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Introduction to:
Geographical Information Systems/Science (GIS)
Didac Pascual, 2019
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Geographic Information System
or
Geographic Information Science
Definition…
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Geographic Information System
or
Geographic Information Science
What is GIS?
Definition…
‘’Is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate,
analyse, manage, and present spatial or geographic data.’’
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Learning outcome
Part 1 GIS
What is GIS?
How is reality represented an a GIS?
How can GIS provide new knowledge?
SQL and logic operations
Examples of common visualisations using GIS
Examples of common analyses using GIS
Part 2 Remote Sensing
Introduction to remote sensing
How does it work? Reflectance in different wave lengths
Some examples
Vegetation –spectral signal of vegetation
FCC and vegetation indices
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1. We produce maps
• What is a map then?
Is this a map?
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1. We produce maps...
• What is a map then?
How about this one?
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Lunds universitet / Fakultet / Institution / Enhet / Dokument / Datum
1. We produce maps...
• What is a map then?
Or this?
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Lunds universitet / Fakultet / Institution / Enhet / Dokument / Datum
1. We produce maps...
• What is a map then?
Or this?
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Lunds universitet / Fakultet / Institution / Enhet / Dokument / Datum
1. We produce maps...
• What is a map then?
Or this?
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1. We produce maps...
• What is a map then?
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1. We produce maps...
• What is a map then?
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Why isn’t a photograph considered to be a map?
A map is a symbolic representation of selected characteristics of a place,
usually drawn on a flat surface.
What is a map?
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Why isn’t a photograph considered to be a map?
A map is a symbolic representation of selected characteristics of a place,
usually drawn on a flat surface.
Maps are interpreted and generalized.
What is a map?
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Lunds universitet / Fakultet / Institution / Enhet / Dokument / Datum
Why isn’t a photograph considered to be a map?
A map is a symbolic representation of selected characteristics of a place,
usually drawn on a flat surface.
Maps are interpreted and generalized.
Maps have scales that are homogenous –
scales in photographs varies
What is a map?
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How do we transform earth properties to map?
models about the properties to map
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How do we transform earth properties to map?
models about the properties to map
Object model (vector)
Space is empty except when
occupied by objects with well
defined borders
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How do we transform earth properties to map?
models about the properties to map
Object model (vector)
Space is empty except when
occupied by objects with well
defined borders
Based on:
-points,
-lines,
-polygons
-bodies
Field model (raster)
No space is empty.
Based on:
- pixels
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Vector model
• We generalise reality
• We apply a spatial reference (coordinate system)
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Vector model
• We generalise reality
• We apply a spatial reference (coordinate system) Object model (vector)
Space is empty except when
occupied by objects with well
defined borders
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Vector model
• Point 0-dim scale independent
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Vector model
• Point 0-dim scale independant
• Line 1-dim length represent scale
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Vector model
• Point 0-dim scale independant
• Line 1-dim length represent scale
• Polygon 2-dim proportional to actual shape
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Vector model
• Point 0-dim scale independant
• Line 1-dim length represent scale
• Polygon 2-dim proportional to actual shape
• Body 3-dim proportional to actual shape (z often enhanced)
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Vector vs. Raster
Model = continuous surface Model = Well defined objects
Datatype:
Points
lines
Polygons
Bodies (3D)
Datatype:
Pixels
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Vector vs. Raster
Model = continuous surface Model = Well defined objects
Datatype:
Points
Lines
Polygons
Bodies (3D)
Datatype:
Pixels
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What do these maps have in common?
How do they differ?
B A
C D
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1. A rectangular matrix in 2D
2. Each cell/pixel is considered to be homogenuous
3. Each cell/pixel has a value –often reprented as a color/shade in the GIS
4. Digital aerial photos/satellite images are stored as rasters
The raster structure
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Spatial resolution
• Cell size
• High resolution = raster containing cells with small cell sizes (more details)
• Low resolution = larger cells
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Spatial resolution of raster data
“The higher the resolution, the more details will be possible to
detect. Therefore, one should always use the highest spatial
resolution as possible when performing analyses.”
TRUE or FALSE?
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Spatial resolution of raster data
“The higher the resolution, the more details will be possible to
detect. Therefore, one should always use the highest spatial
resolution as possible when performing analyses.”
TRUE or FALSE?
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Spatial resolution of raster data
“The higher the resolution, the more details will be possible to
detect. Therefore, one should always use the highest spatial
resolution as possible when performing analyses.”
