Review article
Uses of Ajwain in oral and general health
Authors:1. Dr. Mayank Agrawal
Assistant Professor, Dept of Public Health Dentistry,
Rajasthan Dental College and Hospital,
Jaipur , Rajasthan, India
2. Dr. Sonam Agrawal
Lecturer, Rajasthan Dental College and Hospital,
Jaipur , Rajasthan, India
3. Dr BR Adyanthaya
Professor – Dept of Endodontics And Conservative Dentistry.
Rajasthan Dental College And Hospital. Jaipur , Rajasthan
4. Dr Shipra Singhal
Junior resident, Era’s lucknow medical college.
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India [email protected]
Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.
Address for correspondence and guarantor :
Dr. Mayank Agrawal
Assistant Professor ,Dept of Public Health Dentistry,
Rajasthan Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur ,
Rajasthan, India
Phone No; +91-9839089215Email Id: [email protected]
Uses of Ajwain in oral and general healthAbstract
Trachyspermum ammi commonly known as ‘Ajwain’ is distributed throughout
India and itis mostly cultivated in Gujarat and Rajasthan. The plant is used
traditionally as a stimulant,carminative, flatulence, atonic dyspepsia, diarrhoea,
abdominal tumours, abdominal pains, piles, and bronchial problems, lack of
appetite, galactogogue, asthma and amenorrhoea. Medicinally, it has been proven
to possess various pharmacological activities like antifungal, antioxidant,
antimicrobial, antinociceptive, cytotoxic activity, Hypolipidaemic,
Antihypertensive, antispasmodic, broncho-dilating actions, Antilithiasis, diuretic,
Abortifacient, Antitussive, Nematicidal, Anthelmintic and Antifilarial Activity.
Further, studies reveal the presence of various phytochemical constituents mainly
carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phenolic compounds, volatile oil (thymol, γ-
terpinene, para-cymene, and α- and β-pinene), protein, fat, fibre and mineral matter
containing calcium, phosphorous, iron and nicotinic acid. These studies reveal that
T. ammi is a source of medicinally active compounds and have various
pharmacological effects; hence, this drug encourage finding its new therapeutic
uses.
Keywords: Trachyspermum ammi, Apiaceae,fruit,antimicrobial, Ajwain.
Introduction
Ajowan, botanically known as Carum copticum L. syn Trachyspermum ammi
(Linn.) is a Greek work, Trachy= rough & spermum= seeded, whereas ammi is
name of plant in Latin, is an aromatic herb and belongs to family Apiaceae
(Umbelliferae). 1,2,3,4
The name ajwain originated from the Sanskrit words yavanaka or ajomoda. .
Because of their seed-like appearance, the fruit pods are sometimes called seeds;
they are egg-shaped and grayish in colour. 1Trachyspermum ammi, commonly
known as Bishop’s weed 5, Carom seed (English names) and ajowan or ajwain or
omum in Indian languages, is an erect annual herb with striate stem.6
It originated in the Eastern Mediterranean region and in Southwest Asia, probably
in Egypt, and came to India with the Greeks, who were called Yavanas by South
Indians.(Boskabady & Shaikhi, 2000) 7,8,9
It is mostly cultivated in black soil particularly along the riverbanks in Egypt , Iraq,
Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India7,5,10,11,12,13,14. In India, it is cultivated in
Madhyapardesh, Uttarpardesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra,Bihar and West
Bengal 1,15.
The roots are diuretic in nature and the seeds are brownish,gray, hot, pungent,
stomachic, appetizer and possess excellent aphrodisiac properties, carminative,
laxative and diuretic properties .2,8,11,12 It is used in pickles, biscuits, confectionery
and beverages. An important use of seeds in medicine as a remedy for indigestion .1
The seeds contain 2–4.4% brown coloured oil known as ajwain oil. The major
constituent of this oil were thymol (36.5- 41.1), p-cymene (20.9-27.2) and g-
terpinene (25.9 35.7%).1,4,13
Its specific gravity and odour resembles the volatile oil, which is used as
gastrointestinal ailments, lack of appetite and bronchial problems.7,16 The oil
exhibits anti inflammatory, fungicidal, antihelmentic, antioxidant activity,
analgesic antimicrobial, anti spasmodic and anti-aggregatory effects on humans. 4,
8, 10,15, 16, 17, 18, 19
Thymol is used in tooth paste and perfumery. It is also used in the preparation of
lotions and ointment.1 It inhibits the bacterial resistant microbial pathogens and is
useful as a plant based fourth generation herbal antibiotic formulation.8,20Ajwain is
highly esteemed as a remedial agent for flatulence, flatulent colic, atonic
dyspepsia, diarrhoea - in short, as a digestive aid and also as an antiseptic (Bentely
& Trimen, 1999; Kiritikar & Basu, 1999; Cragg & Newman, 2005. 7,8,17
Vernacular names 15,21,8.
