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Operating Procedures1
G2 - OPERATING PROCEDURES [6 Exam Questions - 6 Groups]
G2A Phone operating procedures; USB/LSB utilization conventions; procedural signals; breaking into a QSO in progress; VOX operation
G2B Operating courtesy; band plans G2C Emergencies, including drills and emergency
communicationsG2D Amateur auxiliary; minimizing Interference; HF
operationsG2E Digital operating: procedures, procedural signals
and common abbreviations G2F CW operating procedures and procedural signals,
Q signals and common abbreviations; full break in
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Operating Procedures2
Amplitude Modulation
An unmodulated RFAn unmodulated RFcarrier requires narrowcarrier requires narrowbandwidthbandwidth
Modulation of the carrierModulation of the carriercreates sidebands. Thiscreates sidebands. Thisrequires more bandwidth.requires more bandwidth.Transmitter power is Transmitter power is spread across this spread across this bandwidthbandwidth
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Operating Procedures3
AM and SSB
The carrier contains noThe carrier contains noaudio information.audio information.
The sidebands containThe sidebands containduplicate audio duplicate audio informationinformation
By filtering out the carrier and one sideband, we By filtering out the carrier and one sideband, we save spectrum and concentrate our RF energy save spectrum and concentrate our RF energy into a narrower bandwidth. SSB is therefore into a narrower bandwidth. SSB is therefore more efficient.more efficient.
EI0CL from N0OB on SSB
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USB/LSB utilization conventions
• Single-sideband (SSB) mode of voice comm. is most commonly used on the HF Amateur bands
• SSB voice mode is a form of amplitude modulation in which one side band and the carrier are suppressed.
• In SSB voice mode, only one sideband is transmitted.
• Less bandwidth used and high power efficiency is an advantage of SSB
Operating Procedures4
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USB/LSB
• USB most commonly used:• On bands above 20-meters for phone
communication• On VHF and UHF bands• On the 17 and 12-meter bands for voice
communication• Current amateur practice is to use LSB on the
160, 75 and 40-meter bands
Operating Procedures5
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Operating Procedures6
G2A01 Which sideband is most commonly used for phone communications on the bands above 20 meters?
A. Upper SidebandB. Lower SidebandC. Vestigial SidebandD. Double Sideband
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Operating Procedures7
G2A01 Which sideband is most commonly used for phone communications on the bands above 20 meters?
A. Upper SidebandB. Lower SidebandC. Vestigial SidebandD. Double Sideband
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Operating Procedures8
G2A02 Which sideband is commonly used on the 160, 75, and 40 meter bands?
A. Upper SidebandB. Lower SidebandC. Vestigial SidebandD. Double Sideband
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Operating Procedures9
G2A02 Which sideband is commonly used on the 160, 75, and 40 meter bands?
A. Upper Sideband
B. Lower SidebandC. Vestigial SidebandD. Double Sideband
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Operating Procedures10
G2A03 Which sideband is commonly used in the VHF and UHF bands?
A. Upper SidebandB. Lower SidebandC. Vestigial SidebandD. Double Sideband
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Operating Procedures11
G2A03 Which sideband is commonly used in the VHF and UHF bands?
A. Upper SidebandB. Lower SidebandC. Vestigial SidebandD. Double Sideband
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Operating Procedures12
G2A04 Which mode is most commonly used for voice communications on the 17 and 12 meter bands?
A. Upper SidebandB. Lower SidebandC. Vestigial SidebandD. Double Sideband
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Operating Procedures13
G2A04 Which mode is most commonly used for voice communications on the 17 and 12 meter bands?
A. Upper SidebandB. Lower SidebandC. Vestigial SidebandD. Double Sideband
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G2A05 Which mode of voice communication is most commonly used on the High Frequency Amateur bands?
A. FMB. AMC. SSBD. PM
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G2A05 Which mode of voice communication is most commonly used on the High Frequency Amateur bands?
A. FMB. AM
C. SSBD. PM
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G2A06 Which of the following is an advantage when using single sideband as compared to other voice modes on the HF amateur bands?
A. Very high fidelity voice modulationB. Less bandwidth used and high power efficiencyC. Ease of tuning on receiveD. Less subject to static crashes (atmospherics)
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G2A06 Which of the following is an advantage when using single sideband as compared to other voice modes on the HF amateur bands?
A. Very high fidelity voice modulation
B. Less bandwidth used and high power efficiency
C. Ease of tuning on receiveD. Less subject to static crashes (atmospherics)
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G2A07 Which of the following statements is true of the single sideband (SSB) voice mode?
A. Only one sideband and the carrier are transmitted; the other sideband is suppressed
B. Only one sideband is transmitted; the other sideband and carrier are suppressed
C. SSB voice transmissions have higher average power than any other mode
D. SSB is the only mode that is authorized on the 160, 75 and 40 meter amateur bands
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Operating Procedures19
G2A07 Which of the following statements is true of the single sideband (SSB) voice mode?
A. Only one sideband and the carrier are transmitted; the other sideband is suppressed
B. Only one sideband is transmitted; the other sideband and carrier are suppressed
C. SSB voice transmissions have higher average power than any other mode
D. SSB is the only mode that is authorized on the 160, 75 and 40 meter amateur bands
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G2A08 Which of the following statements is true of single sideband (SSB) voice mode?
