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Geographic Information System (GIS)Eng. Ismail El Gayar
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What Is GIS??
• Is any system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and presents data that are linked to location.
• is the merging of cartography and database technology
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Geographical Information System Modules
• Database• Map information• Computer-based link between them
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This technology has developed from:– Digital cartography and CAD– Data Base Management Systems
Geographical Information System
1
2
3
ATTRIBID X,Y123
ID123
CAD System Data Base Management System
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Geographical Information System
DigitalMapping
Photo-grammetry
ComputerAided
Design
Surveying
RemoteSensing
Databases
GIS
Cross-disciplinary nature of GIS
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Geographical Information Systemcomponents
Specific applications /
decision making objectives
?G I S
Spatial
data
Computer hardware /
software tools
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What makes data spatial?
PlacenameGrid co-ordinate
Postcode
Distance & bearingDescription
Latitude / Longitude
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Characteristics of spatial data
• Location
• Description: Kingston University,PenrhynRoad Centre
• Post Code: KT1 2EE• Grid Reference: 518106.72
168530.37• Latitude/Longitude: 0° 21’ 55.38”W, 49° 36’
17.62”N
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• Input & update spatial information
• Data conversion
• Storage & management of information
• Manipulation of spatial data
• Analysis of spatial information
• Presentation of data
System Process Flow
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GIS Structure
GeographicDatabase
Data Input
Transformationand Analysis
Query
Output: Display
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Co-Ordinate System
• A co-ordinate system is a standardized method for assigning codes to locations so that locations can be found using the codes alone.
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Other GIS Features
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Real world is continuous– Infinite number of places exist– Coordinate system may be used to definelocations– Geographical variation may be described byvariables (or attributes)⇒Population density
⇒ Elevation⇒Temperature• Attribute may be conceptualized as a field– Each field represents the variation ofattribute over the surface of the earth
Field View
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Referencing the Field{a, x, y, z, t}
a = attribute (empirically confirmable)(tag)
x,y,z = spatial coordinates
t = reference to time
Field View
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Database Management System
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DBMS Components
• Data model• Data input• Indexing – data structure• Query language• Security (controlled access)• Controlled update• Backup and recovery• Standard operations, data manipulation,administrative tools• Programmable interface - customization
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DBMS Types
• Tabular (flat file)• Hierarchical• Network• Relational• Object• Object-relational• Deductive
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GIS Based Functionality
• Layers of information – data integration• Visual inspection• Query• Buffering – regular and irregular• Overlay• Areal interpolation
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GIS is a part of Decision Making process
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Other GIS Features• Produce good cartographic products(translation = maps)• Generate and maintain metadata• Use and share geo-processing models• Managing data in a geodatabaseusing data models for each sector
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Databases & GIS
• At a simple level a GIS may just form the graphical interface to a database
• The majority of GIS applications follow this example
Linked database table
Spatial data
SQL Query Manager
MapInfo
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Buffering
• Creation of an area of interest around an object– proximity analysis and environmental impact assessment.
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GIS Provide Data Integration
Example:- Roads- Population- Hospitals- Wells- Mines
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Spatial Image
• Information referenced by its location in space
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Data Representation
Raster Image
Vector Image
Real World
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Spatial data storage
•Vector model
•Raster model
point
1,6
2,5
5,4
4,1
7,105,9
4,7
6,68,6
9,8
line
polygon
2,2
5 10
5
10
as geometric objects: points, lines, polygons
as image files composed of grid-cells (pixels)
A Desktop GIS should be able to handle bothtypes of data effectively!
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The benefits of GIS include:
• Better information management
• Higher quality analysis
• Ability to carry out “what if?” scenarios
• Improve project efficiency
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GIS Softwares
• ArcGIS• ArcView• AutoCAD MAP• UNIX GIS• GRASS
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Arc GIS
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Thanks for your time