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G d i fGardening forI t tInsects …. or not
Whitney CranshawColorado StateColorado State
University
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Garden plantings can affect incidence of….
• Butterflies • Lady beetles• Butterflies• Hummingbird
• Lady beetles• Flower flies
moths• Miller moths
• Tachinid flies• LacewingsMiller moths
• Honey bees• Lacewings• Parasitic wasps
• Bumble bees• Leafcutter bees
• Many, many nuisance pestsLeafcutter bees nuisance pests
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In the beginning there was….B tt fl G d iButterfly Gardening
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Parsleyworm
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Eggs on dill
Young larva
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Chrysalid (pupal form)(pupal form) of the parsleywormparsleyworm
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The adult form of theThe adult form of the parsleyworm is knownparsleyworm is known
as…as…
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Butterfly Gardening
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Principles of Butterfly GardeningPrinciples of Butterfly Gardening
• Provide for food needs of adults• Provide for food needs of adults• Provide for food needs of larvae
(caterpillar)• Provide some shelter if sites areProvide some shelter if sites are
exposedA id f h f l i ti id• Avoid use of harmful insecticides
• Mud puddling habitat?p g
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Foods Used by yButterflies:
Nectar, fruit juices, oozing sap….
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Massed plantings are t ft i it d bmost often visited by
butterflies
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Some Annual Plants Commonly U d b B fliUsed by Butterflies
• ZinniaL k
• SunflowersA t• Larkspur
• Cosmos• Asters• Sweet pea• Cosmos
• Verbena• Sweet pea
Verbena
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Some Perennial PlantsC l U d b B fliCommonly Used by Butterflies
• Butterfly Bush• Milkweed
• Rabbitbrush• Potentilla• Milkweed
• Sedums• Potentilla• Thistles
• Lilac • Monarda
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Foods Used by yButterflies:
Nectar, fruit juices, oozing sap….
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Hackberry butterfly on a dead raccoon.
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‘Mud puddling’ by tiger swallowtail
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Foods Used by yCaterpillars:
Leaves of their host l tplant
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Twotailed SwallowtailSwallowtail
Eggs are laid on ashon ash, chokecherry, hoptreehoptree
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Mourning Cloak
Larval host plants are willow, aspen,are willow, aspen, hackberry and elm
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Painted Lady
Larval host plants areLarval host plants are thistles, hollyhock, mallow, occasionallymallow, occasionally legumes and some other plants
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The common buckeye (left) develops on snapdragons, toadflax, plantain and other plantsp
The Arizona sister (above)The Arizona sister (above) develops on oak
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The pygmy blued ldevelops on saltbush, pigweed and some otherand some other Chenopodiaceae
The dainty sulfur feeds on sneezeweed, Shepard’s needle and various low growingand various low growing Asteraceae
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Paper wasps feed their young “bug burger”. Mostly chewed caterpillars.
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European Paper WaspA new species in the western
US (probably post 2000)US (p obab y post 000)
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Hummingbird Moths
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Hummingbird Moths
A type of sphinx/hawk moth that flies during the
day
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HornwormsHornworms
Caterpillars of the family Sphingidae
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Tomato hornworm and tobacco hornworm are
t i d tnotorious garden pests
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Young Bill Cranshaw, playing with hornworms
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Bill – Still alive, years later
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Adult stage of the hornworm is known as a
hi th h k thsphinx moth or hawk moth
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Conflict?Conflict?
You like this….
..but not this...but not this.
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Moth of the tomatoMoth of the tomato hornworm does not fly during the day
The whitelined sphinx is a day flying sphinx moth aka asphinx moth, aka, a “hummingbird moth”
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Hummingbird Moths
A type of sphinx/hawk moth that flies during the
day
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Colorado has about two dozen kinds of hornworms –Utah probably b t thabout the same.
Most hornworms are not “pest” insects
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Whitelined sphinx
Hyles lineata
The most common hummingbird moth ofhummingbird moth of the western US
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Plant most visited by hummingbird moths typically have deep sourceshave deep sources of nectar that are accessed by theiraccessed by their long mouthparts
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Some plants most often visited by hummingbird moths include:
Four o’clocks
Evening primroseEvening primrose
Larkspur
Honeysuckle……
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Landscaping for Biological Control Agents
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Principles of Gardening for B fi i l IBeneficial Insects
• Learn to recognize them – and don’t kill them
• Provide for food needs of adultsP id f f d d f• Provide for food needs of immature stages
• Provide nest sites, if required
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Lady beetlesLady beetles(“Lady bugs”, “Lady bi d ” )birds”….)
