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PHARMACOLOGY
DERIVATION:-
The word pharmacology is derived from twoGreek words i.e. PHARMAKON (an active
principle or equivalent to drug, medicine or
poison) and LOGIA (meaning study).
MEANING:-
Pharmacology means The Science of Drugs
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DEFINITION:-
Pharmacology may be defined as the study
of the History, Source, Physical and chemicalproperties, Compounding, Biochemical and
Physiological effects, Mechanisms of Action,
Absorption, Distribution, Biotransformationand Excretion, Therapeutic and other uses,
precautions, Adverse effects, Interactions
and Contra-indications of Drugs. It is
discipline of Biology and is closely related to
other disciplines in particular physiology and
Biochemistry.
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PHARMACOKINETICS
Pharmacokinetics embraces the knowledge
of absorption, distribution and elimination
(by metabolic biotransformation and /or
excretion) of drugs. It does not deal with
the effects of drugs. Distribution and
elimination are sometimes referred to
collectively in the single term disposition.
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PHARMACODYNAMICS
Pharmacodynamics may be defined as the
study of biochemical and physiological
effects of drugs and their mechanisms of
actions.
In simple words pharmacodynamics means
the effects of drug on the body and
Pharmacokinetics, means the way the body,well or sick, effects the drug with time.
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TOXICOLOGY
Toxicology deals with noxious (hurtful)effects of drugs including toxic symptoms,diagnosis and their treatment. It is not only
concerned with the therapeutic agents butalso with many other chemicals that might beresponsible for household
(carbon monoxide poisoning) environmental(gases, tobacco smoking) and industrialintoxication (industry waste).
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PHARMACOECONOMICS
This is a branch of Health economics that
aims to quantify in economic terms the cost
and benefit of drugs used therapeutically.
POSOLOGY
This type of pharmacology deals with
doses of drugs.
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PHARMACOGENETICS
Pharmacogenetics is usually considered
as branch of pharmacology that deals with
the study of genetic factors that modify the
individual response to drugs but it mayequally be concerned with the influence of
drugs on genes or the treatment of genetic
diseases with drugs.
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PHARMACOGENOMICS
Pharmacogenomics is a branch of
pharmacology that deals with the study of
genetic make up of an individual to
discover the gene variations which areassociated with good and poor therapeutic
response of an individual to a particular
drug and this genetic information is utilizedto guide the choice of drug therapy on an
individual basis.
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PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of drug
effects at population level. It is concerned
with the variability of drug effects between
individuals in a population and betweenpopulations. Pharmacoepidemiological
studies also take into account patient
compliance and other factors that applywhen the drug is used under real-life
conditions.
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CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
It is that branch of medical science which
is most concerned with the rational
development, the effective and safe use
and proper evaluation of drugs and otherchemical entities in humans for the
diagnosis, prevention, alleviation and cure
of diseases and disease syndromes.
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THEOTHERAPY:-
(Gr. Theos-god, therapeia-treatment). The
treatment of disease by prayer and religiousexercises.
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CLINICAL PHARMACY
A health science discipline that embodies
the application and development, by
pharmacists, of scientific principles of
pharmacology, toxicology, therapeuctics,
clinical pharmacokinetics,
pharmacoeconomics, Pharmacogenomics,and other life sciences for the care of
patients.
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CLINICAL PHARMACIST
A pharmacist who is involved in clinical
pharmacy practice, research and/or
education.
PHARMACY
Pharmacy is concerned with the preparing,compounding and dispensing of chemical
agents for therapeutic use.
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MATERIA MEDICA
Materia Medica is the science which deals
with materials or substances used inmedicine. The definition properly focuses
mainly on names, sources, physical and
chemical characters, preparations made
from and doses of substances employed
in the treatment of diseases.
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PHARMACOGNOSY
Pharmacognosy may be defined as the
science that deals with the biological,
biochemical and economic features of
natural drugs and their constituents. The
modern aspects of the science describe
not only the crude drugs but also theirnatural derivatives.
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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
It deals with the structure and chemical
reactions of active principles that are used
as drugs.
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CHEMOTHERAPY
Chemotherapy may be defined as the branchof pharmacology that deals with effects ofdrugs on microorganisms and parasites that
are multiplying in the patients tissues. Suchsubstances include natural or syntheticcompounds which selectively kill themicroorganisms or inhibit their growth without
causing any injury or damage to host. Theterm chemotherapy is also, now-a-days,applied to the use of chemicals (either natural,
semi- synthetic or synthetic)
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used to inhibit the growth of malignant or
cancerous cell in the body.
Bactericidal= which kills the bacteria
(Penicillins)
Bacteriostatic= which inhibits the growth or
multiplication of bacteria.
(Tetracyclines)
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PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
It is the application of drug in the diagnosisprevention and treatment of diseases andtheir use in purposeful alteration of normalfunctions, such as in prevention of pregnancy
or in the use of anaesthetics for surgicalprocedures. Pharmacotherapetuics is ofprimary concern to those who are engaged inhealing professions. It is the branch of
pharmacology which correlatespharmacodynamics with the pathologicphysiology or microbiologic or biochemicalaspects of disease.
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PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
Psychopharmacology is the study of
actions of drugs on psychological
functions and mental states.
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NEUROPHARMACOLOGY
Neuropharmacology is the study of effects
of drugs on nervous system.
EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY
BEHAVIOURIAL PHARMACOLOGY