Future Atmospheric Missions:Future Atmospheric Missions:Adding to the “A Train”Adding to the “A Train”
Jim GleasonJim Gleason
Future Atmospheric Missions:Future Atmospheric Missions:Adding to the “A Train”Adding to the “A Train”
Jim GleasonJim Gleason
Acknowledgements: Graeme Stephens, Bruce Wielicki, Chip Trepte, Dave Crisp, Charles Miller, Glory Team
Acknowledgements: Graeme Stephens, Bruce Wielicki, Chip Trepte, Dave Crisp, Charles Miller, Glory Team
NPP
Glory
The Afternoon ConstellationThe Afternoon ConstellationThe Afternoon ConstellationThe Afternoon Constellation
MODIS/ CERES IR Properties of Clouds
AIRS Temperature and H2O Sounding
Aqua
1:30 PM
CloudsatPARASOL
CALIPSO- Aerosol and cloud heightsCloudsat - cloud dropletsPARASOL - aerosol and cloud polarizationOCO - CO2
CALIPSOAura
OMI - Cloud heights
OMI & HIRLDS – Aerosols
MLS& TES - H2O & temp profiles
MLS & HIRDLS – Cirrus clouds
1:38 PM
OCO
1:15 PM1:30 PM
OCO - CO2 column
VIIRS - Clouds & AerosolsCrIS/ATMS- Temperature and H2O SoundingOMPS - Ozone
Glory
NPP
CloudSat
Horiz. Res.
Vert. Res.
104 sec
20 sec
C.O.
C.O.
Cloudsat will “orbit”CALIPSO,both loosely following Aqua
CALIPSO Control Box
AquaCloudsatCALIPSOPARASOL
Aura
NPP is not in a control box
CALIPSOCALIPSO(formerly Picasso-CENA)(formerly Picasso-CENA)
CALIPSOCALIPSO(formerly Picasso-CENA)(formerly Picasso-CENA)
• 2-wavelength (532 and 1064 nm) polarization-sensitive LIDAR that provides 30 m vertical resolution profiles of aerosols and clouds.
• Imaging infrared radiometer (IIR) that provides calibrated infrared radiances at 8.7 µ, 10.5 µ and 12 µ. These wavelengths are optimized for combined IIR/lidar retrievals of cirrus particle size.
• High-resolution wide field camera (WFC) that acquires high spatial resolution imagery for meteorological context (620 to 670 nm).
• 2-wavelength (532 and 1064 nm) polarization-sensitive LIDAR that provides 30 m vertical resolution profiles of aerosols and clouds.
• Imaging infrared radiometer (IIR) that provides calibrated infrared radiances at 8.7 µ, 10.5 µ and 12 µ. These wavelengths are optimized for combined IIR/lidar retrievals of cirrus particle size.
• High-resolution wide field camera (WFC) that acquires high spatial resolution imagery for meteorological context (620 to 670 nm).
