Download - Gel electroporosis
![Page 1: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SDS GEL ELECTROPHORESIS AND BLOTTING TECHNIQUES.
ByY.PRATHAP
M.Pharm I- Sem (PHARMACEUTICS).
Roll no: 256213886031.
Under the guidance of: Asst.Prof . Mr. Uttam Prasad Panigrahi .
M.PHARM,(PAT).
![Page 2: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CONTENTS:SDS Gel electrophoresis. Introduction. Principle. Instrumentation. Process. Applications.
Blotting techniques. Types & applications. References.
![Page 3: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
INTRODUCTION OF SDS-PAGE (POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS)
SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is a technique widely used in biochemistry,
forensics, genetics and molecular biology: to separate proteins according to their
electrophoretic mobility (a function of length of polypeptide chain or molecular weight).
to separate proteins according to their size, and no other physical feature.
![Page 4: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
…SDS-PAGE
SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) is a detergent (soap) that can dissolve hydrophobic molecules but also has a negative charge (sulfATE) attached to it.
![Page 5: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fig.1Before SDS: Protein (pink line) incubated with the denaturing detergent SDS showing negative and positive charges due to the charged R-groups in the protein. The large H's represent hydrophobic domains where nonpolar R-groups have collected in an attempt to get away from the polar water that surrounds the protein. After SDS: SDS disrupt hydrophobic areas (H's) and coat proteins with many negative charges which overwhelms any positive charges the protein had due to positively charged R-groups. The resulting protein has been denatured by SDS (reduced to its primary structure-amino acid sequence) and as a result has been linearized.
![Page 6: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
..SDS SDS (the detergent soap) breaks up hydrophobic
areas and coats proteins with negative charges thus overwhelming positive charges in the protein.
The detergent binds to hydrophobic regions in a constant ratio of about 1.4 g of SDS per gram of protein.
• Therefore, if a cell is incubated with SDS, the membranes will be dissolved, all the proteins will be solubalized by the detergent and all the proteins will be covered with many negative charges.
![Page 7: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
PAGE
If the proteins are denatured and put into an electric field (only), they will all move towards the positive pole at the same rate, with no separation by size.
However, if the proteins are put into an environment that will allow different sized proteins to move at different rates.
The environment is polyacrylamide. the entire process is called
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).
![Page 8: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
..PAGE
Small molecules move through the polyacrylamide gel faster than big molecules.
Big molecules stays near the well.
![Page 9: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
PRINCIPLE: PAGE (Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis), is an
analytical method used to separate components of a protein mixture based on their size. The technique is based upon the principle that a charged molecule will migrate in an electric field towards an electrode with opposite sign.
The proteins being covered by SDS are negatively charged and when loaded onto a gel and placed in an electric field, it will migrate towards the anode (positively charged electrode) are separated by a molecular sieving effect based on size. After the visualization by a staining (protein-specific) technique.
![Page 10: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
INSTRUMENTATION
![Page 11: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
APPARATUS: Apparatus for gel electrophoresis are relatively simple .
Electrophoresis cells are essentially plastic boxes with anode and cathode compartments. Electrodes(usually platinum wire) and jacks for making electrical contact with the electrodes.
Gels are held vertically between the electrode chambers during the run. Gel cassettes have open tops and bottoms. The bottom is sealed with a gasket during gel formation and the top is open to receive monomer solution. The top and bottom ends are open and in contact with buffer for electrophoresis.
High voltage direct current supplies provide electrical power for electrophoresis.
Micropipettes, test tubes and heating blocks are the sample handling necessities.
![Page 12: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
PARTS OF THE SYSTEM Gel support medium Agarose. Polyacrylamide(PA). Detergent: sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS). Buffer : the electrical current in an electrophoresis cell is
carried largely by the ions supplied by the buffer compounds. Proteins constitute only a small portion of the current carrying ions in an electrophoresis cell. So buffers supply current carrying ions, maintain desired PH, provide a medium for heat for dissipation . Ex : Tris-acetate-EDTA and Tris- borate -EDTA.
DC Power supply.
![Page 13: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
PROCESS:
Sample preparation.
Prepare 2X sample buffer consisting of 0.5M Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 4.4% SDS, 300mMMercaptoethanol, 10mg/ml Bromophenol Blue and mix with equal volume of sample .Bring to 95° C for 10 minutes, cool to room temperature before loading. If particulate is present, centrifuge samples 5 minutes at 14k RPM in microcentrifuge, and load the gel.
![Page 16: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ENTIRE PROCESS DIAGRAM OF SDS GEL ELECTROPHORESIS.
![Page 17: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
PROTEIN VISUALIZATION ON GELS
• Immediately after electrophoresis proteins in the gels are precipitated by either adding alcohol containing solutions or strong acids (e.g. TCA)
• DNA may be visualized using ethidium bromide.
Protein are often stained by Coomassie Brilliant Blue dye or by photography-like treatment with AgNO3 (silver staining)
There are many other stains available (e.g. Stains-all, fluorescence probes etc.)
