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Genetics!
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Key Learning: Genetics in Animal Science
• Unit EQ: Why is an understanding of genetics important in the animal science industry?
Concept : Genetic Behavior
Lesson EQ:
How do genetics manifest?
Vocab
Crossover, Sex Linked, Sex Limited
Concept : Genetics in ANSC Industry
Lesson EQ: How can genetics affect animals and their use?
VocabACC, EPD, DTA,
MBV
Concept : HistoryLesson EQ:
How did research and knowledge of genetics evolve?
VocabPunnett Square, Dominant, Recessive, Mendel
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Objectives
• Analyze Meiosis and Mitosis• Discuss Gregor Mendel and his
contributions to genetics
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Essential Question
• How did research and knowledge of genetics evolve?
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Back in the Day
• Gregor Mendel THE FATHER OF GENETICS
• 1822-1884• Priest • Study the inheritance traits in pea
plants • Not recognized until the 20th century
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What did Mendel Study?
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What did this mean?
• Selective Breeding • Crossbreeding• Heritability
– What traits get passed on?
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What about today?
• Crossbreeding breeds registered• Cross bred crops
– Aprium , Pluot, Grapple• Cross Bred Animals
– Black Baldie, Labordoodle • Biotechnology
– Fish in Strawberries to prevent freezer burn
– Sub- arctic fish genes pumped into strawberries
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Let’s Break it Down
• Where is the information coming from?
• Where is it stored?• What does it look like? • What information is carried?
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Where is the info coming from?
• Parents
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Where is it stored?
• Cells
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MitosisActivity:
Please copy into your packet
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Meiosis: Activity:Please
copy into your
packet
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What does it look like?
• Genotype• Phenotype
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What information is carried?
• Chromosomes
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Why follow genetics?
• Pedigree
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Activities
• Video; Intro to Genetics United Streaming
• Follow along in your packet
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Vocabulary: Please Define
• Heritability• Gregor Mendel• Gene• Chromosome • Genotype• Phenotype• Pedigree• Gamete
Cross BreedingSelective BreedingMitosisMeiosis
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Genetics!The Punnett Square
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Objectives
• Analyze heritable traits• Calculate heritability using Punnett
Square Method
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Essential Question
• What does the Punnett Square represent/ Calculate?
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It started with a Pea [plant]
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What is a Punnett Square?
• an n × n square used in genetics to calculate the frequencies of the different genotypes and phenotypes among the offspring of a cross
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More than 1 trait
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Monohybrid vs. Dihybrid
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What does it mean?
• We can follow traits
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How to Punnett Square [Dance]
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Reading the Results
PERCENTAGES
RATIOS
1:2:1AA:Aa:aa
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Let’s Practice
• Worksheet- Punnett Practice
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Vocabulary
• Punnett Square• Heritability • Monohybrid• Dihybrid
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What do we look for?
Genetics in Animals
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Objectives
• Identify traits in animal breeding that are desirable based on breed and that are heritable
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Essential Question
• Where do you find information on heritable breed traits?
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General Concepts
• Certain traits are heritable • Hybrid vigor • Purebred
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Dogs
• What kind of traits would you want in YOUR dog? If you had:– Children– Small apartment– Sheep herd– Loved running ?
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Dogs
• Temperament can be bred for!– Especially aggression
• Watch for heritable health risks– Eye Problems
• Irish Setters and Progressive Retinal Atrophy • Collie Eye Anomaly • Cataracts • Entropion (eyelids turn in or out)
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Dogs- Heritable Health Contin
• Hips and Joints– Hip dysplasia
• Malformation/degeneration of the hip joint.– Retrievers, Cocker Spaniels, Shetland Sheepdog
– Osteochondrosis Dessicans (OCD) • Bone spur or flake wears away at joint.
– Present in dogs with OCD
– Pateller Luxation• Elbow/kneecap slides out of place locking leg
– Occurs more in smaller dogs
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Cats- Heritable Health • Polydactyly• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
– Heart muscle thickens • Main Coon Cats
• Progressive Retinal Atrophy• Diabetes
– Burmese
• Feline Infectious Peritonitis – Some cats have a predisposition to the
development of FIA
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Cattle – Dairy Cattle
• Milk production• Milk Fat Content • Efficiency
– Feed intake to Milk Output
• Calving ability
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Sire Summary in Cow/Calf Op.s
Evaluation report
Birth weight Weaning weight
Yearling weight
Maternal breeding value
EPD ACC EPD ACC EPD ACC EBV ACC DTS
Bull A -1.6 0.81 -2.7 0.79 -3.2 0.72 102 0.80 13
Bull B +2.4 0.90 +39.1 0.91 +70.0 0.83 103 0.76 11
Bull C +8.3 0.97 +53.8 0.97 +80.4 0.89 93 0.66 5
Advantage for progeny weaning weightsBull B vs. Bull A + 41.8 poundsBull C vs. Bull A + 56.5 poundsBull C vs. Bull B + 14.7 pounds
ACC = accuracyDTS = number of daughters
Table 1Example of sire summary data from the 1984 Angus sire summary
University of Missouri: Extension
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EPD
• EPD: Expected Progeny Difference: express the genetic transmitting ability of a sire. The EPD is reported as a plus or minus value in the unit in which the trait is measured.
• EPDs are calculated from a sire's progeny data. All bulls listed in the sire summary can be directly compared using EPD values. EPDs are an estimate of how a bull's progeny would be expected to perform compared to any other bull listed in the same summary.