IIR
WFCLaser
LITE measurements over convection
DistanceDistance
10
20
0
kmkm
Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation
CloudsatCloudsatCloudsatCloudsat
94 GHz Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) • Nadir-viewing • 500 m vertical resolution • 1.2 km cross-track, 3.5 km along track • Sensitivity: -30 to -36 dBZ
94 GHz Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) • Nadir-viewing • 500 m vertical resolution • 1.2 km cross-track, 3.5 km along track • Sensitivity: -30 to -36 dBZ
•Radar reflectivity •Visible and near-IR radiances •Cloud base and top heights •Optical depth •Atmospheric heating rates •Cloud water content •Cloud ice content •Cloud particle size •Precipitation Occurrence
•Radar reflectivity •Visible and near-IR radiances •Cloud base and top heights •Optical depth •Atmospheric heating rates •Cloud water content •Cloud ice content •Cloud particle size •Precipitation Occurrence
Data ProductsData Products
NPOESS Preparatory Project: NPOESS Preparatory Project: NPPNPP
NPOESS Preparatory Project: NPOESS Preparatory Project: NPPNPP
• Sun - synchronous, polar • Altitude - 824 km nominal • Inclination - 98 degrees • Ascending node - 10:30 a.m. • Launched – April 2008
• Sun - synchronous, polar • Altitude - 824 km nominal • Inclination - 98 degrees • Ascending node - 10:30 a.m. • Launched – April 2008
InstrumentsInstruments
•Cross Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS)•Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS)•Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (VIIRS)•Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS)
•Cross Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS)•Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS)•Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (VIIRS)•Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS)
Ozone Mapping Profiler SuiteOzone Mapping Profiler SuiteOzone Mapping Profiler SuiteOzone Mapping Profiler Suite
Description
• Purpose: Monitors the total column and vertical profile of ozone
• Predecessor Instruments: TOMS, SBUV, GOME, OSIRIS, SCIAMACHY
• Approach: Nadir and limb push broom CCD spectrometers
• Swath width: 2600 km
Status•Brass Board
Main Electronics Box complete
•Flight Unit #1 Assembly underway
Algorithm Status: Using TOMS/SBUV heritage approaches for Nadir InstrumentsLimb profile still in development using new space-based limb observation data
OMPS Scanning TrackOMPS Scanning TrackOMPS Scanning TrackOMPS Scanning Track
(Nadir TC)
(Limb Profiler)
Orbiting Carbon Observatory - OCOOrbiting Carbon Observatory - OCOOrbiting Carbon Observatory - OCOOrbiting Carbon Observatory - OCO
OCO is an ESSP MissionLRD: 2008OCO is an ESSP MissionLRD: 2008
Make global, space-based observations of the column integrated CO2 • Provide independent data validation approaches to ensure high accuracy (1 ppm, 0.3%)• Combine satellite data with ground-based measurements to characterize CO2 sources and sinks on regional scales on monthly to interannual time scales
Make global, space-based observations of the column integrated CO2 • Provide independent data validation approaches to ensure high accuracy (1 ppm, 0.3%)• Combine satellite data with ground-based measurements to characterize CO2 sources and sinks on regional scales on monthly to interannual time scales
Instruments- 3 Grating SpectrometersO2 - A Band at 0.76µCO2 at 1.58, 2.06 µSwath 10 pixels, 1x1.5 km
Instruments- 3 Grating SpectrometersO2 - A Band at 0.76µCO2 at 1.58, 2.06 µSwath 10 pixels, 1x1.5 km
CO2 Simulation MapCO2 Simulation Map
Page 10 10, OCO May 2006
The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO)
Approach: • Collect spatially resolved, high resolution
spectroscopic observations of CO2 and O2 absorption in reflected sunlight
• Use these data to resolve spatial and temporal variations in the column averaged CO2 dry air mole fraction, XCO2 over the sunlit hemisphere
• Employ independent calibration and validation approaches to produce XCO2 estimates with random errors and biases no larger than 1 - 2 ppm (0.3 - 0.5%) on regional scales at monthly intervals
OCO will acquire the space-based data needed to identify CO2 sources and sinks and quantify their variability over the seasonal cycle
Page 11 11, OCO May 2006
Making Precise CO2 Measurements from Space
Clouds/Aerosols, Surface Pressure Clouds/Aerosols, H2O, TemperatureColumn CO2
O2 A-band CO2 1.61m
CO2 2.06 m
• High resolution spectra of reflected sunlight in near IR CO2 and O2 bands are combined to retrieve the column average CO2 dry air mole fraction, XCO2
– 1.61 m CO2 bands – Column CO2 with maximum sensitivity near the surface
– O2 A-band and 2.06 m CO2 band• Surface pressure, albedo, atmospheric
temperature, water vapor, clouds, aerosols• Why high spectral resolution?
