Download - General Medical Emergencies
GENERAL MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
SPECIFIC CONDITIONS• REYE’S SYNDROME
• GOUT
• FEVER
• ALLERGIC REACTION
• FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE
• COMA
• HEMATOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
REYE’S SYNDROME
REYE’S SYNDROME• Acute no inflammatory encephalopathy characterized by hepatic, metabolic &
neurological dysfunction.
• Children
• Salicylate ingestion may be a predisposing factor
• Late winter & early summer higher incidence
ASSESSMENT SUBJECTIVE DATA
ONSET
MEDICAL HISTORY
OBJECTIVE DATA
• PHYSICAL EXAM• NEUROLOGICAL STATUS• GASTROINTESTIONAL STATUS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES• AMMONIA LEVEL
• EMZYME LEVELS
• PT, PTT
• CHEM 7
• ABG
• CSF
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION• ABC
• O2
• IV FLUIDS
• GIVE DEXTROSE TO COUNTERACT HYPOGLYCEMIA
• MEDS – MANNITOL, STERIODS
GOUT
SUBJECTIVE DATA• LOCATION OF PAIN
• TIMING /ONSET OF PAPIN
• CHARACTERITICS OF PAIN
• FEVER
• MEDICAL HISTORY
OBJECTIVE DATA• PHYSICAL EXAM
• ERYTHEMATOUS, HYPERTHERMIC EDEMA OF JOINT
• FEVER
• RELUCTANT TO USE EXTREMITY
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE• URIC ACID
• WBC IN SYNOVIAL FLUID
• HYPERCALCEMIA
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION• ANTINFLAMMATORY AGENTS
• WEIGHT REDUCTION
• DIET – AVOID ALCHOL,HIGH PURINE
• AVOID THIAZIDE DIURETICS
FEVER
SUBJECTIVE DATA• HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
• PREVIOUS SIMILAR EPISODE
• FEVER DEGREE AND PERSISTENCE
• OTHER SYMPTOMS
• IN CHILDREN FLUID INTAKE
• MEDICAL HISTORY
OBJECTIVE DATA• PHYSICAL EXAM
• DIANOSTIC PROCEDURES
LABS
X-RAYS
LUMBAR PUNCTURE
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION• ABC
• CONTROL TEMPERATURE > 101
• MEDICATIONS
• FLUIDS
• DETERMINE SOURCE OF INFECTION
ALLERGIC REACTION
SUBJECTIVE DATA
• HISTORY PRECIPITATING EVENTS IF KNOWN ELAPSED TIME SINCE CONTACT • MEDICAL HISTORY PREVIOUS ALLERGIC REACTIONS ALLERGIES MEDICATION
OBJECTIVE DATA• APPEARANCE OF CONTACT SITE
• COMPLAINTS OF DISCOMFORT
• SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ANAPHYLAXIS
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION
• ABC• EPINEPHRINE• O2• IV• ANTIHISTAMINE• HISTAMINE-2BLOCKER• STERIODS• BETA AGONIST OF BRONCHOSPASM• TREAT AREA OF CONTACT
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE EMERGENCILES
ELECTROLYTE ABNORMALITIES• SODIUM
• POTASSIUM
• CALCIUM
• MAGNESIUM
SODIUM• NORMAL WATER BALANCE
• IMPULSE CONTROL
• REGULATED BY RENIN
ANGEOTENSIN
ALDOSTERONE
HYPONATREMIA
