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GCSE COASTS
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COASTAL EROSION
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Erosion Processes1.Corrasion / Abrasion2.Scouring3.Hydraulic Action4.Solution5.Attrition
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Coastal erosion processes create a number of significant landforms. There are a number of factors which affect the rate of this erosion:i) Rock Type – A more resistant rock, such as granite, will be eroded slowly, whilst a less resistant rock, such as clay or mud, can be eroded very quickly.ii) Jointing / Faulting – The more faults and joints a rock has the more susceptible it is to erosion, both from coastal and sub-aerial processes.
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Coastal Rock Arrangement – A coastline with rocks that run parallel to the coast is called a concordant or “Pacific” coastline. One that has rocks running at right angles to the coast is called a discordant or “Atlantic” coastline.
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HARD ROCK
HARD
SOFT ROCK
SOFT
HEADLAND
HEADLAND
BAY
DISCORDANT COASTLINE
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Discordant Coastline
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Headlands and Bays- Formed on an Atlantic (discordant) coastline due to the softer rock being eroded quicker than the harder rock.- Beaches form in the bays where the soft rock has been eroded away.- Headlands of more resistant, hard rock are left behind.
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Concordant Coastline
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The sea uses its four erosion methods during high and low tide to create a notch. This means the cliff above is unsupported and collapses – retreating inland. This process is called ‘UNDERCUTTING’. The cliff is vertical and steep.
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Cliffs & Wave Cut Platforms- Cliffs are formed when destructive waves attack the bottom of the rock face between high and low water mark.- The area under attack is eroded using the major processes of coastal erosion.- Points of weakness, such as faults and joints are attacked most, and eventually a wave-cut notch is gouged out.
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The rock above overhangs the notch, and as it is cut deeper into the rock, gravity causes the overhanging rock to collapse.- The loose rocks are removed by the sea and transported along the coast by long shore drift.- The whole process of undercutting the cliff begins again.- As the cliff is eroded backwards it leaves behind a wave-cut platform, at the level of the low water mark.- This platform is rarely eroded, as the waves energy is concentrated on eroding the area between the high and low water mark, and not the rock that is underneath them.
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Caves, Arches, Stacks and Stumps- Mainly seen on headlands.- Waves start by attacking the main points of weakness in the rock: the joints and faults.- A point of weakness is increased in size until it becomes a cave.- The waves continue to attack the cave, which finally results in an arch being formed through the headland.- The arch is attacked both by coastal erosion and sub-aerial erosion and finally the roof of the arch falls into the sea.- This leaves behind a stack, which is then slowly eroded down to become a stump.
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OLD HARRY
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COASTAL TRANSPORTATION
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COASTALDEPOSITION
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MANAGINGCOASTLINES
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Unfortunately, the sea defences stop the erosion, but this allows mass movement time to takeover. Rainwater seeps into the porous TILL and causes ROTATIONAL SLUMPING.
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BEACHNOURISHMENT
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Humans are affected by the retreat of the cliff (loss of land, housing, etc.) They erect sea defences which stop the erosion (groynes, revetments, gabion cages and anti-tank blocks.
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Holderness Coast
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Weak Boulder Clay
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