– Enhances sensitivity, minimizes biases
Page 12 12, OCO May 2006
OCO Observing Strategy
• Nadir Observations: tracks local nadir– + Small footprint (< 3 km2) isolates
cloud-free scenes and reduces biases from spatial inhomogeneities over land
- Low Signal/Noise over dark ocean
• Glint Observations: views “glint” spot• + Improves Signal/Noise over oceans
- More interference from clouds
• Target Observations– Tracks a stationary surface calibration
site to collect large numbers of soundings
• Data acquisition schedule:• alternate between Nadir and Glint on
16-day intervals
• Acquire ~1 Target observation each day
Local Nadir
Glint Spot
Ground Track
Page 13 13, OCO May 2006
Calibration
• Pre Launch– Instrument Subsystem– Observatory-level
• On-Orbit– Routine (Solar, Limb, Dark, Lamp)– Special (Stellar, Solar Doppler)– Vicarious
Validation
• Laboratory spectroscopy– Spectral line databases for CO2, O2
• Ground-based in-situ measurements– NOAA ESRL Flask/Tower Network– Wofsy (Harvard), Ciais (CNRS Aerocarb)
• Solar-looking FTS measurements of XCO2
– Measure same bands as flight instrument
Calibration/Validation ProgramAssures Measurement Accuracy
WLEF FTIRWLEF Tower
Routine CalibrationHeliostat
Shutter
T/VAC Chamber
Solar Diffuser
Inst
rum
ent
Heliostat
Shutter
T/VAC Chamber
Solar Diffuser
Inst
rum
ent
Page 14 14, OCO May 2006
The Glory Mission Objectives are to:
Quantify the role of aerosols as natural and anthropogenic agents of climate change by flying APS
Continue measuring the total solar irradiance to determine its direct and indirect effects on climate by flying TIM
Glory mission provides timely key data for climate change research
Page 15 15, OCO May 2006
),(
),(
),(
),(
V
U
Q
IClassification of passive remote sensing techniques by
1. Spectral range2. Scattering geometry range3. Number of Stokes parameters
Hierarchy of existing/planned instruments:AVHRR MODIS, MISR, VIIRS Glory APS
Glory APS will be a bridge to NPOESS era measurements.
Glory APS strategy: fully exploit the information content of the reflected sunlight
Existing aerosol retrievals from space are inadequate
The measurement approach developed for the Glory mission is to use
multi-angle multi-spectral polarimetric measurements because:• Polarization is a relative measurement that can be made extremely accurately. • Polarimetric measurements can be accurately and stably calibrated on orbit.• The variation of polarization with scattering angle and wavelength allows aerosol particle size,
refractive index and shape to be determined.• Appropriate analysis tools are available.
Page 16 16, OCO May 2006
Type: Passive multi-angle photopolarimeterFore-optic: Rotating polarization-compensated mirror assembly scanning along orbit-track +50.5° to –63° (fore-to-aft) from nadir Aft-optic: 6 bore-sighted optical assemblies, each with a Wollaston prism providing polarization separation, beamsplitters & bandpass filters producing spectral separation, and paired detectors sensing orthogonal polarizationsDirectionality: ~250 views of a sceneApprox. dimensions: 60 x 58 x 47 cmMass/power/data rate: 53 kg / 36 W / 120 kbpsSpectral range: 412–2250 nmMeasurement specifics: 3 visible (412, 443, 555 nm), 3 near-IR (672, 865, 910 nm), and 3 short-wave IR (1378, 1610, 2250 nm) bands; three Stokes parameters (I, Q, and U) Ground resolution at nadir: 6 kmSNR requirements: 235 (channels 1 – 5, 8, and 9), 94 (channel 6), and 141 (channel 7)Polarization accuracy: 0.0015 at P = 0.2, 0.002 at P = 0.5Repeat cycle: 16 days
Glory APS summary
APS angular scanning
APS spectral channels
Summary of the “A” TrainSummary of the “A” TrainSummary of the “A” TrainSummary of the “A” Train• The Formation
– Aqua (1:30 PM )and Aura (1:38 PM)) must maintain ground track on the WRS (±20 km) using frequent burns (once every 3 months)
– Cloudsat and CALIPSO ~20 seconds (~140 km) behind Aqua within a control box 40 seconds wide. Near end of mission, CALIPSO drifts (left) across MODIS swath.