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ACC
• ACC: Accuracy is a measure of how much the EPD value might change as additional progeny data become available. Sires with more calves in several different herds will have higher accuracy figures
• Select bulls to use based upon their EPD values and use the accuracy figure to determine how much to use a bull.
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MBV
• Maternal Breeding Value (MBV) describes how daughters of a bull are expected to produce compared to other cows in a herd. Once a bull's own daughters come into production, the MBV is calculated using the records of his own daughters in addition to those of his sire and paternal and maternal grandsires.
• Estimates of MBVs come from pedigree analysis, not sire evaluation
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DTS
• Number of Daughters.
• Why would this information be needed or relevant?
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Why perform strict analysis?
• Both commercial and seedstock producers should find sire summaries useful. A producer using AI can obtain semen from bulls that are superior in the traits of interest.
• Summaries also can be used to identify herds that excel in genetic merit and vice versa. A breeder who has several superior bulls listed in the report is a more reliable source of bulls than either the breeder who has no bulls listed or the breeder who has poorer than average bulls listed in the summary.
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Evaluating EPD’s Exercise Worth 50 points
• Using the booklet provided at your TABLE please:– 1. Read the Packet!– 2. Formulate a Vocabulary sheet for ALL
vocab words defined (all the abbreviations) – 3. Answer the worksheet questions in
groups.– 4. Write down any questions you have. – Due Friday!
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Once Finished EPD worksheet
• Summary Paper–1 paragraph double spaced
»Define the purpose of a Sire Summary. Who benefits from the sire summaries? What do sire summaries mean for producers? What information is provided on a sire summary?
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Genetic Terms to know
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Objectives
• Define terms normally used when explaining and discussing genetics
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Essential Question
• Why is using appropriate terminology important in Veterinary Science?
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Genetic Vocabulary Review
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Co Dominance
• A condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other
• Example: Roan coloring in cattle
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Roan Coloring in Cattle
• R is Red W is white
• F1 Generation– All Roan
• F2 Generation – 25% Red– 50% Roan– 25% White– 1:2:1 Ratio
R R
W RW RW
W RW RW
R W
R RR RW
W RW WW
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Sex Limited Genes
• Gene that exerts its effects primarily in one sex because of activation by androgens or estrogens
• Both sexes may have the gene• Example hen/rooster feathering
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Hen/Rooster Feathering
Genotype Female Phenotype
Male Phenotype
HH Hen feathering
Hen feathering
Hh Hen feathering
Hen feathering
hh Hen feathering
Cock Feathering
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Sex Determination• Mammals
– Determined at moment of fertilization– Female has regular chromosomes plus
an XX – Male has only 1 sex chromosome Y
• Birds– Females determine the sex of the
offspring Ma. X Y
X XX XY
X XX XY
Bi. Z Z
Z ZZ ZZ
W ZW ZW
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Sex Influenced Genes
• Trait expressed to different extents depending on the sex of the individual.
• Normally phenotypically recognized• Examples
– Male pattern baldness in humans (comes from your mother)
– Horns in sheep– Spotting in cattle
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Sex Linked Characteristics
• Genes carried on the sex chromosome • Example barred feather coloring in
chickens
Zb Zb
ZB ZB Zb ZB Zb
W Zb W Zb W
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Genetics Activities
• Chromosomes and Genes – Simulation Activity
• Dihybrid Guinea Pigs• Design a Species • Hardy-Weinburg?
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Genetics in Animals
• Using the terms learned today. • Find examples other than those used
in the presentation to help define 1 vocabulary word from today
• Vocab– Sex Linked - Codominance– Sex influenced - Sex limited
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Gene Behavior
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Objectives
• Discuss common gene behavior
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Essential Question
• What types of gene behavior might appear as a phenotypic result
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Linkage
• Tendency for certain traits to appear in groups in the offspring
• Genes closer together on the chromosome are more likely to stay together
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Crossover
• During meiosis chromosomes line up closely
• Sometimes the genes jump and cross over forming new chromosomes with different combinations of genes
• The farther apart two genes are on a chromosome the more likely they are to make a new combination
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Mutation • New trait appears that
did not exist in parents • Some are harmful some
are beneficial • Radiation will cause
genes to mutate • Example: Polled
Herefords – Cross between to horned
resulted in polled– Polled is dominant – one
parent must be polled
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Mutation Activity• Research a mutation in animals. (Your
animal will be assigned) • Write a paragraph (10 sentences) summary
describing the condition, what causes the condition, and if the condition benefits or harms the animal. Include a photo. Write up + photo = NO MORE THAN 1 PAGE in length
• Provide sources in APA format have at least 2
• This will be presented, and collected for grading. COMPLETE SENTENCES please
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Final Vocabulary: Use in a sentence. A good sentence means you can READ the sentence and UNDERSTAND the meaning of the word.
• Mutation• Crossover• Linkage• Sex linked• Sex influenced• Sex limited • Co-Dominance
• DTS• EPD• MBV• ACC• Hybrid Vigor• Punnett Square• Heritability • Monohybrid• Dihybrid
HeritabilityGregor MendelGeneChromosome GenotypePhenotypePedigreeGamete Cross BreedingSelective BreedingMitosisMeiosis
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COPY THE FOLLOWING FROM your notes:
Should be copied on your test review
• How to complete a punnett square and give responses in ratio and percentages
• Sex Limited Genes Example (hen/Rooster feathering) Punnett Square
• Co-Dominance Example Punnett Squares (Roan Coloring)
• Sex Linked Example (Barred Feathering) Example