• ACTUAL SODIUM DEFICITS DIAPHORESIS DIURETIC USE WOUND DRAINAGE DEC OF ALDOSTERONE RENAL DISEASE HYPERLIPIDEMIA
HYPONATREMIA
• DILUTIONAL CAUSES
EXCESSIVE WATER INTAKE
FRESHWATER DROWNING
GI LOSSES
HYPERGLYCEMIA
CHF
BURNS
SUBJECTIVE DATA• HISTORY
ALTERED ORAL INTAKE
NAUSEA AND VOMITING
THIRST
EXCESSIVE WATER INTAKE
SKELETAL MUSCLE WEAKNESS
MUSCLE CRAMPS
OBJECTIVE DATA
• PHYSICAL EXAM
• MENTAL STATIS
• SKIN TLURGOR
• SUNKEN FONTANELLE AND EYES
• DRY MUCUS MEMBRANES
• HYPOTENSION AND TACHYHCARDIA
• SEZURES LEVEL < 110 mEq/L
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES• CBC
• ELECTOLYTE LEVE
• CHLORIDE
• BUN AND CREATININE LEVELS
• UA
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION• ABC
• IV FLUIDS
• REPLACE SODIUM ORALLY OR IV
• PROTECT FROM INJURY (SEIZURES)
• I&O
HYPERNATREMIA
SUBJECTIVE DATA• HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
• ANOREXIA, NAUSEA,VOMITING
• DIARRHEA
• ALTERED SODIUM INTAKE
• THIRST
• DEHYDRATION
OBJECTIVE DATA
• PHYSICAL EXAM
• DECREASED URINE OUTPUT
• HYPERREFLEXIA, MUSCLE TWITCHING
• DRY MUCOUS MEMBRANES & SKIN
• MUSCLE WEAKNESS
• ORTHOSTATIC VITAL SIGN CHANGES
DIAGNOSTGIC PROCEDURES• LABS
• INFANTS NORMAL 275 TO 285 mOsm/kg
• ADULT NORMAL 285 TO 295 nOsm/kg
• SYMPTOMS DEVELOP AT 320
• COMA OCCURS AT 360
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION• IV FOR ISOTONOIC SOLUTIONS
• BLOOD SUGER TO RULE OUT HYPOGLYCEMIA
• I & O
• MONITOR FOR SEIZURE ACTIVITY
• LIMIT SODIUM INTAKE
POTASSIUM ABNORMALITIES
HYPOKALEMIA• LEVEL BELOW 3.5 mEq/L
• LOW INTAKE
• GASTROINTESTIONAL LOSSES
• RENAL LOSSES
• DIABETIC ACIDOSIS TREATMENT
• BURNS
• OVERHYDRATION
SUBJECTIVE DATA• GI UPSET
• WEAKNESS AND FATIQUE
• SOB
• CRAMPS
• FREQUENT URINATION
• CONSTIPATION
OBJECTIVE DATA• SHALLOW RESP,WEAK PULSE
• MUSCLE TENDERNESS
• DSYRHYTHMIAS (HEART BLOCKS)
• CONFUSION
• PARALYTIC ILEUS, HYPOACTIVE BS
• POLYURIA
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
• LABS
• DEPRESSED ST SEGMENTS
• ABG ALKALOSIS
• FLATTENED T WAVES
• U WAVES
• VENTICULAR IRRITABILITY
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION• ABC
• IV
• ADMINISTER POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
• CORRECT ACID-BASE IMBALANCE
• MONITOR CARDIAC RHYTHM
HYPERKALEMIA
• K > 5.5 mEq/L
• POSSIBLE CAUSES
EXCESSIVE k INTAKE
DECREASED GLOMELULAR RATE
RENAL FAILURE
SEVERE TISSUE INJURY
ACIDOSIS
INSULIN DEFICENCY
SUBJECTIVE DATA• CONFUSION
• HYPEREXCITABILITY
• MUSCLE WEAKNESS
• AB DESTENTION
• DIARRHEA
• CHRUSH OR BURN INJURY
OBJECTIVE DATA• MENTAL CONFUSION
• WEAKNESSS
• DYSRHYTHMIAS
• BRADYCARDIA
DIAGNOSTIC • ABC
• LABS
• ECC
• PEAKED T WAVES
• DEPRESSED OR FLAT T WAVES
• WIDENING QRS
• PROLONGED PR