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Lady beetle larvae
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Full-grown larvae settle and attach, shed their skin, and transform to the pupal stage
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Lady Beetle Pupae
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Lady beetle adults maintainLady beetle adults maintain themselves on nectar and pollen
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Flower (Syrphid) Flies
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Syrphid egg in aphid colony
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Flower fly ylarvae
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Syrphid flies are excellent mimics of bees and wasps
Honey Beesy
Flower (Syrphid) Flies
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Adult flower flies sustain themselves on nectar and pollen
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Green lacewing eggs laid in groups. g p
Egg hatch has d i hoccurred in the
lower picture.
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Left: Newly hatched green lacewing larva eating aphid
Right: Green l i llacewing larva eating elm scales
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Adult green lacewings maintain themselves on nectar and pollen
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Some parasitic wasps
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AphidAphid parasitoids
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Aphid mummies– aphids killed by a parasitic wasp
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Tachinid Flies
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Female tachinid flies search for i t h t i tappropriate host insects
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Tachinid fly eggs onTachinid fly eggs on caterpillar (above) and stink bug (right)bug (right)
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Tachinid fly adultsTachinid fly adults sustain themselves on nectar and pollen
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Adults of many predators use flowers (nectar, pollen) for sustenance
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Small, accessible flowers are mostflowers are most commonly used by natural enemies of garden pest insectsgarden pest insects
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Some plants useful for providing food for adultproviding food for adult
stages of insect predators and parasitesand parasites
• Most Apiaceae - (dill, fennel, mooncarrot etc )mooncarrot, etc.)
• Yarrow• Many sedums• Many sedums• Spurges
Alyssum• Alyssum• Basket-of-gold
Th l h b• Thyme, several herbs
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MooncarrotSeseli gummiferumgummiferum
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Conserving and Enhancing Natural Enemies
D ’t kill th• Don’t kill them– Limit use of broad spectrum insecticides
• Provide foods that the adults need– Often need nectar, pollenOften need nectar, pollen
• Provide foods that the immature stages needstages need– Allow there to be some hosts, prey available
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Provide food for larvae of natural enemies
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Landscaping and PollinatorsPollinators
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Gardening for Honey Bees – or Not
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Honey Bee Apis melliferaHoney Bee Apis mellifera
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Plants not favored by honey b i l dbees include:
• Doubled flower cultivarsDoubled flower cultivars• Flowers with long corollas
M b ddi l t• Many common bedding plants– Vinca– Verbena– Petunias– Pansies– Geraniums (most)Geraniums (most) ……
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Honey Bee –Fl i Pl tFlowering Plant
EvaluationEvaluation• Evaluate the relative use of flowering
plants by honey bees (and other bees) in Coloradobees) in Colorado
• Identify plants heavily used by honey beesbees
• Identify plants not visited/used by y yhoney bees
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Top Plants Visited by Honey Bees i l dinclude:
• Blue mist spirea • Aster novae-angliaeBlue mist spirea• Cleome (bee plant)• Agastache
Aster novae angliae• Sedum spectabile• CotoneasterAgastache
foeniculum• Penstemon eatonii
Cotoneaster• Allium tangitucum
Penstemon eatonii• Ocimum (basil)• Nepeta• Nepeta
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Honey bee
Bumble bee
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Bumble BeesBumble BeesBombus species
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Bumble Bees Are “Buzz Pollinators”Pollinators
Some Plants are Dependent on Buzz PollinationPollination
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Bumble Bee Visited Pl t i l dPlants include:
• Echinacea• Echinops
• Most Penstemons
p• Russian sage• Hypericum• Agastache
rupestris• Hypericum
frondosum
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Wool Carder Bee and Stachys
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Wool Carder BeeAnthidium manicatum
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Nests are made in i ti iti Thexisting cavities. The
nest tunnels are lined with plant hairswith plant hairs.
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Male wool carder bees patrol and defend territories
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Shelter Needs for Insects?Shelter Needs for Insects?