![Page 18: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
PROTEIN GEL (SDS-PAGE) THAT HAS BEEN STAINED WITH COOMASSIE BLUE.
![Page 19: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
EXAMPLE OF SILVER STAINED GEL
![Page 20: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
APPLICATIONS: SDS PAGE is a useful method for separating and
characterizing macromolecules like DNA, RNA and proteins.
In Forensic , DNA Fingerprinting: men proving or disproving paternity by this technique. Used as witness.
The human Genome project. Illness: It can help scientists to identify certain
damaged genes . It can also help to identify certain genetic diseases like sickle cell anemia, also identify viruses.
Blotting : Separation of restricted genomic DNA prior to southern blotting and RNA prior to northern blotting.
![Page 21: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
BLOTTING
TECHNIQUES.
![Page 22: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
WHAT IS BLOTTING?
Technique for transferring DNA RNA Proteins
onto a carrier so they can be separated, and often follows the use of a gel electrophoresis.
![Page 23: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
TYPES OF BLOTTING TECHNIQUES
BLOTTING TECHNIQUES
Southern Blot
It is used to detect the DNA.
Northern blot
It is used to detect the RNA.
Western blot
It is used to detect proteins.
![Page 24: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
BLOTTING SHEET
Whatman 3mm paper….. world’s most widely used blotting paper.
REASON???? high quality purity consistency
(0.34 mm) is used extensively in electrophoresis for lifting of sequencing gels.
![Page 25: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
CREATING THE SANDWICH
The sandwich consists of :
filter paper
Nitrocellulose membrane
gel matrix
another piece of filter paper
![Page 26: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
SOUTHERN BLOTTING
History: Sir Edwin Southern
Developed in 1975
![Page 27: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
SOUTHERN BLOTTING
“Used to detect the DNA” This method Involves: Separation Transfer Hybridization. This DNA can be: Single gene Part of a larger piece of DNA……..viral genome
“The key to this method is Hybridization”
![Page 28: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
HYBRIDIZATION
“Process of forming a dsDNA molecule between a ssDNA probe and a ss-target
patient DNA”
![Page 29: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
PRINCIPLE
The mixture of molecules is separated. Immobilized on a matrix. Probe addition to the matrix to bind to the molecules. Unbound probes are removed.
“The place where the probe is connected
corresponds to the location of the immobilized
target molecule.”
![Page 30: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
STEPS IN SOUTHERN BLOTTINGThe DNA is digested
Fragments
Gel electrophoresis
Transfer to membrane
Probing
Autoradiogram
![Page 31: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
APPLICATIONS
Southern blotting is used in: Gene discovery Mapping Evolution Development studies Diagnostics Forensics
![Page 33: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
NORTHERN BLOTTINGHistory:
Northern blotting was developed by James Alwine and George Stark at Stanford University.
Northern blotting is a technique for detection of specific RNA sequences
![Page 34: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
STEPS INVOLVED IN N.B
RNA isolation
Loading of sample on Agarose gel
Blotting on nitrocellulose membrane
Labeling with probe
Washing to remove unbound probe
Detection by autoradiogram
![Page 35: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
APPLICATIONS
A standard for the direct study of gene expression at the level of mRNA (mRNA transcripts)
Detection of mRNA transcript size Study RNA degradation Study RNA splicing - can detect alternatively spliced
transcripts Study RNA half-life Study IRES (internal ribosomal entry site) – to remove
possibility of RNA digestion vs. 2nd cistron translation.
![Page 37: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
WESTERN BLOTTING
Discovery??? Dr. Douglas Lake of the University of Arizona
School of Medicine's Department of Microbiology and Immunology
“A technique in which proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane sheet. A specific protein is then identified through its reaction with a labeled antibody.”
![Page 38: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
PRINCIPLE
This technique works on the principle on
“Antigen-Antibody” relationship
![Page 39: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
PREREQUISITE FOR W.B
•The SDS PAGE technique is a prerequisite for Western blotting.
“SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) is a detergent (soap) that can dissolve hydrophobic molecules but also has a negative charge (sulfate) attached to it.”
![Page 40: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
STEPS IN W.B1. Gel electrophoresis:
The proteins are separated according to size.
2. Membrane Transfer: Transferring to nitrocellulose by applying current.
3. Blocking: Done to prevent non-specific protein interactions between the membrane and the antibody protein.
![Page 41: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
APPLICATIONS
To identify the specific proteins
To identify their masses
The confirmatory HIV test to detect anti-HIV antibody in a human serum sample.
The definitive test for Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, commonly referred to as 'mad cow disease').
Some forms of Lyme disease testing also employ Western blotting.
![Page 43: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
REFERENCES: Introduction to Biotechnology by W.J. Thieman and
M.A. Palladino. Pearson & Benjamin Cummings 2nd edition.
http://www.toodoc.com/SDS-PAGE-ppt.html http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/
method/Westernblot.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_blot Bio analytical techniques by M.L.Srivastava http://amrita.vlab.co.in/index.php. Wikipedia. www.authorstream.com.
![Page 44: Gel electroporosis](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061504/55c39af6bb61ebe6718b4824/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)