Download - Genetic Variation
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Genetic Variation
www.alsa.org
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Goal
To learn the basic genetic mechanisms that determines the traits expressed by individuals in a population
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Natural Selection Theory
Variation in a population of organismsResults of Mutations
Results of Immigration
Result of survival features of individual organisms
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Natural Selection Theory
Environments are dynamicChanging resources
Climate (long term weather)
Natural disasters
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Natural Selection Theory
Selective PressureEnvironmental changes can cause pressure
Organisms unable to adapt quickly enough will die
Organisms that adapt are able to pass on their successful traits to future generations
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Natural Selection Theory
IsolationIf one portion of a population is separated from another portion then a new species may evolve
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Natural Selection Theory
Mechanisms for population changeKey to change is variation among the individuals in the population
Individuals are unique due to their genes
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Genetics
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GeneticsNucleic Acids
Huge molecules that hold information
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the nucleic acid that holds all the genetic information for organisms
ghr.nlm.nih.gov
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DNA
Genetic code of all living things
Complete set of blueprints and operating instructions for assembling and managing one particular kind of organism
Has four basic building blocksAdenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
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DNA
A and T can only bond with each otherG and C can only bond with each otherWhen four bases bond together in a long chain they form a double helix (ladder)Typical DNA molecule may be about 5 cm long
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DNA
DNA found in the nucleus of the cell
DNA is coiled into a compact structure called a chromosome
Every cell in every plant and animal has a completed set of chromosomes that define the organism
Every time the cell divides to produce two daughter cells the complete set of chromosomes is produced
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Chromosome, Gene, DNA
www.phoenix5.org
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Genes determine traitsGenes: are the units of heredity that is a sequence of bases (A,T,G,C) that give instructions on how to assemble a certain protein
Genes are the sugars, phosphates, and bases along the DNA strand in the chromosome
The proteins go to the cells to make things such as fats, bone, muscle, nerves, and everything else in a living organism
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Alleles
www.monteweston.com
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AllelesEach gene has two copies which are called the alleles.
(2 alleles= 1 gene)
Dominant allele the allele that controls what will happen or which trait will be exhibited (Capital Letter)
Recessive allele the allele that is “overruled” and this trait or function will not be seen because of the dominant allele (Lower case letter).
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Punnett Squares
A technique for predicting the characteristics of offspring
Example of Punnett Square
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Punnett Square
Always put the dominant allele (G) before the recessive allele (g) so you would write Gg
Results:One homozygous dominant (GG)
Two heterozygous (Gg)
One homozygous recessive (gg)
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Discovery of Heredity
Gregor MendelScientist pioneer to work with pea plants to show how a species can exhibit certain characteristics from one generation to the next.
He was the scientist to support the idea of dominant (capital letter) and recessive (lower case letter) traits.
history.nih.gov
kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca
kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca
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Genotype Genotype
Genotype is the genetic makeup of the organism (genes/letters)
Example:
(letters represent trait…color in this case)
Pea flower color B=dominant allele (purple), b=recessive allele (white)
A purple offspring would have either a BB or Bb genotype
A white offspring would only have a bb genotype
www.eastbaymom.com
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Phenotype
Phenotype: how the organisms looks (trait/picture)
Example: purple flower, white flower, tall plant, short plant
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Inheritance
Inheritance is passing genetic information from one generation to the next
You inherited alleles from your parents