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION• ABC
• IV
• MEDS
SODIUM BICARB
GLUCOSE 50%
INSULIN
KAEXYLATE
MONITOR CARDIAC STATUS
CALCIUM ABNORMALITIES
CALCIUM • LEVELS ARE REGLULATED BY ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• FACTOR IV IN THE BODY’S CLOTTING CASCADE
• TRANSMISSION OF NEUROMUCSCLAR IMPULSES
• IMPORTANT IN BONE FORMATION
HYPOCALCEMIA• DEFICITS OF CALCIUM INTAKE
• INHIBITION OF CALCIUM ABSORPTION
• DECREASED VIT D
• LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
• MALABSORPTION SYNDROMES
• BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS
• ENDOCRINE DISTURBANCES
SUBJECTIVE DATA• PARESTHESIA THEN NUMBNESS
• MUSCLE CRAMPS
• ALTERED DIETARY INTAKE
• RENAL FAILURE
• PANCREATITIS
• TOXIC SHOCK
PHYHSICAL EXAM• HYPOTENSION• TACHYCARDIA• DECREACED PERIPHERAL PULSES• MUSCLE WEAKNESS• CARPOPEDAL SPASMS• TETANY• HYPERVENTLATION• SEIZURE• TROUSSEAU’S SIGN• CHVOSKEK’S SIGN
DIAGNOSTIC• LABS
• ABG
• PARATHYROID HORMONE LEVEL
• ECG CARDIAC MONITOR
• PROLONGED QT AND ST
• T-WAVE INVERSION
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION• ABC
• IV
• CARDIAC MONITORING
• CONTROL HYPERVENTLATION
• ADMINISTER CALCIUM
• ORAL CALIUM AS NEEDED
HYPERCALCEMIA• DECREASED RENAL FUNCTION
• USE OF THIAZIDE DIURETICS
• INCREASED BONE REABSORPTION OF CALCIUM
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
MALIGNANCY
HYPERTHYRODISM
SUBJECTIVE DATA• ANOREXIA,VOMITING AND DIARRHEA
• WEAKNESS
• LETHARGY
• POLYURIA
OBJECTIVE DATA• MENTAL STATUS CHANGE
• TACHYCARDIA
• HYPERTENSION
• INCREASED URINE OUTPUT
• PROFOUND MUSCLE WEAKNESS
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION• IV
• I & O KEEP OUTPUT GREATER THAN 500CC HR
• CARDIAC MONITOR
• CVP
• MEDS
• HEMODIALYSIS
MAGNESIUM ABNORMALITIES
HYPOMAGNESEMIA• DECREASED INTAKE
• CHRONIC ALCOHOLLISM
• PROLONGED IV FEEDING
• LOSS THRU GI TRACT
• DRUG THERAPY
SUBJECTIVE DATA• PARESTHESIA
• MUSCLE CRAMPS
• SEIZURE
• CROHN’S DISEASE
• DIABETES
• RENAL INSUFFICIENCY
OBJECTIVE DATA• HYPERTENSION
• BRADYCARDIA
• VENTGRICULAR DSYRTHYMIAS
• HYPERREFLEXIA
• SEIZURES
• CONFUSION
• COMA
DIAGNOSTIC• LABS
• ECG
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION• ABC
• IV
• CARDIAC MONITORING
• GIVE MAGNESIUM
HYPERMAGNESEMIA• RENAL FAILURE
• ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
• OVERDOSE
• RENAL PATIENTS maalox, mom
• ECLAMPSIA
SUBJECTIVE DATA• NAUSEA AND VOMITING
• DROWSINESS LETHARGY
• RENAL INSUFFICIENCY OR FAILURE
• OVERDOSE OF THERAPEUTIC MAGNESIUM
OBJECTIVE DATA• SOMNOLENCE
• SHALLOW RESP
• DEPRESSED OR ABSENT TENDON REFLEXES
• RESPIRAORY OR CARDIAC ARREST
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION• ABC
