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The Terrible Transformation
From indentured servitude to slavery in America
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Focus QuestionWhy was labor so important in colonial
society?
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ObjectivesAfter today’s lesson, you will:Evaluate reasons people would choose to
become indentured servants.Examine the shift from semi-free indentured
labor to slave labor in the colonies
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Arrival of Africans in America“About the latter end of August, a Dutch Man-of-War ... arrived at Point-Comfort .... He brought not any thing but 20 and odd Negroes, which the Governor and Cape Merchants bought for food at the best and easiest rates they could. . . .”
John RolfeLetter to Sir Edwin
Sandys1619
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Convoluted relationships
“Mr. Taylor and I have divided our corn and I am very glad of it for now I know mine own ground.”
Anthony the NegroVirginia Court Document,
1645
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Society Based on Indentured LaborLarge quantity of English Poor
Lacked ability to find workWilling to accept servitude
Low life expectancies in Virginia (average 4 years)
Monopoly on the slave trade drives up the price for slaves
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Importance of Indentured LaborWith indentured labor readily available, the
cost of indentured servants was low.Why turn to slave labor?Remains common in
New England
SOCIETY WITH SLAVES
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Competing TheoriesWhy switch to a system of slave labor?Two theories
English colonies turned to slavery to prevent class conflict
Economic shifts
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Class ConflictRivalry between Planters and Poor in Virginia
Economy and government favored the wealthyPoor farmers felt ignoredBacon’s Rebellion terrified the
Planters
Virginia needs a permanent unfree labor forceTurn to slave labor, rather than indentured
servantsDivide and conquer
Tie poor whites to the Planters with privilege
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Economic ModelPool of indentured labor dried up
Learned of the horror of life in VirginiaPublic works jobs existed in England
Great Fire of London
Life expectancies rose (by 1650, average was 20 years)
Royal African Company lost its monopoly in 1689
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Transformation to a Slave SocietyCosts of Indentured servants risingCosts of slaves fallingLabor needs met by slaves, not servantsSouthern economy based on slave labor
SLAVE SOCIETY
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SummaryDescribe the most important item you
learned in class today.