A. It is a form of amplitude modulation in which one sideband and the carrier are suppressed
B. It is a form of frequency modulation in which higher frequencies are emphasized
C. It reproduces upper frequencies more efficiently than lower frequencies
D. It is the only voice mode authorized on the HF bands between 14 and 30 MHz
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Operating Procedures21
G2A08 Which of the following statements is true of single sideband (SSB) voice mode?
A. It is a form of amplitude modulation in which one sideband and the carrier are suppressed
B. It is a form of frequency modulation in which higher frequencies are emphasized
C. It reproduces upper frequencies more efficiently than lower frequencies
D. It is the only voice mode authorized on the HF bands between 14 and 30 MHz
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G2A09 Why do most amateur stations use lower sideband on the 160, 75 and 40 meter bands?
A. The lower sideband is more efficient at these frequency bands
B. The lower sideband is the only sideband legal on these frequency bands
C. Because it is fully compatible with an AM detectorD. Current amateur practice is to use lower sideband
on these frequency bands
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G2A09 Why do most amateur stations use lower sideband on the 160, 75 and 40 meter bands?
A. The lower sideband is more efficient at these frequency bands
B. The lower sideband is the only sideband legal on these frequency bands
C. Because it is fully compatible with an AM detector
D. Current amateur practice is to use lower sideband on these frequency bands
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VOX – Voice Operation
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VOX operation
• Anti-VOX keeps the output from your radio’s speaker from tripping its own transmit VOX circuit
• VOX delay keeps the equipment keyed up during syllables, and is usually preset to the point where normal conversation doesn’t cause your equipment to chatter in and out of transmit
• VOX sensitivity is set so that normal breathing won’t trigger your set into transmit
Operating Procedures25
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G2A10 Which of the following statements is true of VOX operation?
A. The received signal is more natural soundingB. VOX allows "hands free" operationC. Frequency spectrum is conservedD. The duty cycle of the transmitter is reduced
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G2A10 Which of the following statements is true of VOX operation?
A. The received signal is more natural sounding
B. VOX allows "hands free" operationC. Frequency spectrum is conservedD. The duty cycle of the transmitter is reduced
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G2A11 Which of the following user adjustable controls are usually associated with VOX circuitry?
A. Anti-VOXB. VOX DelayC. VOX SensitivityD. All of these choices are correct
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G2A11 Which of the following user adjustable controls are usually associated with VOX circuitry?
A. Anti-VOXB. VOX DelayC. VOX Sensitivity
D. All of these choices are correct
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G2A12 What is the recommended way to break into a conversation when using phone?
A. Say "QRZ" several times followed by your call signB. Say your call sign during a break between
transmissions from the other stationsC. Say "Break" "Break" "Break" and wait for a
responseD. Say "CQ" followed by the call sign of either station
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G2A12 What is the recommended way to break into a conversation when using phone?
A. Say "QRZ" several times followed by your call sign
B. Say your call sign during a break between transmissions from the other stations
C. Say "Break" "Break" "Break" and wait for a response
D. Say "CQ" followed by the call sign of either station
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G2A13 What does the expression "CQ DX" usually indicate?
A. A general call for any stationB. The caller is listening for a station in GermanyC. The caller is looking for any station outside their
own countryD. This is a form of distress call
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G2A13 What does the expression "CQ DX" usually indicate?
A. A general call for any stationB. The caller is listening for a station in Germany
C. The caller is looking for any station outside their own country
D. This is a form of distress call
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G2B Operating courtesy
• Net operation- “Is the frequency in use?”• Minimum frequency separation to minimize
interference• CW : 150 to 500 Hz• SSB: 3 kHz• 170 Hz shift Rtty: 250 to 500 Hz
• Practical way to avoid harmful interference• Phone – ask,” Is the frequency in use?” Give your
call sign• CW – send “QRL? de” followed by your call sign
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G2B Band plans
• A band plan is a voluntary guideline• “Dx window” should not be used for contacts
between stations within the 48 contiguous United States
• In order to comply with good amateur practice, follow the generally accepted band plan for operation when choosing a frequency for• Slow Scan TV (SSTV)• Radio-teletype (Rtty)• HF PSK
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G2B01 What action should be taken if the frequency on which a net normally meets is in use just before the net begins?
A. Reduce your output power and start the net as usual
B. Increase your power output so that net participants will be able to hear you
C. Ask the stations if the net may use the frequency, or move the net to a nearby clear frequency if necessary
D. Cancel the net for that day
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G2B01 What action should be taken if the frequency on which a net normally meets is in use just before the net begins?
A. Reduce your output power and start the net as usual
B. Increase your power output so that net participants will be able to hear you
C. Ask the stations if the net may use the frequency, or move the net to a nearby clear frequency if necessary
D. Cancel the net for that day
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G2B02 What should be done if a net is about to begin on a frequency you and another station are using?
A. Move to a different frequency as a courtesy to the net
B. Tell the net that they must to move to another frequency
C. Reduce power to avoid interfering with the netD. Pause between transmissions to give the net a
chance to change frequency
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G2B02 What should be done if a net is about to begin on a frequency you and another station are using?
A. Move to a different frequency as a courtesy to the net
B. Tell the net that they must to move to another frequency
C. Reduce power to avoid interfering with the netD. Pause between transmissions to give the net a
chance to change frequency
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G2B03 What should you do if you notice increasing interference from other activity on a frequency you are using?
A. Tell the interfering stations to change frequency since you were there first
B. Report the interference to your local Amateur Auxiliary Coordinator
C. Move your contact to another frequencyD. Turn on your amplifier
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G2B03 What should you do if you notice increasing interference from other activity on a frequency you are using?
