Chapter
AP® Seventh Edition
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations
1
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
I. Getting Started Is Always HardII. Human Development and ChangeIII. The Neolithic RevolutionIV.Agriculture and ChangeV. Nomadic Societies
Chapter Overview
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1.1 Crouching against a wall to shelter the first sparks from wind, a Neolithic
woman spins a dried yucca stalk against a much-used fire-starter to generate heat that
will kindle a fire on the dried plant material she has placed under the fire-starting stick.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
TIMELINE 2.5 Million B.C.E. to 10,000 B.C.E.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Getting Started Is Always Hard
• Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)– Rise of humankind until 12,000 B.C.E.
• Homo sapiens by 10,000 B.C.E.– Larger brain– Tools, weapons
• Homo sapiens sapiens– From Africa– Language gene
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1.2 In Lascaux, France, in 1940, four boys happened upon a long-hidden cave filled with thousands of complex and beautiful Stone
Age paintings like this none. Most of the paintings are of animals, some of which were extinct by the time they were painted. No one knows for sure why Stone Age artists painted
these pictures, but they remain a powerful reminder of the sophistication of so-called
primitive peoples.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Human Development and Change
• Social organization– Equality between hunters/gatherers– Slow population growth
• Better tool use• Migration to new climates
– Fire– Animal skins
• Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
VISUALIZING THE PAST Representations of Women in Early Art
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Map 1.1 The Spread of Human Populations, c. 10,000 B.C.E.
As the map indicates, Homo sapiens sapiens first emerged in a single core area in east Africa
and then migrated over long periods of time north to the Mediterranean and Europe, east to Asia, and then ultimately across the seas to the
Americas and Oceania.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Neolithic Revolution
• Invention of agriculture– Lower yield from hunting
• Animals domesticated– Dogs, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle
• Neolithic revolution– Agriculture developed alongside hunting
and gathering– Early resistance
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Map 1.2 The Spread of AgricultureAgriculture appears to have spread in ways
similar to human populations, but from a Middle Eastern rather than African epicenter. And in
important cases, particularly in the Americas, a wide range of staple crops were known in only
some parts of the world until Columbus’s voyage in the late-15th century brought
together the civilizations of the Americas and Afro-Euroasia.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Agriculture and Change
• Tribes to villages– Irrigation, defense– Organization of labor
• Çatal Hüyük – c. 7000 B.C.E., southern Turkey– Large complex – Agriculture, some trade – Shrines
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 1.3 Excavation of the ancient settlement at Çatal Hüyük, in what is now
southern Turkey. Movement within the settlement was mainly across the roofs and
terraces of the houses. Because each dwelling had a substantial storeroom for food, the
settlement was often the target of attacks by outsiders. The houses were joined together to
provide protection from such attacks; when the outside entrances were barricaded, the
complex was transformed into a fortress.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Agriculture and Change
• Bronze Age– Metal replaces stone tools.– Agricultural significance– Metalworking as specialized trade– Woodworking more elaborate
• Craft manufacturing• Wheel
– c. 4000 B.C.E.
– Advancements in commerce, war
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Nomadic Societies
• Nomads– Roaming herders on fringes of civilizations– Indo-Europeans
c. 1500 B.C.E.
– Xionghu (Huns) From 4th century B.C.E.
Central Asia
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Nomadic Societies
• Nomadic Society and Culture– Seasonal travel
Harsh environment
– Animals Horses
– Violence Perceived as cruelty
– Band of 30–15 people– Strong men as leaders; patriarchy
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Nomadic Societies
• Nomads and Civilizations– Invasions
Change population structure Political leadership
– Often peaceful, mutually beneficial relationship with agricultural societies Trade
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Idea of Civilization in World Historical Perspective
• Fundamental differences– Civilized vs. "savage," "inferior"
• What makes one uncivilized– Greeks: barbarians = "those who cannot
speak Greek"– Cultural attributes (language, dress,
manners)
• Shift did not happen until 18th–19th centuries.