• IV
• CARDIAC MONITORING
• ADMINISTER CALCIUM
• SALINE DIURESIS OR LASIX
• HEMODIALYSIS IN EXTREME CASES
COMA
COMA
• STRUCTURAL CAUSES
• METABOLIC CAUSES
• TOXIC OR ENZYMATIC INHIBITATION CAUSES
• PSYCHIATRIC CAUSES
SUBJECTIVE DATA
• ONSET• ACTIVITY AT ONSET• PROGRESSION OF SEIZURE • MEDS• SEIZURE DISORDER• BACTERIAL ILLNESS• MEDICAL HISTORY• DEPRESSION OR BEHAVIOR CHANGES• ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
OBJECTIVE DATA
• LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS• RESPIRATORY RATE• PUPILS• EYE MOVEMENT• GCS• FEVER OR HYPERTHERMIA• TRAUMA• VITAL SIGNS• NEURO SIGNS
DIAGNOSTIC• ABC
• LABS
• X-RAYS / CT
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION• ABC
• INTUBATION TO PROTECT AIRWAY
• IV
• NG
• VITAL SIGNS
HEMATOLOGIC EMERGENCIES
CLOTTING ABNORMALITIES• DIC
• HEMOPHILIA
• THROMBOCYTOPENIA PURPURA
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION• DIFFUSE MICROVASCULAR COAGULATION
• DEPLETES THE CLOTTING FACTOR
• IMPAIRS HEMOSTATIS
• BLEEDING FOR ANY SITE
• DIZZINESS
• RASH
• EXCESSIVE BRUISING
• MASSIVE BLOOD TRANSFUSION
• ABRUPTIO PLACENTEA
• TRAUMA
• NEOPLASM
• SNAKE BITE
• ARDS
• HEPATIC DISEASE
SUBJECTIVE DATA
OBJECTIVE DATA• PETECHIEA, PURPURA
• ECCHYMOSIS
• BLEEDING
• HEMATURIA
• LOC
• HEMATEMESIS
• ARDS
DIAGNOSTIC• PLATELET COUNT
• PT, PTT
• FIBRINOGEN LEVEL
• H & H
• TYPE AND CROSS
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION• A LINE
• CARDIAC RATE AND RHYTHM
• URINE OUTPUT
• CLOTTING TIME AND PLATELET COUNT
• REPLACE CLOTTING FACTORS
HEMOPHILIA• INHERITED, SEX-LINKED DISORDER ALMOST ALWAYS SEEN IN MALES
• FEMALES CARRY GENE AND PASS TO MALE CHILDREN
• SEVERITY OF DISEASE IS DIRECTLLY RELATED TO ACTILVIEY LEVEL OF FACTOR VIII
SUBJECTIVE DATA• UNUSUAL PROLONGED BLEEDING
• SPONTANEOUS HEMORRHAGE
• INTRACRANIAL BLEEDING
• SKIN
• JOINTS PAIN, SWELLING TENDERNESS
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES• PTT PROLONGED
• PT NORMAL
• PLATELET COUNT NORMAL
• FACTOR VIII DECREASED
• FACTOR IX DECREASED
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION• RISK OF VOLUME DEFICIT
• NO IM INJECTIONS
• PRESSUE FOR LACERATIONS AND VENIPUNCTURES
• ICE, IMMOBLIZEMEKEVATE AND COMPRESSIVE DRESSINGS
• AVOID ASA AND NSAIDS
SICKLE CELL
SUBJECTIVE DATA• PAIN
• IMPAIRED GROWTH PATTERNS
• INFECTIONS
OBJECTIVE DATA• CHRONIC ORGAN DAMAGE
• CHF
• SYSTOLIC EJECTION MURMUR
• JAUNDICE
• GALL STONES
• HEMATURIA
• PRIAPISM
DIAGNOSTIC • HEMOLYTIC AMEMIA HCT 20-3O%
• ELEVATED RETICULOCYTES
• SICKLED CELLS
• BILIRUBIN ELEVATED
PLANNING AND INTERVENTION• O2
• IV FLUIDS
• ANALGESIC
• REVERSE DEHYDRATION
• BED REST