– PARASOL is roughly lined up Aqua about 3 minutes behind – Aura is 15 minutes behind Aqua (crossing time is 1:38
PM)– OCO is 15 minutes ahead of Aqua (1:15)– NPP same crossing time, higher orbit
• The Science– Unprecedented cloud science– Unprecedented climate/aerosol/chemistry science– Correlative measurements
• Challenges – Variety of vertical and horizontal resolutions which
will be challenging to match– Community is not used to using multi-instrument systems
• The Formation– Aqua (1:30 PM )and Aura (1:38 PM)) must maintain ground
track on the WRS (±20 km) using frequent burns (once every 3 months)
– Cloudsat and CALIPSO ~20 seconds (~140 km) behind Aqua within a control box 40 seconds wide. Near end of mission, CALIPSO drifts (left) across MODIS swath.
– PARASOL is roughly lined up Aqua about 3 minutes behind – Aura is 15 minutes behind Aqua (crossing time is 1:38
PM)– OCO is 15 minutes ahead of Aqua (1:15)– NPP same crossing time, higher orbit
• The Science– Unprecedented cloud science– Unprecedented climate/aerosol/chemistry science– Correlative measurements
• Challenges – Variety of vertical and horizontal resolutions which
will be challenging to match– Community is not used to using multi-instrument systems
New Mission PlanningNew Mission PlanningNew Mission PlanningNew Mission PlanningAir Quality Mission WorkshopBoulder, CO February 2006
Satellite observations as crucial for the future of AQ management:
1. Air quality characterization for retrospective assessments and
forecasting to support air program management and public health advisories;
2. Quantification of emissions of ozone and aerosol precursors;
3. Long-range transport of pollutants extending from regional to global scales;
4. Large puff releases from environmental disasters.
Air Quality Mission WorkshopBoulder, CO February 2006
Satellite observations as crucial for the future of AQ management:
1. Air quality characterization for retrospective assessments and
forecasting to support air program management and public health advisories;
2. Quantification of emissions of ozone and aerosol precursors;
3. Long-range transport of pollutants extending from regional to global scales;
4. Large puff releases from environmental disasters.
http://www.acd.ucar.edu/Events/Meetings/Air_Quality_Remote_Sensing/index.shtml
Air Quality Mission WorkshopAir Quality Mission Workshop Report to National Research Council Decadal SurveyReport to National Research Council Decadal Survey
Air Quality Mission WorkshopAir Quality Mission Workshop Report to National Research Council Decadal SurveyReport to National Research Council Decadal Survey
Measurement Requirements:
Species measured; Tropospheric ozone, CO, NO2, HCHO, SO2, and aerosols
Horizontal resolution and coverage; better than 10 km (preferably 2-5 km), coverage must be at least on a continental scale for observation of regional pollution episodes, and must further extend on a global scale for observation of intercontinental transport and large puff releases.
Temporal resolution and coverage: Hourly resolution or better
Enables characterization of
(1) the synoptic-scale development of pollution episodes,
(2) the diurnal variation of emissions,
(3) the state of atmospheric composition for purposes of inverse modeling and data assimilation (forecasting), and
(4) large puff releases.
Measurement Requirements:
Species measured; Tropospheric ozone, CO, NO2, HCHO, SO2, and aerosols
Horizontal resolution and coverage; better than 10 km (preferably 2-5 km), coverage must be at least on a continental scale for observation of regional pollution episodes, and must further extend on a global scale for observation of intercontinental transport and large puff releases.