A. Tell the interfering stations to change frequency since you were there first
B. Report the interference to your local Amateur Auxiliary Coordinator
C. Move your contact to another frequencyD. Turn on your amplifier
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Common required Bandwidth
CW – 5-10HzPhone / Voice
SSB - 2-3 kHzAM – 4-6 kHzFM – 5-15 kHz
DigitalPSK31 – 31 HzRTTY – 250 Hz
Slow Scan TV – 3KHzFast Scan TV – 6Mhz
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G2B04 What minimum frequency separation between CW signals should be allowed to minimize interference?
A. 5 to 50 HzB. 150 to 500 HzC. 1 to 3 kHzD. 3 to 6 kHz
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G2B04 What minimum frequency separation between CW signals should be allowed to minimize interference?
A. 5 to 50 Hz
B. 150 to 500 HzC. 1 to 3 kHzD. 3 to 6 kHz
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G2B05 What minimum frequency separation between SSB signals should be allowed to minimize interference?
A. Between 150 and 500 HzB. Approximately 3 kHzC. Approximately 6 kHzD. Approximately 10 kHz
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G2B05 What minimum frequency separation between SSB signals should be allowed to minimize interference?
A. Between 150 and 500 Hz
B. Approximately 3 kHzC. Approximately 6 kHzD. Approximately 10 kHz
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G2B06 What minimum frequency separation between 170 Hz shift RTTY signals should be allowed to minimize interference?
A. 60 HzB. 250 to 500 HzC. Approximately 3 kHzD. 170 Hz
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G2B06 What minimum frequency separation between 170 Hz shift RTTY signals should be allowed to minimize interference?
A. 60 Hz
B. 250 to 500 HzC. Approximately 3 kHzD. 170 Hz
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G2B07 What is a band plan?
A. A voluntary guideline for band use beyond the divisions established by the FCC
B. A guideline from the FCC for making amateur frequency band allocations
C. A guideline from the ITU for making amateur frequency band allocations
D. A plan devised by a club to best use a frequency band during a contest
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G2B07 What is a band plan?
A. A voluntary guideline for band use beyond the divisions established by the FCC
B. A guideline from the FCC for making amateur frequency band allocations
C. A guideline from the ITU for making amateur frequency band allocations
D. A plan devised by a club to best use a frequency band during a contest
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G2B08 What is the "DX window" in a voluntary band plan?
A. A portion of the band that should not be used for contacts between stations within the 48 contiguous United States
B. An FCC rule that prohibits contacts between stations within the United States and possessions on that band segment
C. An FCC rule that allows only digital contacts in that portion of the band
D. A portion of the band that has been set aside for digital contacts only
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G2B08 What is the "DX window" in a voluntary band plan?
A. A portion of the band that should not be used for contacts between stations within the 48 contiguous United States
B. An FCC rule that prohibits contacts between stations within the United States and possessions on that band segment
C. An FCC rule that allows only digital contacts in that portion of the band
D. A portion of the band that has been set aside for digital contacts only
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G2B09 What should you do to comply with good amateur practice when choosing a frequency for Slow-Scan TV (SSTV) operation?
A. Transmit only on lower sidebandB. Transmit your callsign as an SSTV image for 1
minute to ensure a clear frequencyC. Select a frequency in the portion of the band set
aside for digital operationD. Follow generally accepted band plans for SSTV
operation
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G2B09 What should you do to comply with good amateur practice when choosing a frequency for Slow-Scan TV (SSTV) operation?
A. Transmit only on lower sidebandB. Transmit your callsign as an SSTV image for 1
minute to ensure a clear frequencyC. Select a frequency in the portion of the band set
aside for digital operation
D. Follow generally accepted band plans for SSTV operation
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G2B10 What should you do to comply with good amateur practice when choosing a frequency for radio-teletype (RTTY) operation?
A. Call CQ in Morse code before attempting to establish a contact in RTTY
B. Select a frequency in the upper end of the phone band
C. Select a frequency in the lower end of the phone band
D. Follow generally accepted band plans for RTTY operation
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Operating Procedures56
G2B10 What should you do to comply with good amateur practice when choosing a frequency for radio-teletype (RTTY) operation?
A. Call CQ in Morse code before attempting to establish a contact in RTTY
B. Select a frequency in the upper end of the phone band
C. Select a frequency in the lower end of the phone band
D. Follow generally accepted band plans for RTTY operation
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Operating Procedures57
G2B11 What should you do to comply with good amateur practice when choosing a frequency for HF PSK operation?
A. Call CQ in Morse code before attempting to establish a contact in PSK
B. Select a frequency in the upper end of the phone band
C. Select a frequency in the lower end of the phone band
D. Follow generally accepted band plans for PSK operation
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Operating Procedures58
G2B11 What should you do to comply with good amateur practice when choosing a frequency for HF PSK operation?
A. Call CQ in Morse code before attempting to establish a contact in PSK
B. Select a frequency in the upper end of the phone band
C. Select a frequency in the lower end of the phone band
D. Follow generally accepted band plans for PSK operation
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Operating Procedures59
G2B12 What is a practical way to avoid harmful interference when selecting a frequency to call CQ using phone?
