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Manure handling
Göran CarlsonJTI - Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering
Nutrient flows from agriculture
Exhaust
Mineral Fertilisers
Plant productionNH3-losses
N-fixationDeposition
Run-offSewer
Food
Watercourse
Households
Field
Forest
Pasture
FeedAnimals
N-fixationDepositionMineral fertilisers
Farms
NH3-losses
Water• Spilt water• Dishwater• Cleaning water• Precipitation - evaporation
• Litter• Bedding material• Feed residuals
Factors influencing the distribution of components in manure
Selected technicalsolutions
Componentsin manure
Type ofanimal
Type ofanimalkeepingsystem
Productionlevel
in stables outdoors
Management
Feaces Yes YesUrine Yes Yes YesWaterSpilt water Yes YesDishwater Yes Yes YesCleaningwater
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Precipitation-evaporation
Yes
LitterBeddingmaterial
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Feedresiduals
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Chemical composition of Solid and Semi-solid manure
Bild diagram flyt- resp fastgödsel
Kg/tonnes
Total N Ammonia N Phosphorus Potassium
Availability and loss of N for manure from milking cows
Barn
15 kg
11 kg
58 kg N/
5 kg
11 kg27 kg
7 kg
73
7 kg
7 kg
13 kg
SlurryStorage
Spreading
107 kg N/cow and year
Solid manure Urine
cow and year
Barn
Storage
Spreading
107 kg N/cow and year
80 kg N/ cow and year
Aspects on manure handling systems
Manurehandlingsystem
Animalwelfare
Production efficiency
Workingconditions
Conditionsfor nutrientutilisation
Investmentneeds
Educationneeds
Costefficiency
Sustain-ability
In barns
Good Good Good Good Good Yeslarge
Yes Could behigh
Probable
Bad Bad Low Bad Bad Yes Yes Could below
No
Storage
Good Good Could begood
Good Yes,large
Yes Depends Probable
Bad Couldbe bad
Bad Could bebad
Bad Yes Yes Depends No
Spreading
Good Good Good Good Yes,large
Yes Depends Probable
Bad Could bebad
Bad Bad Yes Yes Depends No
Basic rules for planning manure handling systems
Analyse and discuss the situation on each farm in order to select a suitable manure handling system which:
• Optimises utilisation of nutrients• Supports good animal welfare to achieve high
production • Create good and safe working conditions
Basic rules for planning manure handling systems, cont.
The most suitable manure handling system for an individual farm could not be selected without taking into account:
• All other handling chains on the farm • The farmer’s knowledge and future plans• The farmer’s economic situation
Important parameters for planning of manure handling systems
Selection of handling system depends on the farmers knowledge, interests and planning horizon
Parameters In barns Storage SpreadingSpecific situation on individual farmsEconomic situation Yes Yes YesType of animal Yes Yes YesNumber of animals Yes Yes YesProduction level Yes Yes YesFavourable technologyFor large farms Available Available AvailableFor small farms Available Hard to find Co-operationLegislation and rulesAnimal welfare YesNitrate directive/GAP Yes Yes YesPermits for large farms Yes Yes YesOccupational health Yes Yes YesConstruction rules Yes
JTI - Institutet för jordbruks- och miljöteknik
Economy slurry handling, EEKExample: Pig farm (5 000/year), trailing hoses
Income, EEK/tonne• Nitrogen 28,90
• Phosphorus 21,90
• Potassium * 0,90
Total 51,70* Not utilised maximally
Costs, EEK/tonne• Storage 30,42
• Loading 7,30
• Transportation 7,76
• Spreading 40,46
• Soil compaction 1,67
Total 87,61
Types of manure in SwedenAccording to Satistics Sweden
1987/88 1992/93 1998/990
20
40
60
80
100Solid manure
Semi-solidmanure
Urine
Slurry
Why should I work for a well functioning manure handling
system in my barn?
• Higher production
• Cleaner animals
• Better animal health
• Better hygienic status
• Better working conditions
0,0
2 000,0
4 000,0
6 000,0
8 000,0
10 000,0
12 000,0
14 000,0
16 000,0
18 000,0
20 000,0
Amount of manureper 8 months
Slurry Solid manure Deep straw litter
Production of manuremilk production 6 000 kg/cow and year
Rainw ater
Washing w ater etc.
Urine
Feaces
Bedding material
Manure handling system
0,0
2 000,0
4 000,0
6 000,0
8 000,0
10 000,0
12 000,0
14 000,0
16 000,0
18 000,0
20 000,0
Amount of manureper 8 month
Slurry Solid manure Deep straw litter
Production of manuremilk production 8 000 kg/cow and year
Rainw ater
Washing w ater etc.
Urine
Feaces
Bedding material
Manure handling system
Factors causing ammonia emissions
Metrologicalfactor
Manure
Spreadingtechnique
Application rate
Soil
temperaturewindair humidity
pHDMphysical propertiescontent of ammonia Nin kg per tonnes
structure, type of crop, type of soil, pH .....
Rear discharge, two-step spreader,longitudinal augers + spreading discs,
especially for semi-solid manure
Spreading technique for slurryin Sweden 1998/99
According to Statistics Sweden
Entire country
• 66% splash plate
• 26% trailing hoses
• 8 % technique unknown
Southern Sweden
• 43 % splash plate
• 56% trailing hoses
• 1% technique unknown
Advantages and disadvantages, shallow injection versus traditional technique
Advantages:• Low ammonia
losses• Improved feed
quality• Higher N-utilisation• Low odour
emissions
Disadvantages:• Increased power
requirement
• Increased spreading costs
• Risk for damage in ley
Harvested winter wheat after broadcast and band spreading of slurry
at different occasions
Time for spreadingSpring Crop height 15 cm
240
220
200
180
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Relative harvest; 100 = 4570 kg/ha
Unfertilized
160
Just before heading
100 kg N/ha, mineral fertilizer
Open slot+injectorc/c 25cmSplash plate Band spreading c/c 25cm Band spreading c/c 37,5cm
Open slot+injectorc/c 37.5cm
Open slot+injectorc/c 37 cm + harrow