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Frog Dissection
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AMPHIBIAN CHARACTERISTICS
Moist, thin skin without scales
Aquatic larva changes to terrestrial adult
Feet without claws
Respiration with gills, lungs, skin, mouth
Closed 2 loop circulation
Ectothermic (cold blooded)
Eggs without shells or multicellular membranes
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http://users.erols.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/Vertebrates.htmlhttp://www.spekulantenguide.de/gifs/salamanderw.jpg
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FROG LATIN meaning
KINGDOM _____________
PHYLUM ____________________________
SUBPHYLUM ___________________________
CLASS _______________________________
ORDER _____________________________
ANIMALIA
CHORDATA
VERTEBRATA “backbone”
AMPHIBIA “double life”
ANURA “without a tail”
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Thin, moist skin – no scales
Mucous glands make it “slimy”
Camouflage- for protection
Some have poison glands
http://www-binf.bio.uu.nl/dutilh/hall/kikkers.html
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BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/snc2g1/frogresp.htm
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ECTOTHERMIC“cold blooded”
Body temperature is dependent on surrounding environment
http://www.vanscyoc.net/randy/garden/wildlife/image4.htm
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HIBERNATION/ ESTIVATION
Images from: http://www.enc.org/Classroom_Calendar/CC_Units/Unit_Images/185.jpg http://www.reptilis.org/pyxi/image5.htm
FAT stored in FAT BODIES provides energy
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Nictitating membrane (3rd eyelid)“swim goggles”
Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
Nostrils = external nares
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All tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) have a middle ear with a tympanic membrane (= eardrum).
Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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The major difference in the middle ear:–Amphibians, reptiles, birds have
a single ear bone (= columella)–Mammals have three middle-ear
bones
http://www.earthlife.net/mammals/images/anatomy/m-ear.gif
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NO CLAWS
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
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EXIT OPENINGS DIGESTIVE WASTE (feces) = _________________
EXCRETORY & REPRODUCTIVE EXIT =
_____________________________(Urine & eggs OR Urine &
sperm)
ANUS
UROGENITAL PORE
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EXIT OPENINGS
OPENING SHARED BY EXCRETORY,REPRODUCTIVE, & DIGESTIVE = ________VENT
Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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What sex is it?
Images from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm
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Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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AMPLEXUS“firm embrace”
Sperm and egg released @ same time and place
Increases chances of external fertilizationImage from: http://portal.isis.org/partners/AARK/YOTF%20Campaign%20Pack%20images/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=336
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TONGUE attached at front not back like yours!
Imagse from: http://www.animationlibrary.comhttp://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology.htm
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Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
PHARYNXMuscularBack of throatPulls food into digestive system
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EUSTACHIAN TUBESConnect earsto back of throat
Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
GLOTTISOpening torespiratorysystem
GULLETOpening to digestivesystem
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MAXILLARY &VOMERINE TEETH
Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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INTERNAL NARES
Image by: Riedell/VanderWal©2006
http://whatdidyoubringme.homestead.com/files/Tshirts/Herp/amphibian/images_lg/Frog251.jpg
Allows frog to breathe with mouth closed!
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Image from http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm
Cut through skin first
Then abdominal muscle
Watch for squirting!
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Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
LOTS OF BLOOD VESSELSfor gas exchangeCUTANEOUS RESPIRATION
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Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
OVARY-Make eggs
If yours lookslike this . . .
trade for anew frog
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FAT BODIES
Store fat forenergy
during:
Hibernation Estivation Breeding
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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LIVER• Make bile to break down fats
• Store glycogen
• Store vitamins
• Process toxins (including nitrogen waste for kidneys) Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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STOMACH
Add acid
Start digestion
Grind/mash food
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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GALL BLADDER
Storage sac under liver
Stores bile made by liver
Used insmall
intestineImage by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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PANCREAS
http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/go/frog/organs/home.html
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Pancreas (enlarged)
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PANCREAS:Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON
TRYPSIN- breaks down proteins
INSULIN- tells cells to store glucose from
bloodstream as glycogen
GLUCAGON- tells cells to release stored glucose to blood stream
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Mesentery holds intestines together
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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SMALL INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE
Split up intestine functions
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
INTESTINE
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• Bile/trypsin added• Finish digesting• Absorb nutrientsVILLI-increase
surface area for
more absorption
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
SMALL INTESTINE
http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/epithelium/wp_images/107%20villi.jpg
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Removes water from fecesCollects/
concentrates digestive waste
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
LARGE INTESTINE
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DUODENUM-Add bile/trypsinFinish digestion
ILEUM-Finish digestionAbsorb
nutrients
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
SMALL INTESTINE
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CLOACAShared
collecting space for
DIGESTIVEEXCRETORYREPRODUCTIVESYSTEMSImage by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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STOMACH
What’sforlunch?