TRUE or FALSE?
Depends on the aim of your study!
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Problems with raster
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Problem med raster
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Problem med raster
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Each property compose a layer
The layers are put
on top of one
another
Note! There could
only be one data
type within one
layer
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In the program:
Choose what layers to show
Choose the order of the layers Map window
Table of Contents
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Does it matter which model we use?
• Households in Brösarp
• Major road network of Skåne
• Elevation of Scania
• Soils of Sweden
• Landuse (crop field, urban/cities, forest, lake ....)
• Temperature variations within Skåne or within Sweden
• Precipitation in Skåne
• Precipitation in Europe
• Nice walking path around the Bertilstorp forests
How do you think the below properties could be obtained?
How do you think they should be represented in a GIS?
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What is a GIS?
1. Geometrical objects as vector
(points,lines, polygons) or
raster (pixels) to represent
properties defined in space
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What is a GIS?
1. Geometrical objects as vector
(points,lines, polygons) or
raster (pixles) to represent
properties defined in space.
2. Each object is connected to an
attribute table, providing more
information about the object.
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Each object in the map has an id number.
The id-number has a row in the table
LINK
ID
NAME
Tax. value
12
A. Nilsson
150 000
13
P. Jonasson
210 000
14
K. Hallén
97 000
15
J. Fransson
1 120 000
How are the map and table linked?
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How do we use table information in GIS?
Select specific information to show on the map using the attribute
table
Ex. Find all cities with a population above 5000 citizens
Perform computations based several properties (columns)
Visualisation of attribute data (tematic maps)
Analyses of relationships between attribute data and
spatial/geographic locations
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SQL = Structural Query Language
The syntax:
•Select (columns)
•From (which table)
•Where (criteria)
”*” = all
Select * Select all columns
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How do we use the information from tables in a GIS?
Perform computations based several properties: from table or/and
geographic location
Ex. 1
Leakage of nutrients to a river comes
from crop fields
How many crop fields do the river pass?
What is the area of those crop fields?
What is the leakage?
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How do we use the information in a GIS?
Ex. 2
Planning for school capacity: How many children are expected to
start school next year
How many children of a certain age live within a radius of 2 km from the
school?
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Spatial relationships
Spread of the Russian flu along the rail road network (Russion flu 1889-1890).
Development per week
Blue dots = new discoveries of the flu
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* Nov. 1 1889
** Nov. 7
Spread of the Russian flu along the rail road network (Russion flu 1889-1890).
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Rumsliga samband:
Spridning av influenza utmed järnvängsnät (ryska influensan 1889-1890).
Veckovis tidsserie
Blå ploppar = upptäcka fall av influensa
Spread of the Russian flu along the rail road network (Russion flu 1889-1890).
![Page 48: Geographical Information Systems/Science (GIS) · Geographical Information Systems/Science (GIS) Didac Pascual, 2019 Pascual.didac@nateko.lu.se . Lunds universitet / Fakultet / Institution](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053002/5f06d9a17e708231d41a0c2c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Lunds universitet / Fakultet / Institution / Enhet / Dokument / Datum
Rumsliga samband:
Spridning av influenza utmed järnvängsnät (ryska influensan 1889-1890).
Veckovis tidsserie
Blå ploppar = upptäcka fall av influensa
Spread of the Russian flu along the rail road network (Russion flu 1889-1890).
![Page 49: Geographical Information Systems/Science (GIS) · Geographical Information Systems/Science (GIS) Didac Pascual, 2019 Pascual.didac@nateko.lu.se . Lunds universitet / Fakultet / Institution](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053002/5f06d9a17e708231d41a0c2c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Lunds universitet / Fakultet / Institution / Enhet / Dokument / Datum
Rumsliga samband:
Spridning av influenza utmed järnvängsnät (ryska influensan 1889-1890).
Veckovis tidsserie
Blå ploppar = upptäcka fall av influensa
* Fall av influenza
31 januari 1890
Spread of the Russian flu along the rail road network (Russion flu 1889-1890).
![Page 50: Geographical Information Systems/Science (GIS) · Geographical Information Systems/Science (GIS) Didac Pascual, 2019 Pascual.didac@nateko.lu.se . Lunds universitet / Fakultet / Institution](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053002/5f06d9a17e708231d41a0c2c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Lunds universitet / Fakultet / Institution / Enhet / Dokument / Datum
Rumsliga samband:
Spridning av influenza utmed järnvängsnät
Number of
infected
people is also
easily
illustrated in a
GIS
Spread of the Russian flu along the rail road network (Russion flu 1889-1890).