Sanskrit: Yamini, Yaminiki, Yaviniki;
Assamese: Jain;
English: Bishop's weed;
Hindi:Ajwain, Jevain ;
Bengali: Yamani, Yauvan, Yavan, Javan, Yavani, Yoyana; Gujrati: Ajma, Ajmo,
Yavan, Javain;
Kannada: Oma, Yom, Omu;
Malayalam: Oman,Ayanodakan;
Marathi: Onva;
Oriya: Juani;
Tamil: Omam;
Telugu: Vamu
Urdu : Ajmod
Punjabi : Valjawain, Ajmod
Taxonomical classification 15,21,8
Kingdom: Plantae, Plant
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta, Vascular plant
Superdivision: Spermatophyta, Seed plants
Division: Magnoliophyta, Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida, Dicotyledons
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Trachyspermum
Species: ammi
Botanical description 15,6,21,8,22,23
It is widely grown in arid and semi-arid regions where soils contain the high levels
of salts. Ajwain is a erect, profusely branched, annual herb, 60-90 cm tall. Stem is
striated;inflorescence compound umbel with 16 umbellets, each containing up to
16 flowers; flowers actinomorphic, white, male and bisexual; corolla 5, petals
bilobed; stamens 5, alternating with the petals; ovary inferior; stigma knob-like;
fruit aromatic, ovoid, cordate, cremocarp with a persistent stylopodium; Leaves
pinnate, with a terminal and 7 pairs of lateral leaflets. Fruit, consists of two
mericarps, grayish brown, ovoid, compressed, about 2 mm long and 1.7 mm wide,
5 ridges and 6 vittae in each mericarp, usually separate, 5 primary ridges.
Microscopic description 15,21,8,22,24
Transverse section of fruit shows two hexagonal structures attached with each
other by a carpophores, epicarps consists of a single layer of tangentially elongated
tabular cells, mesocarp consists of moderately thick-walled, rectangular to
polygonal tangentially elongated cells having some vittae, carpophores and
vascular bundles present as groups of thick-walled radically elongated cells,
integument, barrel shaped of tangentially elongated cells, endosperm consists of
thin walled cells filled with embryo, oil globules, small and circular, composed of
polygonal thin walled cells. The powder microscopic shows the
presence of oil globules and groups of endosperm cells.
Phytochemical studies 15,5,25
Ajwain seed analysis has revealed it to contain fibre (11.9%), carbohydrates
(38.6%), tannins, glycosides, moisture (8.9%), protein (15.4%), fat (18.1%),
saponins, flavone and mineral matter (7.1%) containing calcium, phosphorous, iron
and nicotinic acid. The Ajwain fruits yields 2% to 4% brownish essential oil, with
thymol as the major constituent (35% to 60%). The nonthymol fraction (thymene)
contains para-cymene, γ-terpenine, α- and β-pinenes, dipentene, α-terpinene, and
carvacrol.
Medicinal and Pharmacological Properties
Ajowan seed has been popular from ancient times for its use in folk medicines. The
seeds contain an essential oil with 50% thymol, which is a strong germicide,
antispasmodic and fungicide.
Ajwain with its characteristic aromatic smell and pungent taste is widely used as a
spice in curries. Its seeds are used in small quantities for flavouring numerous
foods, as preservatives, in medicine and for the manufacture of essential oil in
perfumery. Thymol isolated from the oil is a powerful antiseptic and an ingredient
in a number of skin ointments/powders, deodorants, mouthwashes, toothpastes 26
and gargles.27
In Indian system of medicine, ajwain is administered as a stomach disorders, a
paste of crushed fruits is applied externally for relieving colic pains; and a hot and
dry fomentation of the fruits applied on chest for asthma. T. ammi has been shown
to possess Antimicrobial, Hypolipidaemic, Digestive stimulant, Antihypertensive,
Hepatoprotective, Antispasmodic, Broncho-dilating, Antilithiasis, diuretic,
Abortifacient, galactogogic, Antiplatelet-Aggregatory, Antiinflammatory,
Antitussive Effects, Antifilarial, Gestroprotective, Nematicidal, Anthelmintic,
Detoxification of aflatoxins, Ameliorative effect.
Therapeutic uses of T. ammi fruits include; stomachic, carminative and
expectorant, antiseptic and amoebiasis, antimicrobial seeds soaked in lemon juice
with Prunus amygdalus (Badam) given in amenhorroea it is also used as
Antipyretic, febrifugal and in the treatment of typhoid fever.
