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The Eukaryotes 12b: Fungi
Cell wall
Fungal Morphology
mold
hypha/ae
coenocytic
“fairy ring”
mycelium
budding yeast
Other: fission yeast
pseudohypha
Fungal Morphology
yeast bud
Dimorphic?
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Asexual
Sporangiospore
/Conidiospores
General Fungal Life Cycle (based on having haploid adults)
plasmogamy
karyogamy
= zygote
Nutrition
all chemoheterotrophic, extracellular digestion
saprobes
parasites, predators
mutualists
Mycosis
systemic
subcutaneous
cutaneous
superficial
mycetoma
non-motile spores made in sporangia aseptate hyphae
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P: Zygomycota: Rhizopus nigricans = black bread mold
Mucor spp.
Absidia spp.
zygosporangium
zygosporangium
sporangium
sporangium
Microsporidia = Microspora: unusual cells Examples: Nosema spp. (N. connori and N. ocularum) Ocular & GI infections Microsporidium spp.
Polar filament
non-motile spores (conidia) made on conidiophores septate hyphae
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dikaryon
inside ascus!
P: Ascomycota
(Eu)penicillium
P. notatum
P. camemberti
plasmogamy
karyogamy
Saccharomyces cerevisiae = baker’s & “top”-brewing yeast
S. pastorianus = “bottom”-brewing yeast
S. bayanus = champagne yeast
Peziza spp. ascocarp (made of dikaryotic hyphae)
(side-cut view)
ascus
Morchella spp. = morels
Tuber spp. = truffles
Gourmet items
Histoplasma
Blastomyces
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Coccidioides immitis
“(San Joaquin) Valley fever” Aspergillus
A. flavus A. niger A. oryzae
aspergillosis
Candida albicans
Pneumocystis carinii/jirovecki
“thrush”
“yeast infection” = candidiasis, balanitis (male)
“PC”
Dermatophytes Trichophyton spp. Microsporum spp. Epidermophyton floccosum
“ringworm” =
“Tinea ____” onychomycosis
Mycetoma formers Pseudallescheria spp. Exophiala spp.
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Sporothrix
Stachybotrys
Claviceps -> ergot
ergometrine
ergotamine
lysergic acid
grain
non-motile spores (conidia) made on conidiophores septate hyphae
Basidiomycota life cycle (mushroom-forming Amanita muscaria)
Karyogamy inside basidia
zygote
plasmogamy
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Ustilago maydis = corn smut =
huitlacoche/cuitlacoche
Most used edible mushroom: Agaricus bisporus
Lentinula edodes = shiitake
Amanita spp. some edible, some poisonous
Amanita muscaria = fly agaric
death cap The Destroying Angel Amanita virosa, A. verna, A. bisporigera, & A. ocreata
Amanita calyptrata
Gyromitra esculentum = false morel
Cortinarius gentilis
Can be dangerous
Amanita muscaria = fly agaric
ear & jelly fungus
brackets bolete
puffball
Some other basidios stinkhorn
Bird’s nest
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Pathogenic Basidiomycota Cryptococcus neoformans Malasezzia furfur
can cause pityriasis
Disappearing “phylum” Deuteromycota = imperfect fungi
Aspergillus Penicillium Fusarium
endotrophic mycorrhiza
Symbiosis:
mycorrhizae crustose
foliose
Symbiosis:
lichens
fruticose
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Usnea: usnic acid
Roccella: litmus & dye
Useful lichens