredinwardsinandaroundtheeastofLeicesterCity(seeFigure2a,Page2).MorethanhalfthepopulationinthewardsofLatimer(79%),Belgrave(65%),SpinneyHills(60%),RusheyMead(54%)andColeman(54%)haveanIndianethnicidentity.InLeicestershire,morethanafifthofthepopulationhaveanIndianethnicidentityinthewardsofOadbyUplands(44%),OadbyWoodlands(38%),OadbyGrange(33%),OadbyBrocksHill(29%)andThurmaston(23%).
TheWhiteOtherethnicgroupaccountsforthegreatestproportionofthepopulationinthewardsinthecentreofLeicesterCity,includingFosse(13%),Westcotes(13%),WesternPark(9%)andCastle(9%).TherearesmallerclustersofresidentsthathaveaWhiteOtherethnicidentityinLoughborough,MeashamandMelton(seeFigure2b,Page2).ByfarthelargestWhiteOthergroupintheCityandCountythatwaswritteninonthe2011CensusformwasWhitePolish.
TheAfricanethnicgroupaccountsforfewerthan1in10peopleinallwardsinLeicestershireandLeicesterCity(Figure2c,Page2).Morethan5%ofthepopulationhaveanAfricanethnicidentityintheLeicesterwardsofBeaumontLeys(9%),SpinneyHills(7%),Charnwood(6%)andCastle(5%).
AllotherethnicminoritygroupsaccountforthegreatestproportionofthepopulationintheLeicesterCitywardsofStoneygate,Castle,SpinneyHills,Charnwood,ColemanandEvington.Ineachofthesewards,nooneethnicminoritygroup,exceptIndianorWhiteOther,
accountsformorethan10%ofthepopulation.Thesewardsarethereforeverydiverseareas.Forexample,inCastleward50%areWhiteBritish,9%areChinese,9%areWhiteOther,8%areIndian,5%areAfrican,5%areAsianOther,3%areArab,2%arePakistani,2%areCaribbeanandtheremaining6%haveamixedorotherethnicidentity.
InLeicestershire,thereareclustersoftheBangladeshipopulationintheLoughboroughwardsofLemyngtonandHastingswherethisgroupaccountsfor14%and12%ofthepopulation,respectively.
Dispersal of ethnic diversityAlthoughethnicminoritygroupsareclusteredinLeicesterCitywardsandotherselectedwardsinLeicestershire,thereisevidenceofdispersaltowardssuburbanandruralareas.ThisisshowninFigure3,whichhighlightsthepercentagechange(2001-2011)inthepopulationofthelargestethnicminoritygroupsinLeicestershirewardsandLeicesterCitywardswheretheyaremostclustered(thosethatcontainedafifthofthepopulationofeachgroupin2001),andthepercentagechangeineachgroupinallotherlessclusteredwards.
ThereisaclearpatternofgreaterpopulationgrowthforeachethnicminoritygroupinthosewardswheretheyarelessclusteredcomparedwithsmallergrowthinthemostclusteredwardsinboththeCityandCounty,exceptfortheWhiteOtherandAfricanethnicgroupsinLeicestershire.TheconcentrationoftheWhiteOtherandAfricangroupsintheCountymayreflectrecentimmigrationtotheurbancentresforemploymentandstudy.Thedeconcentrationofallothergroupsisduetomovementawayfromtheareaswhereethnicminoritiesareclusteredandnewimmigrationtoareaswhere
Geographies of diversity in Leicestershire
Figure 3.GrowthinpopulationbylargestethnicgroupsLeicestershireandLeicesterCityinthewardswhereeachgroupismostclustered,andeverywhereelse,2001-2011
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
Indian White Other
Asian Other
African Indian White Other
Asian Other
African
Leicestershire Leicester City
Popu
la�
on g
row
th (%
), 2
001-
2011
Most clustered wards Less clustered wards
Notes:The‘mostclusteredwards’foreachethnicgroupincludeafifthofanethnicgroup’spopulationin2001withhighestpercentageofthegroup,andthe‘lessclusteredwards’includetheremainingfour-fifths.Themostclusteredwardsareasfollowsforeachgroup:
Leicester City - Indian:SpinneyHills,Stoneygate;White Other:Castle,Knighton;Asian Other:SpinneyHills;African:SpinneyHills.
Leicestershire - Indian:WigstonStWolstan’s,RavenhurstandFosse,OadbyGrange,Forest
Thurmaston;White Other:LoughboroughSouthfields,LoughboroughNanpantan,Misterton,LoughboroughOutwoods,LoughboroughLemyngton,LoughboroughHastings,LoughboroughStorer,LoughboroughAshby,MarketHarborough-Logan,LoughboroughDishleyandHathern,OadbyGrange;Asian Other:OadbyGrange,OadbyUplands,OadbyBrocksHill,OadbyWoodlands;African:LoughboroughNanpantan,LoughboroughSouthfields,LoughboroughAshby,OadbyGrange,OadbyWoodlands.