Digestive stimulant actions in vivo and in vitro 15,21,27,8,28
T. ammi would increase the secretion of gastric acid. The gastric acid secretion
was increased nearly fourfold by T. ammi22. T. ammi on the food transit time in
experimental rats in vivo, the addition of T. ammi to the diet reduced food transit
time and also enhanced the activity of digestive enzymes and/or caused a higher
secretion of bile acids.
Antihypertensive, antispasmodic and broncho-dilating activity 8,15,21,27
The antihypertensive effect of T. ammi administered intravenously in vivo, and the
antispasmodic and broncho-dilating actions in vitro. The studied of calcium
channel blockade that has been found to mediate the spasmolytic effects of plant
materials and considered that this mechanism contributed to their observed result
and supported the traditional use of T. ammi in hyperactive disease states of the gut
such as colic and diarrhoea as well as in hypertension
Antibacterial activity8,15,21,27
The antibacterial activity of homogenized seed oil and residues indicates that the
powdered seeds of C. copticum exhibit antibacterial activity against
Staphylococcus aureus only and not E. coli.
Antioxidant activity8,15,21,27
The oils of ajowan show excellent antioxidant effects (better than those of the
synthetic antioxidant and butylated hydroxytoluene; Gurdip et al., 1998). Mehta et
al. (1994) demonstrated ajowan as a source of natural lipid antioxidant. Soybean
oil treated with methanolic extracts has been subjected to storage and heating tests,
which showed a marked decrease in oxidation of the oil as measured using
peroxide values, conjugated diene values and GC analysis of oxidized fatty acid
methyl esters. The formation of primary and secondary oxidation products of
oxidized soybean oil was significantly lower for oil treated with ajowan extracts
than control.
Antiplatelet-aggregatory8,15,21,27
Antiplatelet-Aggregatory experiments in vitro with blood from human volunteers,
it showed that a dried ethereal extract of T. ammi seeds, inhibited aggregation of
platelets induced by arachidonic acid, collagen and epinephrine. Prothrombin time
was increased with ajawain extract ,similar to that of warfarin suggestin its
possible effects on the extrinsic pathwayand PTT was not altered suggesting that it
might hav no effect on the extrinsic pathway4
Hypolipidaemic action in vivo
Antihyperlipidaemic effect of T. ammi seed has been obtained in albino rabbits. It
was assessed that T. ammi powder at dose rate of 2 g/kg body weight and its
equivalent methanol extract were extensively effective lipid lowering action by
decreased total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids.
Antitussive effects8,15,21,27
The antitussive effects of aerosols of two different concentrations of aqueous and
macerated extracts and carvacrol, codeine, and saline were tested by counting the
number of coughs produced. The results showed significant reduction of cough
number obtained in the presence of both concentrations of aqueous and macerated
extracts and codeine (p <
0.01 for extracts and p < 0.01 for codeine)19.
Antifilarial activity8,15,21,27
In vitro activity of a methanolic extract of fruits of Trachyspermum ammi
(Apiaceae) against Setaria digitata worms has been investigated. The crude extract
and the active fraction showed significant activity against the adult S. digitata by
both a worm motility and MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-
diphenyltetrazolium bromide] reduction assays. The isolated active principle
phenolic monoterpene screened for in vivo antifilarial activity against the human
filarial worm B. malayi in Mastomys coucha, showing macrofilaricidal activity and
female worm sterility in vivo against B. malayi. T. ammi crude extract exhibited
macrofilaricidal activity.
Anthelmintic Activity8,15,21,27
Anthelmintic activity of T. ammi, shows its effect against specific helminths, e.g.
Ascaris lumbricoides in humans and Haemonchus contortus in sheep54.
Anthelmintic Activity T. ammi exert by interference with the energy metabolism of
parasites through potentiation of ATPase activity and thus loss of energy
reserves55. The plant has also been reported to possess cholinergic activity with
peristaltic movements of the gut, thus helping in expulsion of intestinal parasites
which might also be a contributory factor to its anthelmintic
activity56-57.
Nematicidal activity29
Essential oils of Carum carvi, Have been reported to show nematicidal activity at 2
mg/ml. Among essential oils tested, ajowan oil was the most toxic, followed by
litsea and allspice.
Antimicrobial actions in vitro5
The antimicrobial action of T. ammi, in the protection of foodstuffs against
microbial spoilage, conducting laboratory assays of antimicrobial efficacy in vitro
was studied. The active principles thought to be responsible for the antimicrobial
activity of ajwain were reported to be carvacol and thymol43. ‘Thymol‘kill the
bacteria resistant to even prevalent third generation antibiotics and multi-drug
resistant microbial pathogens and thus work as a plant based 4th generation herbal
antibiotic formulation44. Antifungal action of volatile constituents of T. ammi
seeds on ten fungi (Acrophialophora fusispora, Curvularia lunata,
Fusarium chlamydosporum, F. poae, Myrothecium roridum, Papulaspora sp.,
Alternaria grisea, A. tenuissima, Drechslera tetramera,., and Rhizoctonia solani). T.
ammi seeds were found to inhibit the growth of all test fungi by 72-90%45.