Temporal resolution and coverage: Hourly resolution or better
Enables characterization of
(1) the synoptic-scale development of pollution episodes,
(2) the diurnal variation of emissions,
(3) the state of atmospheric composition for purposes of inverse modeling and data assimilation (forecasting), and
(4) large puff releases. http://www.acd.ucar.edu/Events/Meetings/Air_Quality_Remote_Sensing/index.shtml
Air Quality Mission WorkshopAir Quality Mission Workshop Report to National Research Council Decadal SurveyReport to National Research Council Decadal Survey
Air Quality Mission WorkshopAir Quality Mission Workshop Report to National Research Council Decadal SurveyReport to National Research Council Decadal Survey
Measurement Requirements:Vertical resolution: The ability to observe the boundary
layer from space is a major priority for air quality applications. For trace gases, multispectral methods involving a combination of nadir-sounding UV/Vis, near and thermal IR, and limb microwave can be used to infer boundary layer information on ozone, CO and others, as well as providing some vertically-resolved measurements for the middle and upper troposphere.
Vertical resolution in the free troposphere is important for observing long-range transport, as this transport often involves layers of ~1 km thickness that may retain their integrity over intercontinental scales.
Orbital Requirements: Considered LEO, MEO, GEO, and L-1Orbits have different advantages and disadvantages for air
quality observations. There are important trade-offs among quantitative (and achievable) requirements on
(1)horizontal resolution and coverage, (2)temporal resolution, (3)vertical resolution.
Measurement Requirements:Vertical resolution: The ability to observe the boundary
layer from space is a major priority for air quality applications. For trace gases, multispectral methods involving a combination of nadir-sounding UV/Vis, near and thermal IR, and limb microwave can be used to infer boundary layer information on ozone, CO and others, as well as providing some vertically-resolved measurements for the middle and upper troposphere.
Vertical resolution in the free troposphere is important for observing long-range transport, as this transport often involves layers of ~1 km thickness that may retain their integrity over intercontinental scales.
Orbital Requirements: Considered LEO, MEO, GEO, and L-1Orbits have different advantages and disadvantages for air
quality observations. There are important trade-offs among quantitative (and achievable) requirements on
(1)horizontal resolution and coverage, (2)temporal resolution, (3)vertical resolution. http://www.acd.ucar.edu/Events/Meetings/Air_Quality_Remote_Sensing/index.shtml
Air Quality Mission Air Quality Mission WorkshopWorkshop
Report to National Research Council Decadal Report to National Research Council Decadal SurveySurvey
Air Quality Mission Air Quality Mission WorkshopWorkshop
Report to National Research Council Decadal Report to National Research Council Decadal SurveySurveyWorkshop participants reached a consensus that
multi-spectral sentinel missions (GEO or Lagrangian (L-1) orbit) that
have high spatial and temporal resolution, and
provide some species concentrations within the boundary layer, would be most beneficial to the AQ community.
At the present time, GEO meets this measurement capability with the least
amount of risk
The greatest societal benefit from a U.S. perspective would be derived from placing such a satellite in an orbit capable of observing North America. The NOAA GOES-R operational suite of measurements from GEO will have some AQ relevant capability for ozone, carbon monoxide and aerosol.
New generation of dedicated AQ satellite missions that will also be part of an integrated observing system including air monitoring networks, in situ research campaigns, and 3-D chemical transport models.
Workshop participants reached a consensus that
multi-spectral sentinel missions (GEO or Lagrangian (L-1) orbit) that
have high spatial and temporal resolution, and
provide some species concentrations within the boundary layer, would be most beneficial to the AQ community.
At the present time, GEO meets this measurement capability with the least
amount of risk
The greatest societal benefit from a U.S. perspective would be derived from placing such a satellite in an orbit capable of observing North America. The NOAA GOES-R operational suite of measurements from GEO will have some AQ relevant capability for ozone, carbon monoxide and aerosol.
New generation of dedicated AQ satellite missions that will also be part of an integrated observing system including air monitoring networks, in situ research campaigns, and 3-D chemical transport models.http://www.acd.ucar.edu/Events/Meetings/Air_Quality_Remote_Sensing/index.shtml