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GEOGRAPHICAL
DESCRIPTIONS
Fifth year Tourism and Leisure Program
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SAHARA
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SAHARA• Largest hot desert, third largest after Antarctica and the Arctic• Surface of 9 400 000 km2 • Ahaggar, Tiberst, Air Mountains, Libyan and Tenere Desert• Much of North Africa excluding Mediterranean regions, Nile Valley and the Atlas
Mountain Range• South of Sahara – semi-arid tropical savanna called Sahel , west of Sahara –
Atlantic Ocean• „desert“ • Sand dunes – 180 m high • Emi Koussi – 3415 m
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CAIRO
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CAIRO
• Capital of Egypt, largest in ME, second largest in Africa• Lower Egypt, along the Nile River• 15th largest metropolitan area in the world (Greater Cairo) – 20.5 million inh.• density: 10,400/km2• Cairo Governorate (9.437 million), Giza Governorate (7.755 million), Qalyubeya
Governorate• 528 km2, 23 m• Umm al-Dunya, Masr• 15th busiest metro in the world – 1 billion passenger rides/year
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JERUSALEM
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JERUSALEM• Canaanite word URU-Shalim (City of God Salem)• Arabic: Al-Quds• 2400 BC – first written record mentioning the city („URUSALIM“) – Ebla tablets• 1000 BC – city conquered by King David (previously city of Jebusites, called
Jebus)• Seat of the king of Israel and the Jerusalem Temple• 586 BC destroyed by Babylonians• 4th – 2nd century BC – part of Greek Empire• Independent kingdom: 160-64 BC, then subdued by Romans• 70 AD, 129 AD – Jewish revolts – destruction by Romans• Emperor Hadrian – AELIA CAPITOLINA (roman pagan city)
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JERUSALEM• 4th century AD – visit by Empress Helena, start of Christian Pilgrimages• 7th century – Arab invasion, advent of Islam (638 AD – Khalifa Umar)• Haram ash-Sharif: Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock by Umayads• Crusader conquest in 1099 – seat of Jerusalem Christian Kingdom till 1187• Muslim rule (12th – 20th centuries) – Umayad, Ayubid, Mameluk, Otoman
dynasties• 1948 1.Arab-Israeli war – division of the city between Israel (west) and Jordan
(east)• 1967 city united• 3rd most holy place for Muslims, 1st holy place for Jews and Christians
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LEBANON• Lebanese republic, parlamentary democracy• Israel, Syria, 10,452 km2 plus 23 km2 of disputet Sheba Farms• Mediterranean basin x Arabian hinterland• physiographic regions: Lebanon Mountain Range, Anti-Lebanon Mountains,
Bekaa Valey, coastal plain• Mediterranean climate, large amount of rainfall, snow cover in the mountains• Demographics: 4,125,247 inhabitants plus 1,600,000 refugees (Iraq,
Palestine, Syria, Sudan)• 18 religious sects (Shiites 27%, Sunnites 27%, Maronites 21%, Greek
Orthodox Christians 8%, Druzes 5%, Melkites 5%, other Christian groups 6%)• Languages spoken: Arabic, French, Armenian, Kurdish