Phenolic compounds, such as thymol and carvacol, are known to be either
bactericidal or bacteriostatic agents depending on the concentration used\.
Phytomedicine 27
Ajowan is known to traditional healers to have hypotensive properties. Among
other products, ajowan salt is prepared commercially by mixing finely ground rock
salt and is used mostly for folk remedies of digestive problems .Ajowan seeds are
reported to be useful in flatulence, colic, atonic dyspepsia, diarrhoea, cholera,
hysteria and spasmodic affections of the bowel. The seed produces a feeling of
warmth and relieves the sinking and fainting feelings which accompany bowel
disorders. Ajowan seed in conjunction with asafoetida, myrobalan and rock salt
proved beneficial in stomach ache problems. A hot poultice of seed is used as a dry
fomentation to the chest in asthma and expectoration from bronchitis.
Indian folk remedies suggest that ajowan seed with a little rock salt mixture daily
after meals improves indigestion and irregular diet.
Ajwain Herbal Remedies5
Some of the common herbal remedies of ajwain seeds are as follows -
1) During Pregnancy- In some regions, ajwain seeds are taken during pregnancy.
The seeds are taken with gaud as it is believed that it purifies the blood and reduces
lumbago.
2) Venomous insect bite – In traditional Vedic medicine, paste of ajwain seeds is
mentioned as a remedy for venomous insect bite such as scorpion bite, as it has
pain killing properties.
3) Toothache, headache– Ajwain fumes are also inhaled to cure toothache, which
is caused by decaying tooth. In an acute attack of common cold or migraine
headache, put ajwain powder in a thin cloth and smell this frequently. It gives
tremendous symptomatic relief according to some ayurvedic experts.
4) Hiccups – To instantly stop hiccups, ajwain seeds are taken with one or two sips
water.
5) Kidney stone – Ajwain seeds are taken regularly with vinegar or honey for a
week. This remedy removes kidney stone with the urinal flow.
6) Stomach tonic – Ajwain seeds soaked in water for a night and its water is taken
next morning. This helps in stomach diseases as it cures digestion and acute
dyspepsia.
7) Acidity – Dry roast one teaspoon of ajwain seeds and cumin seeds. Add to it one
cup of water and bring it to boil and strain it. Add some sugar and take one
teaspoon as a remedy for indigestion and acidity.
Toxicity5
Spices are important vectors for various microorganism implication possible health
problems for consumers as well as quality and shelf-life problems for foods.
Trachycpermum ammi contain only B. erueus 56-B2 and Cl. Perfringens 72-C1
(Banerjee and Sarkar, 2004). Aflatoxins, the mycotoxins produced mainly by
Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, represent a worldwide threat to
public health due to their frequent occurrence in food and feed. But
Trachycpermum ammi did not contain these aflatoxins. The undiluted oil is a
mucous membrane and dermal irritant. Due to the high thymol content it should be
avoided in pregnancy.
(according to Regulation (EU) No. 1907/2006) (45)
Harmful if swallowed.
H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.
H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction.
Precautionary Statements:
P273: Avoid release to the environment.
P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P301+P310: IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or
doctor/physician.
P302+P352: IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water.
P303+P361+P353: IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all
contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower.
P331: Do NOT induce vomiting.
Conclusion 5
The part used of the plant is the seeds or fruit. It looks like cumin or caraway
seeds. It has a bitter taste like thyme only stronger. The seeds are small, gray-green
in color and quite peppery when raw, but milder when cooked. Ajwain is a small,
erect, annual shrub with soft fine hairs. It has many branches of leafy stems, small
feather like leaves, 4 to 12 rays of flower heads, each bearing 6 to 16 flowers. The
fruits are minute, egg shaped and grayish. According to ayurveda, ajwain is a
powerful cleanser. It is helpful for stimulating the appetite and enhancing
digestion. It is recommended to help alleviate gas and discomfort in the stomach. It
is also helpful for the functioning of the respiratory system and the kidneys.
Ajwain is also useful in toothache, earache and rheumatism, as we can use the oil
as eardrops and use the oil as a massage for neuralgia. In an acute attack of
common cold or migraine headache, put ajwain powder in a thin cloth and smell
this frequently. It gives tremendous symptomatic relief according to some
ayurvedic experts. Ajwain also the rich source of moisture, protein, fat, minerals,
fiber, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, iron, carotene, thiamin, riboflavin and
niacin also. It is the most known spice in our kitchen so we can easily take it in our
daily diet and cure or prevent many more diseases of life.
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Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.