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Models and simulations
How are air polutions spread?
• Wind direction/speed
• Vertical temperature profile
• Property/amount of pollution
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Net work analyses
• Shortest route from A to B
• Fastest route from A to B ( type of road,
speed limits, etc
• Accelerations/Slow downs
• Road work
• Traffic (specific hours)
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What is remote sensing?
= Any data collected from a distance
Images from: Air Images: www.aerialphotography.com/ NASA //www.NASA.gov
Aircraft
Satellites Active sensors
P
l
a
t
f
o
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m
s
I
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s
t
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u
m
e
n
t
s
Psssive scanners Camera /film or digital
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Why?
• Reach uninhabited areas -large parts of earth surface is hardly ever visited: water/ice (weather prediction)
• Cover large areas general overview for spatial patterns
• Provides up-to-date information overview spatial distribution/quick changes
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How?
• Reveal information from light sources/wavelength regions invisible to our eyes
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How?
• Reveal information from light sources/wavelength regions invisible to our eyes
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When?
• To produce maps
• Weather prediction
• Detection/distribution of gases
• Crop forecasting
• Mineral detection
• Forest monitoring
• Land use change detection
• Climate and environmental changes
• ...
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Glacier retreat…
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Deforestation…
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The electromagnetic spectrum
• Visible part is small
• Photographs use
mainly VIS
• Near infrared to
some extent
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Human:
blue, green, red
Bee:
Blue, green
Insects:
blue, green, red,
ultra violet
Snakes:
green, red, infrared...
Sensibility of wavelengths... In remote sensing we
use the ”invisible”
wavelengths.
How can we view
reflectance from the
invisible wavelength
bands?
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Reflectance
White
Black
Blue
High reflectance in all
visible wavelengths
Low reflectance in all
visible wavelengths
High reflectance in blue
and low reflectance in all
other visible
wavelengths
Reminder: All objects reflect electromagnetic
waves differently different colors.
It is the reflected light that we sense as colors.
blue green red
blue green red
blue green red
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Image identification How do we identify surface characteristics from satellite data?
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Image identification by: color, shape, size
Farmland in Illinois, USA Landsat image
Detection of surface properties
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Example by texture
Ikonos: 1 m resolution
3 1
2
What is this?
What do the different
textures represent?
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Identification by texture
Oil palm plantation
1.Individual palm trees. Regular
pattern.
2.Tree canopies merge together.
Shrubs and abandoned trees. tall
undergrowth between the trees.
3.Open field with short grass +
individual shrub
Ikonos: 1 m resolution
3 1
2
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Identification by relative size
Trees, shrubs or?
Detection of surface properties
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Identification by size
Detection of surface properties
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Identification of tree species using
shadows
Detection of surface properties
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Image identifications
• Color-tone
• Size
• Shape
• Texture
• Shadows
• Pattern
• Neighborhood/association
Detection of surface properties
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Computorised image classification
methods
Color/reflectance
= pixel based.
Identifies pixel by
reflectance value in
certain wavelengths
Object based
–identify
objects by
Shape + size
+ pattern
Detection of surface properties
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Empirical example!
How FIELD studies, REMOTE SENSING and GIS are used together.
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Empirical example!
How FIELD studies, REMOTE SENSING and GIS are used together.
Permafrost distribution
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Empirical example!
How FIELD studies, REMOTE SENSING and GIS are used together.
* Research question: How much organic Carbon is there in the soil in the e.g. Aktru
Valley (Russian Altai)?
(adapted from Brown et al., 1997).
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• 1. Field studies:
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• Remote sensing:
LANDSAT 8: passive sensor for acquisition of satellite imagery of the Earth.
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• Analysis of remote sensing products in a GIS:
Land Cover Classification:
- Land cover classes?
- Areal extent?
- Location of sampling sites?
- Data statistics?
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• Analysis of remote sensing products in a GIS:
Land Cover Classification:
- Land cover classes?
- Areal extent?
- Location of sampling sites?
- Data statistics?
Upscaling of field data!
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• Results:
Soil Organic Carbon (kg C m⁻²)
SOC storage:
Vegetated: 3.5 ± 0.8
Unvegetated: 8.5 ± 0.8
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All studies put together…
(adapted from Brown et al., 1997).
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All studies put together…
(from Hugelius et al 2014)
(adapted from Brown et al., 1997).
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THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
QUESTIONS?