A. Ask if the frequency is in use, say your callsign, and listen for a response
B. Keep your CQ to less than 2 minutes in length to avoid interference to contacts that may be in progress
C. Listen for 2 minutes before calling CQ to avoid interference to contacts that may be in progress
D. Call CQ at low power first and if there is no indication of interference, increase power as necessary
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Operating Procedures60
G2B12 What is a practical way to avoid harmful interference when selecting a frequency to call CQ using phone?
A. Ask if the frequency is in use, say your callsign, and listen for a response
B. Keep your CQ to less than 2 minutes in length to avoid interference to contacts that may be in progress
C. Listen for 2 minutes before calling CQ to avoid interference to contacts that may be in progress
D. Call CQ at low power first and if there is no indication of interference, increase power as necessary
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Operating Procedures61
G2B13 What is a practical way to avoid harmful interference when calling CQ using Morse code or CW?
A. Send the letter "V" 12 times and then listen for a response
B. Keep your CQ to less than 2 minutes in length to avoid interference with contacts already in progress
C. Send "QRL? de" followed by your callsign and listen for a response
D. Call CQ at low power first; if there is no indication of interference then increase power as necessary
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G2C Emergencies
• An amateur station may use any means of radio communication when…
• A control operator of a RACES station must have an amateur operator license
• FCC may restrict normal frequency operation when the President’s War Emergency powers has been invoked
• Control operator must ID even in a life threatening emergency
• Any frequency authorized to the control operator may be used in an emergency
Operating Procedures62
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G2C Emergencies
• When you hear a station in distress• Break in, to acknowledge the station• Determine what assistance may be necessary
• You are never prohibited from helping any station in distress
• May make transmissions necessary to meet essential communications needs and facilitate relief actions during a disaster
• Any and/or all emission modes may be used• Location and nature of emergency should be
given to a station answering a distress transmission
• Whatever frequency has the best chance of communicating should be used
Operating Procedures63
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Operating Procedures64
G2C01 When normal communications systems are not available, what means may an amateur station use to provide essential communications when there is an immediate threat to the safety of human life or the protection of property?
A. Only transmissions sent on internationally recognized emergency channels
B. Any means, but only to RACES recognized emergency stations
C. Any means of radiocommunication at its disposalD. Only those means of radiocommunication for which
the station is licensed
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Operating Procedures65
G2C01 When normal communications systems are not available, what means may an amateur station use to provide essential communications when there is an immediate threat to the safety of human life or the protection of property?
A. Only transmissions sent on internationally recognized emergency channels
B. Any means, but only to RACES recognized emergency stations
C. Any means of radiocommunication at its disposal
D. Only those means of radiocommunication for which the station is licensed
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Operating Procedures66
G2C02 Who may be the control operator of an amateur station transmitting in RACES to assist relief operations during a disaster?
A. Only a person holding an FCC issued amateur operator license
B. Only a RACES net control operatorC. Only official emergency stations may transmit
during a disasterD. Any control operator when normal communication
systems are operational
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Operating Procedures67
G2C02 Who may be the control operator of an amateur station transmitting in RACES to assist relief operations during a disaster?
A. Only a person holding an FCC issued amateur operator license
B. Only a RACES net control operatorC. Only official emergency stations may transmit
during a disasterD. Any control operator when normal communication
systems are operational
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Operating Procedures68
G2C03 When may the FCC restrict normal frequency operations of amateur stations participating in RACES?
A. When they declare a temporary state of communication emergency
B. When they seize your equipment for use in disaster communications
C. Only when all amateur stations are instructed to stop transmitting
D. When the President's War Emergency Powers have been invoked
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Operating Procedures69
G2C03 When may the FCC restrict normal frequency operations of amateur stations participating in RACES?
A. When they declare a temporary state of communication emergency
B. When they seize your equipment for use in disaster communications
C. Only when all amateur stations are instructed to stop transmitting
D. When the President's War Emergency Powers have been invoked
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Operating Procedures70
G2C04 When is an amateur station prevented from using any means at its disposal to assist another station in distress?
A. Only when transmitting in RACESB. Only when authorized by the FCC ruleC. NeverD. Only on authorized HF frequencies
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Operating Procedures71
G2C04 When is an amateur station prevented from using any means at its disposal to assist another station in distress?
A. Only when transmitting in RACESB. Only when authorized by the FCC rule
C. NeverD. Only on authorized HF frequencies
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Operating Procedures72
G2C05 What type of transmission would a control operator be making when transmitting out of the amateur band without station identification during a life threatening emergency?
A. A prohibited transmissionB. An unidentified transmissionC. A third party communicationD. An auxiliary transmission
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Operating Procedures73
G2C05 What type of transmission would a control operator be making when transmitting out of the amateur band without station identification during a life threatening emergency?
A. A prohibited transmission
B. An unidentified transmissionC. A third party communicationD. An auxiliary transmission
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Operating Procedures74
G2C07 What is the first thing you should do if you are communicating with another amateur station and hear a station in distress break in?
A. Continue your communication because you were on frequency first
B. Acknowledge the station in distress and determine what assistance may be needed
C. Change to a different frequencyD. Immediately cease all transmissions
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Operating Procedures75
G2C07 What is the first thing you should do if you are communicating with another amateur station and hear a station in distress break in?
A. Continue your communication because you were on frequency first
B. Acknowledge the station in distress and determine what assistance may be needed
C. Change to a different frequencyD. Immediately cease all transmissions
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Operating Procedures76
G2C08 When are you prohibited from helping a station in distress?