Example: Hunting Wasps
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Hunting WaspsHunting WaspsFamilies SphecidaeFamilies Sphecidae,
Pompilidae
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Ammophila wasp digging nest (left), carrying caterpillar prey (lowercaterpillar prey (lower left), at nest entrance with prey (below)
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Bembix wasp digging while holding horse fly prey
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Cicada Killer –Colorado’sColorado s largest hunting wasp
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Pemphredon hunting wasps
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Pemphredonwasps nest in plant stems and hunt smallhunt small insects
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Condo project for Pemphredon sp. hunting wasps
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European Paper WaspA new species in the western
US (probably post 2000)US (p obab y post 000)
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Paper wasp gnawing on weathered board for wood fibers
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European Paper WaspEuropean Paper Wasp Nesting in Metal Building SupportBuilding Support
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European paper wasps in our l th liclothes line
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Nest box forNest box for European paper waspwasp
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European paper waspEuropean paper wasp condominium project at Boulder County FairgroundsFairgrounds
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European paper wasp nest established on growing sweet corn!
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Mud Dauber: A hunting wasp of spiders
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Black and Yellow Mud Dauber (Scleriphon caementarium)
Nest (top left), crab spider prey cache (top right), larva feeding on spider prey (below left) and cocoons of pupae (below right)(below left) and cocoons of pupae (below right)
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Cat faced spiders used as prey by a black-and-yellow mud dauber
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M d d b ll tMud daubers collect mud for nest
t ticonstruction
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Landscaping and PollinatorsPollinators
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L f ttLeafcutter BeesBeesFamilyFamily Megachiladae
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Leafcutter Bee Excavating Rotten Porch Board
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Leafcutter Bees Nesting inLeafcutter Bees Nesting in Rotten Log in Garden
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Leafcutter Bee D t RDamage to Rose, Lilac and Virginia CreeperCreeper
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Leafcutter Bee Carrying Leaf Fragment
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Leafcutter bee returning with leaf fragment
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For nest construction:
3-4 rectangular pieces, crimped for the basecrimped for the base
Oval pieces along the sides of the cellsides of the cell
Near perfect circles used to cap the cellto cap the cell
All leaf fragments areAll leaf fragments are oriented with the smooth side inwards
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Leafcutter bees carry their pollen on the underside ofpollen on the underside of the abdomen
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Leafcutter bee collecting pollen from dandelion
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Leafcutter bee working sweet pea flower. Note how the anthers become exposed as the bee pushes the flower while nectaring
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Leafcutter bees carry their pollen on the underside ofpollen on the underside of the abdomen
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Leafcutter bee cells in hollowed stem of a weed
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Leafcutter Bee Boards
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Alfalfa leafcutter b f lf lfbees for alfalfa seed pollination
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Traveling alfalfa leafcutter bee operation
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Street signs on alfalfa leafcutter bee block
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M BMason Bees(Osmia species)
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Predrilled ood for nesting b thePredrilled wood for nesting by the orchard mason bee/ Blue orchard bee
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Orchard Mason Bee Nest DesignOrchard Mason Bee Nest Design
• Drill holes in wooden blocksDrill holes in wooden blocks– ¼ to 3/8-inch
Holes should be smooth– Holes should be smooth– 3 to 6-inches deep
Pl t bl k h it t• Place nest blocks where it gets morning sun– Nesting may begin in March
• Protect from rain and snow cover
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G d i fGardening forI t tInsects …. or not
Whitney CranshawColorado StateColorado State
University
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ArmArmy CutwormEuxoa auxiliaris
Photo courtesy Joseph Berger
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CutwormsCutworms
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Army cutworm larvay
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Army cutworm feeding in a winter wheat field. Primary feeding occurs on broadleaf weeds.
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Army cutworm pupaArmy cutworm pupa
Pupae are present from March through late May
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Adult form of the army cutworm – the Colorado ’Miller Moth’
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Miller Moth
Term applied to any species of mothTerm applied to any species of moth that is locally abundant
Term refers to the scales on mothTerm refers to the scales on moth wings that dislodge – like flour on the
smock of a millersmock of a miller
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Army cutworm moths have variable wing patterning
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Th A l Mi tiThe Annual Migration
Move from the Plains to the mountains in May-June
Return to the Plains in September and early OctoberSeptember and early October
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Next Task….
Follow the flowers and stay cool
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Swallows at theSwallows at the intersections?
Its Miller Time!
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Plants Commonly Used as Miller Moth Nectar Sources
• Lilac, Chokecherry and th Pother Prunus
• Spirea• Spirea• Cotoneaster• Russian olive
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Plants Commonly Used as Miller Moth Nectar Sources
• Lilac, Chokecherry and th Pother Prunus
• Spirea• Spirea• Cotoneaster
•Russian oliveRussian olive
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Plants Commonly Used as Miller Daytime Shelter Areas
• Densely growing pinesy g g p• Spruce• Dense evergreen deciduous
h b ( t t )shrubs (e.g., cotoneaster)