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GENERAL ARTHROLOGY
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Synarthrotic Joints• No joint capsule and no movement between
adjacent bones– Suture
• Dense Fibrous CT
– Gomphosis• Fibrous Peridontal Ligaments
– Synchondrosis – Hyaline Cartilage• Epiphyseal Line (plate)
– Synostosis – Bony Joints (Fused)
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Types of Sutures
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synchodroses
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SYMPHSIS
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Synovial Joint
pg 215
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SYNOVIAL JOINT
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BALL AND SOCKET
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Knee Joint• Much more complex than
elbow
• Much less stable than other hinge joints
• Some gliding and rotation
• structurally 3 separate joints
• No single joint capsule
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Joint Shapes
• Saddle: articular surface both concave + convex– side-to-side, back-forth
movement– (eg) carpometacarpal jt of thumb–
• Ball + Socket: spherical head + round socket– multiaxial movement– (eg) shoulder, femur
pg 225
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Bursae & Tendon Sheaths
• Bursae: flat, fibrous sac w/synovial membrane lining
• Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae that wraps around tendons
• 3 Factors in Joint Stability:– Muscle Tone – Ligaments – Fit of Articular Surface
pg 219
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Joint Shapes
• Hinge: cylindrical end of 1 bone fits into trough shape of other– angular movement-1 plane (eg)
elbow, ankle, interphalangal
• Plane: articular surface in flat plane– Short gliding movement– (eg) intertarsal, articular
processes of vertebrae
pg 224
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Joint Shapes
• Condyloid: egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity– side-to-side, back+forth movement– (eg) metacarpophalangeal
(knuckle)
• Pivot: round end fits into ring of bone + ligament– rotation on long axis– (eg) prox. radius/ulna, atlas/dens
pg 225
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Representative Articulations
Temporomandibular Joint
Mostly hinge joint, some gliding and rotation
Articular disc
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Special Movements
супінація і пронація
Протракція (висування)Ретракція (засування)
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BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS
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BIAXIAL JOINT(CONDYLOID/ SADDLE JOINT)
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ELBOW JOINT
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MUTIAXIAL JOINTS(HIP JOINT)BALL AND SOCKET
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MOVEMENTS AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS(FLEXION/EXTENSION)
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FLEXION/EXTENSION VETEBRAL COLUMN
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FLEXION EXTESION LIMBS
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ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION/CIRCUMDUCTION
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INVERSION/EVERSION
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Tendon Sheaths and Bursae
• Bursa is saclike extension of joint capsule that extends between nearby structures allowing them to slide more easily past each other
• Tendon sheaths are elongated cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane & wrapped around a tendon– numerous in hand and foot
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Total Knee Replacement
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Lab 12: ArticulationsLab 6: Cartilage Connective Tissue
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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• 1. PLANE JOINTS-ARTICULAR SURFACES ARE PLNE AND ALLOW ONLY GLIDING MOVEMENTS
• 2. HINGE JOINTS-CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF ONE JOINT FITS IN THE TROUGH SHAPE OF THE OTHER. ALLOW MOVEMENT AROUND 1 AXIS
• 3. PIVOT JOINTS- THE ROUNDED END OF ONE BONE FORMS INTO A RING FORMED BY THE OTHER BONE PLUS A LIGAMENT.MOVEMENT OCCURS IN 1 AXIS
• 4. CONDYLOID- THE EGG SHAPED SURFACE OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SURFACE OF THE OTHER .ALLOW MOVEMENT IN 2 AXIS
• 5.SADDLE-ARTICULAR SURFACES IF BOTH BONES ARE CONCAVE AND CONVEX( SADDLE) BIAXIAL JOINT.
• 6. BALL AND SOCKET-SPHERICAL HEAD OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE SOCKET OF THE OTHER. MUTIAXIAL JOINT
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• DEFINITION- ARTHROLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF JOINTS , AND ARTICULATIONS.
• SITE WHERE RIGID ELEMEMTS OF THE SKELETON MEET ARE CALLED ARTICULATIONS.
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS:
A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION:
B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE
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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION
• SYNARTHROSES-IMMOVABLE JOINTS (sutures)
• AMPHIARTHROSES- SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS( FIBROUS CONNECTION)( intervetebral discs)
• DIARTHROSES-FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS( SYNOVIAL)
• SYNARTHROSES AND AMPHIARTHROSES ARE LARGELY RESTRICTED TO THE AXIAL SKELETON
• DIARTHROSES PREDOMINATE IN THE LIMBS
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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE
• BASED ON THE MATERIAL THAT BINDS THE BONES TOGETHER, AND ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF JOINT CAVITY.
A) FIBROUS JOINTS
B) CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
C) SYNOVIAL JOINTS
FIBROUS JOINTS-
-BONES CONNECTED BY FIBROUS TISSUE
-no joint cavity
a) Sutures
b) Syndesmoses
c) Gomphoses
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• CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS-
- THE BONES ARE UNITED BY CARTILAGE
- THERE IS NO JOINT CAVITY
a) Synchondrosis( hyaline cartilage unites the bones)
b) Symphyses( fibrocartilage unites the bones)
SYNOVIAL JOINTS-
-MOST MOVABLE JOINTS IN THE BODY
-THERE IS A JOINT CAVITY.( SYNOVIAL CAVITY, SYNOVIAL FLUID)
-ARTICULAR CARTILAGE( COVERS THE ENDS OF THE OPPOSING BONES)
-ARTICULAR CAPSULE( IT ENCLSES THE JOINT CAVITY.2 LAYERED)
-REINFORCING LIGAMENTS
-BURSAE
-MOVEMENT VS STABILITY