A. When that station is not transmitting on amateur frequencies
B. When the station in distress offers no call signC. You are never prohibited from helping any station in
distressD. When the station is not another amateur station
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Operating Procedures77
G2C08 When are you prohibited from helping a station in distress?
A. When that station is not transmitting on amateur frequencies
B. When the station in distress offers no call sign
C. You are never prohibited from helping any station in distress
D. When the station is not another amateur station
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Operating Procedures78
G2C09 What type of transmissions may an amateur station make during a disaster?
A. Only transmissions when RACES net is activatedB. Transmissions necessary to meet essential
communications needs and to facilitate relief actions
C. Only transmissions from an official emergency station
D. Only one-way communications
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Operating Procedures79
G2C09 What type of transmissions may an amateur station make during a disaster?
A. Only transmissions when RACES net is activated
B. Transmissions necessary to meet essential communications needs and to facilitate relief actions
C. Only transmissions from an official emergency station
D. Only one-way communications
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Operating Procedures80
G2B13 What is a practical way to avoid harmful interference when calling CQ using Morse code or CW?
A. Send the letter "V" 12 times and then listen for a response
B. Keep your CQ to less than 2 minutes in length to avoid interference with contacts already in progress
C. Send "QRL? de" followed by your callsign and listen for a response
D. Call CQ at low power first; if there is no indication of interference then increase power as necessary
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Operating Procedures81
G2C10 Which emission mode must be used to obtain assistance during a disaster?
A. Only SSBB. Only SSB and CWC. Any modeD. Only CW
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Operating Procedures82
G2C10 Which emission mode must be used to obtain assistance during a disaster?
A. Only SSBB. Only SSB and CW
C. Any modeD. Only CW
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Operating Procedures83
G2C11 What information should be given to a station answering a distress transmission?
A. The ITU region and grid square locator of the emergency
B. The location and nature of the emergencyC. The time that the emergency occurred and the local
weatherD. The name of the local emergency coordinator
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Operating Procedures84
G2C11 What information should be given to a station answering a distress transmission?
A. The ITU region and grid square locator of the emergency
B. The location and nature of the emergencyC. The time that the emergency occurred and the local
weatherD. The name of the local emergency coordinator
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Operating Procedures85
G2C12 What frequency should be used to send a distress call?
A. Whatever frequency has the best chance of communicating the distress message
B. 3873 kHz at night or 7285 kHz during the dayC. Only frequencies that are within your operating
privilegesD. Only frequencies used by police, fire or emergency
medical services
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Operating Procedures86
G2C12 What frequency should be used to send a distress call?
A. Whatever frequency has the best chance of communicating the distress message
B. 3873 kHz at night or 7285 kHz during the dayC. Only frequencies that are within your operating
privilegesD. Only frequencies used by police, fire or emergency
medical services
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G2D Amateur Auxiliary of the FCC
• Amateur volunteers are formally enlisted to monitor the airwaves for rules violations
• The objective of the Amateur Auxiliary is to encourage amateur self-regulation and compliance with the rules
• Direction finding skills learned during “Fox Hunts” are of help to locate stations violating FCC rules
Operating Procedures87
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G2D HF Operations
• A unidirectional HF antenna would be the best use for minimizing interference
• An azimuthal projection map is a world map projection centered on a particular location
• An azimuthal projection type map is most useful when orienting a directional HF antenna toward a distant station
• A directional antenna is pointed 180 degrees from its short-path heading when making a “long-path” contact with another station
Operating Procedures88
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G2D HF operations
• Information traditionally contained in a station log:• Date and time of contact• Band and/or frequency of contact• Call sign of station contacted and signal report given
• QRP (typically 5 watts or less) is low power transmit operation
• A licensee must retain antenna gain calculations or manufacturer’s data for antennas used on 60 meters as part of their station records.
• If using other than a dipole, you must keep records of the gain of your antenna when operating in the 60-meter band as required by FCC rules
Operating Procedures89
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Operating Procedures90
G2D01 What is the Amateur Auxiliary to the FCC?
A. Amateur volunteers who are formally enlisted to monitor the airwaves for rules violations
B. Amateur volunteers who conduct amateur licensing examinations
C. Amateur volunteers who conduct frequency coordination for amateur VHF repeaters
D. Amateur volunteers who use their station equipment to help civil defense organizations in times of emergency
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Operating Procedures91
G2D01 What is the Amateur Auxiliary to the FCC?
A. Amateur volunteers who are formally enlisted to monitor the airwaves for rules violations
B. Amateur volunteers who conduct amateur licensing examinations
C. Amateur volunteers who conduct frequency coordination for amateur VHF repeaters
D. Amateur volunteers who use their station equipment to help civil defense organizations in times of emergency
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Operating Procedures92
G2D02 What are the objectives of the Amateur Auxiliary?
A. To conduct efficient and orderly amateur licensing examinations
B. To encourage amateur self-regulation and compliance with the rules
C. To coordinate repeaters for efficient and orderly spectrum usage
D. To provide emergency and public safety communications
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Operating Procedures93
G2D02 What are the objectives of the Amateur Auxiliary?
A. To conduct efficient and orderly amateur licensing examinations
B. To encourage amateur self-regulation and compliance with the rules
C. To coordinate repeaters for efficient and orderly spectrum usage
D. To provide emergency and public safety communications
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Operating Procedures94
G2D03 What skills learned during "Fox Hunts" are of help to the Amateur Auxiliary?