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Thisbriefingisoneinaseries,Local dynamics of diversity: evidence from the 2011 Census.
Authors:StephenJivraj&NissaFinney
Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) TheUniversityofManchesterOxfordRoad,ManchesterM139PL,UK
email:[email protected]
www.ethnicity.ac.uk
therehasbeenlessimmigrationbefore.Whenmoredataisreleasedfromthe2011Census,itwillbepossibletodeterminetherelativeimportanceofthesecomponents.
Theindicationswouldsuggestthereisaprocessofresidentialmovementawayfromclusteredareas,especiallyfortheIndianpopulation.ThisisbecausethewardsthathaveseenthegreatestgrowthoftheIndianethnicgroup(2001-2011)areadjacenttowardswithlargeclusters.Forexample,theIndianpopulationmorethandoubledintheHarboroughwardsofGlen(from75to450)andThurnby&Houghton(from216to818).ThereisalsodispersaleastwardswithinLeicesterCity.TheIndianpopulationincreasedbythegreatestactualamountinHumberstone&Hamiltonward(4,100)duringthe2000s.
Indicators of barriers to community participationEthnicidentitydoesnotprovideaclearindicationoftheassistancesomepeoplewillrequirefromlocalauthorityservicestoparticipateinthecommunitiestheysettlebecausemanyethnicminorityresidentswillhavebeenbornintheUKorhavelivedhereformanyyears.Indeed,Britishnessismultiethnic,asinformationfirstavailableinthe2011Censustellsus:ineachandeverywardinLeicestershireandLeicesterCitythereisahigherproportionofthepopulationthatreportsaBritishnationalidentitythanreportsaWhiteBritishethnicidentity.The2011Censusprovidesnewinformationaboutnationalidentity,yearofarrivalofpeoplebornabroadandEnglishlanguageproficiency.
Figure4showstheproportionofpeopleineachwardinLeicestershireandLeicesterCitywhohaveaforeignnationalidentity,arrivedintheUKrecently(2007-11)andcannotspeakEnglishwell.ThewardswiththehighestproportionofresidentswithaforeignnationalidentityarelocatedinLeicesterCity,includingCastle(30%)andLatimer(27%).TheaverageforthewardsinLeicesterCityis17%.TheaverageinLeicestershireis3%withthehighestproportioninLoughboroughAshby(16%)inCharnwooddistrict.CastleinLeicesterandLoughboroughAshbyarediversewardswherenooneethnicgroup,exceptWhiteBritish,accountsformorethan10%ofthepopulation.Theycontainuniversityhallsofresidencehousinglargenumbersofinternationalstudents.
Theproportionofpeoplewithaforeignidentityisstronglycorrelated(R=0.93)withtheproportionofpeoplewhoarrivedintheUKduring2007-11acrosswardsinLeicestershireandLeicesterCity.Castlewardhasbyfarthehighestproportionofresidentswhohavearrivedinthistimeperiod(20%).Westcotes(14%)inLeicesterandLoughboroughAshby(13%)alsohavealargeproportionoftheirpopulationwhohavearrivedinthelastfiveyears.
ThewardswiththeproportionofthepopulationthatcannotspeakEnglishwellisnotasstronglycorrelatedwiththeproportionwithaforeignnationalidentity(R=0.6).Thus,Englishtuitionneedsarenotnecessarilygreatestinareasofrecentimmigration.ThewardswiththegreatestproportionofthepopulationwhocannotspeakEnglishwellareLatimer(23%)andSpinneyHills(18%),whichiswheretheIndianethnicgroupismostclustered.TheaverageforLeicesterCityis8%.InLeicestershire,onaverage,fewerthan1%ofpeoplecannotspeakEnglishwell,withthehighestproportioninLoughboroughLemyngtonward(6%).Thissuggeststhatthemajorityofthepopulation,evenintheareaswhereethnicminoritiesareclustered,canspeakEnglishwell.
Incompleteness of ethnic group data 1991-2001Non-response(undercount)isthoughttohavebeenwell-estimatedwithinthe2011Census,butincompletelyestimatedin1991and2001.Non-responseisconcentratedinsomeethnicgroups.Ifthisbiasisnottakenintoaccount,comparisonsofpopulationcanbemisleading.Inthisbriefingwehaveusedthecompleteestimatesfor1991and2001availablefromtheUKDataArchive.
Geographies of diversity in Leicestershire
Figure 4.AlternativemeasuresofimmigranthistoryinLeicestershireandLeicesterCitywards,2011
CastleLa�mer
L'boro Ashby
Castle
WestcotesL'boro Ashby
La�mer
Spinney Hills
Lemyngton
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Foreign na�onaliden�ty
Arrived 2007-11 Cannot speakEnglish well
Percentage of resident popula�on
Notes:Basepopulationfor‘CannotspeakEnglishwell’onlyincludespeopleaged3andover.
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