A. Identification of out of band operationB. Direction-finding skills used to locate stations
violating FCC RulesC. Identification of different call signsD. Hunters have an opportunity to transmit on non-
amateur frequencies
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Operating Procedures95
G2D03 What skills learned during "Fox Hunts" are of help to the Amateur Auxiliary?
A. Identification of out of band operation
B. Direction-finding skills used to locate stations violating FCC Rules
C. Identification of different call signsD. Hunters have an opportunity to transmit on non-
amateur frequencies
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Operating Procedures96
Azmuthal Projection Map
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Operating Procedures97
G2D04 What is an azimuthal projection map?
A. A world map projection centered on the North PoleB. A world map projection centered on a particular
locationC. A world map that shows the angle at which an
amateur satellite crosses the equatorD. A world map that shows the number of degrees
longitude that an amateur satellite appears to move westward at the equator with each orbit
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Operating Procedures98
G2D04 What is an azimuthal projection map?
A. A world map projection centered on the North Pole
B. A world map projection centered on a particular location
C. A world map that shows the angle at which an amateur satellite crosses the equator
D. A world map that shows the number of degrees longitude that an amateur satellite appears to move westward at the equator with each orbit
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Operating Procedures99
G2D05 What is the most useful type of map to use when orienting a directional HF antenna toward a distant station?
A. Azimuthal projectionB. Mercator projectionC. Polar projectionD. Stereographic projection
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Operating Procedures100
G2D05 What is the most useful type of map to use when orienting a directional HF antenna toward a distant station?
A. Azimuthal projectionB. Mercator projectionC. Polar projectionD. Stereographic projection
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Operating Procedures101
G2D06 How is a directional antenna pointed when making a "long-path" contact with another station?
A. Toward the rising sunB. Along the Gray LineC. 180 degrees from its short-path headingD. Toward the North
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Operating Procedures102
G2D06 How is a directional antenna pointed when making a "long-path" contact with another station?
A. Toward the rising sunB. Along the Gray Line
C. 180 degrees from its short-path headingD. Toward the North
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Operating Procedures103
Station Logs
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Operating Procedures104
G2D07 Which of the following information must a licensee retain as part of their station records?
A. The call sign of other amateurs operating your station
B. Antenna gain calculations or manufacturer's data for antennas used on 60 meters
C. A record of all contacts made with stations in foreign countries
D. A copy of all third party messages sent through your station
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Operating Procedures105
G2D07 Which of the following information must a licensee retain as part of their station records?
A. The call sign of other amateurs operating your station
B. Antenna gain calculations or manufacturer's data for antennas used on 60 meters
C. A record of all contacts made with stations in foreign countries
D. A copy of all third party messages sent through your station
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Operating Procedures106
G2D08 Why do many amateurs keep a log even though the FCC doesn't require it?
A. The ITU requires a log of all international contactsB. The ITU requires a log of all international third party
trafficC. The log provides evidence of operation needed to
renew a license without retestD. To help with a reply if the FCC requests information
on who was control operator of your station at a given date and time
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Operating Procedures107
G2D08 Why do many amateurs keep a log even though the FCC doesn't require it?
A. The ITU requires a log of all international contactsB. The ITU requires a log of all international third party
trafficC. The log provides evidence of operation needed to
renew a license without retest
D. To help with a reply if the FCC requests information on who was control operator of your station at a given date and time
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Operating Procedures108
G2D09 What information is traditionally contained in a station log?
A. Date and time of contactB. Band and/or frequency of the contactC. Call sign of station contacted and the signal report
givenD. All of these choices are correct
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Operating Procedures109
G2D09 What information is traditionally contained in a station log?
A. Date and time of contactB. Band and/or frequency of the contactC. Call sign of station contacted and the signal report
given
D. All of these choices are correct
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Operating Procedures110
G2D10 What is QRP operation?
A. Remote Piloted Model controlB. Low power transmit operation, typically about 5
wattsC. Transmission using Quick Response ProtocolD. Traffic Relay Procedure net operation
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Operating Procedures111
G2D10 What is QRP operation?
A. Remote Piloted Model control
B. Low power transmit operation, typically about 5 watts
C. Transmission using Quick Response ProtocolD. Traffic Relay Procedure net operation
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Operating Procedures112
G2D11 Which HF antenna would be the best to use for minimizing interference?
A. A bi-directional antennaB. An isotropic antennaC. A unidirectional antennaD. An omnidirectional antenna
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Operating Procedures113
G2D11 Which HF antenna would be the best to use for minimizing interference?
A. A bi-directional antennaB. An isotropic antenna
C. A unidirectional antennaD. An omnidirectional antenna
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Operating Procedures114
G2D12 Which of the following is required by the FCC rules when operating in the 60 meter band?
A. If you are using other than a dipole antenna, you must keep a record of the gain of your antenna
B. You must keep a log of the date, time, frequency, power level and stations worked
C. You must keep a log of all third party trafficD. You must keep a log of the manufacturer of your
equipment and the antenna used
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Operating Procedures115
G2D12 Which of the following is required by the FCC rules when operating in the 60 meter band?
A. If you are using other than a dipole antenna, you must keep a record of the gain of your antenna
B. You must keep a log of the date, time, frequency, power level and stations worked
C. You must keep a log of all third party trafficD. You must keep a log of the manufacturer of your
equipment and the antenna used
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G2E Digital operating
• Lower-sideband (LSB) mode should be selected when using a SSB transmitter with an Audio Frequency Shift Key (AFSK) Rtty signal
• The number of data bits sent in a single PSK31 character varies
• The Header part of a data packet contains the routing and handling information
• A major advantage of MFSK 16 compared to other digital modes is that it offers good performance in weak signal environment without error correction
Operating Procedures116
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G2E Digital operating
• Baudot Rtty may be described as a 5-bit code with, additional start and stop bits
• Rtty stands for Radio-Teletype• MFSK stands for Multi Frequency Shift Keying
Operating Procedures117
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G2E Digital operating
Here’s where digital signals are found* 14.070-14.100 MHz portion of the 20-meter band segment is most often used for most data transmissions* 3570-3600 kHz segment of the 80-meter band is most commonly used for data transmissions* 14.070 MHz (20-meter band) PSK is generally found around here
Operating Procedures118
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Operating Procedures119
G2E01 Which mode should be selected when using a SSB transmitter with an Audio Frequency Shift Keying (AFSK) RTTY signal?
A. USBB. DSBC. CWD. LSB
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Operating Procedures120
G2E01 Which mode should be selected when using a SSB transmitter with an Audio Frequency Shift Keying (AFSK) RTTY signal?
A. USBB. DSBC. CW
D. LSB
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Operating Procedures121
G2E02 How many data bits are sent in a single PSK31 character?
A. The number variesB. 5C. 7D. 8
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Operating Procedures122
G2E02 How many data bits are sent in a single PSK31 character?
A. The number variesB. 5C. 7D. 8
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Operating Procedures123
G2E03 What part of a data packet contains the routing and handling information?
A. DirectoryB. PreambleC. HeaderD. Footer
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Operating Procedures124
G2E03 What part of a data packet contains the routing and handling information?
A. DirectoryB. Preamble
C. HeaderD. Footer
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Operating Procedures125
G2E04 Which of the following 20 meter band segments is most often used for most data transmissions?
A. 14.000 - 14.050 MHzB. 14.070 - 14.100 MHzC. 14.150 - 14.225 MHzD. 14.275 - 14.350 MHz
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Operating Procedures126
G2E04 Which of the following 20 meter band segments is most often used for most data transmissions?
A. 14.000 - 14.050 MHz
B. 14.070 - 14.100 MHzC. 14.150 - 14.225 MHzD. 14.275 - 14.350 MHz
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Operating Procedures127
G2E05 Which of the following describes Baudot RTTY?
A. 7-bit code, with start, stop and parity bitsB. Utilizes error detection and correctionC. 5-bit code, with additional start and stop bitsD. Two major operating modes are SELCAL and LISTEN
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Operating Procedures128
G2E05 Which of the following describes Baudot RTTY?
A. 7-bit code, with start, stop and parity bitsB. Utilizes error detection and correction
C. 5-bit code, with additional start and stop bits
D. Two major operating modes are SELCAL and LISTEN
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Operating Procedures129
G2E06 What is the most common frequency shift for RTTY emissions in the amateur HF bands?
A. 85 HzB. 170 HzC. 425 HzD. 850 Hz
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Operating Procedures130
G2E06 What is the most common frequency shift for RTTY emissions in the amateur HF bands?
A. 85 Hz
B. 170 HzC. 425 HzD. 850 Hz
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Operating Procedures131
G2E07 What does the abbreviation "RTTY" stand for?
A. "Returning To You", meaning "your turn to transmit"B. Radio-TeletypeC. A general call to all digital stationsD. Repeater Transmission Type
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Operating Procedures132
G2E07 What does the abbreviation "RTTY" stand for?
A. "Returning To You", meaning "your turn to transmit"
B. Radio-TeletypeC. A general call to all digital stationsD. Repeater Transmission Type
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Operating Procedures133
G2E08 What segment of the 80 meter band is most commonly used for data transmissions?
A. 3570 - 3600 kHzB. 3500 - 3525 kHzC. 3700 - 3750 kHzD. 3775 - 3825 kHz
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Operating Procedures134
G2E08 What segment of the 80 meter band is most commonly used for data transmissions?
A. 3570 - 3600 kHzB. 3500 - 3525 kHzC. 3700 - 3750 kHzD. 3775 - 3825 kHz
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Operating Procedures135
G2E09 Where are PSK signals generally found on the 20 meter band?
A. In the low end of the phone bandB. In the high end of the phone bandC. In the weak signal portion of the bandD. Around 14.070 MHz
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Operating Procedures136
G2E09 Where are PSK signals generally found on the 20 meter band?
A. In the low end of the phone bandB. In the high end of the phone bandC. In the weak signal portion of the band
D. Around 14.070 MHz
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Operating Procedures137
G2E10 What is a major advantage of MFSK16 compared to other digital modes?
A. It is much higher speed than RTTYB. It is much narrower bandwidth than most digital
modesC. It has built-in error correctionD. It offers good performance in weak signal
environment without error correction
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Operating Procedures138
G2E10 What is a major advantage of MFSK16 compared to other digital modes?
A. It is much higher speed than RTTYB. It is much narrower bandwidth than most digital
modesC. It has built-in error correction
D. It offers good performance in weak signal environment without error correction
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Operating Procedures139
G2E11 What does the abbreviation "MFSK" stand for?
A. Manual Frequency Shift KeyingB. Multi (or Multiple) Frequency Shift KeyingC. Manual Frequency Sideband KeyingD. Multi (or Multiple) Frequency Sideband Keying
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Operating Procedures140
G2E11 What does the abbreviation "MFSK" stand for?
A. Manual Frequency Shift Keying
B. Multi (or Multiple) Frequency Shift KeyingC. Manual Frequency Sideband KeyingD. Multi (or Multiple) Frequency Sideband Keying
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G2F CW operating
• The speed at which CQ was sent is the best speed to use answering CQ in Morse Code
• Zero beat – matching the frequency of the transmitting station in CW operation
• Full break-in telegraphy (QSK) occurs when incoming signals are received between transmitted code character elements
Operating Procedures141
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G2F Q signals and common abbreviations in CW
• QRS – send more slowly• QRQ – send faster• QRV – I am ready to receive messages• QSL – I acknowledge receipt• AR – end of formal message• KN – at the end of transmission, means
listening only for a specific station or stations• CL- at end of transmission, means closing
station• C – means a chirpy or unstable signal when
added to the RST report
Operating Procedures142
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Operating Procedures143
G2F01 Which of the following describes full break-in telegraphy (QSK)?
A. Breaking stations send the Morse code prosign BKB. Automatic keyers are used to send Morse code
instead of hand keysC. An operator must activate a manual send/receive
switch before and after every transmissionD. Incoming signals are received between transmitted
code character elements
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Operating Procedures144
G2F01 Which of the following describes full break-in telegraphy (QSK)?
A. Breaking stations send the Morse code prosign BKB. Automatic keyers are used to send Morse code
instead of hand keysC. An operator must activate a manual send/receive
switch before and after every transmission
D. Incoming signals are received between transmitted code character elements
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Operating Procedures145
G2F02 What should you do if a CW station sends "QRS" when using Morse code?
A. Send slowerB. Change frequencyC. Increase your powerD. Repeat everything twice.
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Operating Procedures146
G2F02 What should you do if a CW station sends "QRS" when using Morse code?
A. Send slowerB. Change frequencyC. Increase your powerD. Repeat everything twice.
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Operating Procedures147
G2F03 What does it mean when a CW operator sends "KN" at the end of a transmission?
A. Listening for novice stationsB. Operating full break-inC. Listening only for a specific station or stationsD. Closing station now
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Operating Procedures148
G2F03 What does it mean when a CW operator sends "KN" at the end of a transmission?
A. Listening for novice stationsB. Operating full break-in
C. Listening only for a specific station or stations
D. Closing station now
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Operating Procedures149
G2F04 What does it mean when a CW operator sends "CL" at the end of a transmission?
A. Keep frequency clearB. Operating full break-inC. Listening only for a specific station or stationsD. Closing station
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Operating Procedures150
G2F04 What does it mean when a CW operator sends "CL" at the end of a transmission?
A. Keep frequency clearB. Operating full break-inC. Listening only for a specific station or stations
D. Closing station
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G2F05 What is the best speed to use answering a CQ in Morse Code?
A. The speed at which you are most comfortable copying
B. The speed at which the CQ was sentC. A slow speed until contact is establishedD. 5 wpm, as all operators licensed to operate CW can
copy this speed
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Operating Procedures152
G2F05 What is the best speed to use answering a CQ in Morse Code?
A. The speed at which you are most comfortable copying
B. The speed at which the CQ was sentC. A slow speed until contact is establishedD. 5 wpm, as all operators licensed to operate CW can
copy this speed
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Operating Procedures153
G2F06 What does the term "zero beat" mean in CW operation?
A. Matching the speed of the transmitting stationB. Operating split to avoid interference on frequencyC. Sending without errorD. Matching the frequency of the transmitting station
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Operating Procedures154
G2F06 What does the term "zero beat" mean in CW operation?
A. Matching the speed of the transmitting stationB. Operating split to avoid interference on frequencyC. Sending without error
D. Matching the frequency of the transmitting station
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Operating Procedures155
G2FO7 When sending CW, what does a "C" mean when added to the RST report?
A. Chirpy or unstable signalB. Report was read from S meter reading rather than
estimatedC. 100 percent copyD. Key clicks
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Operating Procedures156
G2FO7 When sending CW, what does a "C" mean when added to the RST report?
A. Chirpy or unstable signalB. Report was read from S meter reading rather than
estimatedC. 100 percent copyD. Key clicks
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G2F08 What prosign is sent using CW to indicate the end of a formal message?
A. SKB. BKC. ARD. KN
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G2F08 What prosign is sent using CW to indicate the end of a formal message?
A. SKB. BK
C. ARD. KN
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G2F09 What does the Q signal "QSL" mean when operating CW?
A. Send slowerB. We have already confirmed by cardC. I acknowledge receiptD. We have worked before
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Operating Procedures160
G2F09 What does the Q signal "QSL" mean when operating CW?
A. Send slowerB. We have already confirmed by card
C. I acknowledge receiptD. We have worked before
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Operating Procedures161
G2F10 What does the Q signal "QRQ" mean when operating CW?
A. Slow downB. Send fasterC. Zero beat my signalD. Quitting operation
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Operating Procedures162
G2F10 What does the Q signal "QRQ" mean when operating CW?
A. Slow down
B. Send fasterC. Zero beat my signalD. Quitting operation
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Operating Procedures163
G2F11 What does the Q signal "QRV" mean when operating CW?
A. You are sending too fastB. There is interference on the frequencyC. I am quitting for the dayD. I am ready to receive messages
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Operating Procedures164
G2F11 What does the Q signal "QRV" mean when operating CW?
A. You are sending too fastB. There is interference on the frequencyC. I am quitting for the day
D. I am ready to receive messages
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