Cut openyourstomach
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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STOMACH
RUGAE-Rough folds
inside stomach
allow expansion
help to breakdown food Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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PYLORIC SPHINCTER CONTROLS passage of food from
stomach into duodenum (intestine)
http://www.health.auckland.ac.nz/departments/neurophysiology/public/teaching/alimentary_lectures/datashow/1-overview/gfx/pylorus.jpg
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BLOOD CELL FACTORY
Makes, stores,processesworn out red blood cells
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
SPLEEN
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10 Body Systems :___________________ Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells
Nitrogen waste has different chemical forms:
___________ __________ _____________MOST TOXIC made from LEAST TOXIC
ammonia by needs the least liver water to dilute
FISH HUMANS BIRDS, REPTILES AMPHIBIANS
EXCRETORY
AMMONIA UREA URIC ACID
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ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME!DIGESTIVE waste-
left over from undigested foodtravels through digestive system
leaves through digestive system as feces
EXCRETORY waste- (Also called NITROGEN WASTE)made by cells from break down of proteins
travels through blood stream leaves through excretory system as ammonia, urea, or uric acid
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Diagram by: Riedell
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Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
KIDNEYS- • Remove nitrogen
waste from blood and dilute it with water to make urine;
• Osmoregulation
• Adult frogs excrete as UREA TO CONSERVE WATER
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URINARY BLADDER
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
STORES URINE MADE BY KIDNEYS
LARVAE (Tadpoles)Excrete AMMONIA like fish
Adult frogs excrete UREA to conserve water
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CLOACAShared
collecting space for
DIGESTIVEEXCRETORYREPRODUCTIVESYSTEMSImage by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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OVARIES Make eggs
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html
Carry eggs to cloacaAdd jelly coating
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OVARY without eggs
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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TESTES-makes spermVAS DEFERENS-tubules that carry sperm to cloaca
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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AMPLEXUS“firm embrace”
Sperm and egg released @ same time and place
Increases chances of external fertilizationImage from: http://portal.isis.org/partners/AARK/YOTF%20Campaign%20Pack%20images/Forms/DispForm.aspx?ID=336
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INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT
Grow legs; Lose tail2 chambers 3 chambers1 loop 2 loopsBreathe w/ gills lungs & skinExcrete ammonia excrete urea (gills & kidneys)
(kidneys)
http://saczoo.com/3_kids/images
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THYROID GLANDmakes THYROXIN tocontrol heart rate,metabolism, and METAMORPHOSIS
http://saczoo.com/3_kids/images
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Ways tadpoles are like fish
Have a LATERAL LINEBreathe with gillsExcrete nitrogen waste as
AMMONIA (with gills & kidneys)
Have a 2 chamber heartHave a 1 loop circulatory system
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/L.littlejohni_tadpole.jpg/800px-L.littlejohni_tadpole.jpg
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Pericardial membrane around heart
Mesentery holds intestines together
image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html
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LUNGS:
GASEXCHANGE
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
http://www.stclement.pvt.k12.il.us/studentWeb/science98/GarrittPatM/alveoli.gif
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BREATHING WITH LUNGS is called PULMONARY RESPIRATION
Frogs PUSH AIR INTO LUNGS = POSITIVE PRESSURE
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/snc2g1/frogresp.htm
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Larvae breathe with GILLS
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/L.littlejohni_tadpole.jpg/800px-L.littlejohni_tadpole.jpg
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HEART
3 chambers
2 loops
Image by Riedell/VanderWal©2006
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HEART
3 chambered heart
Right atrium
Left atrium
Ventricle
Image from: http://www.digitalfrog.com/resources/froggallery.html
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Images from: http://www2.volstate.edu/msd/BIO/1020/Lab7ChordateII.htm
ADULT FROG: 3 chamber heart 2 loop system
TADPOLES & FISH: 2 chambered heart 1 loop system
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MOST vertebrates have nuclei in their RBC’s
RBCs’ image from: http://www.fish-news.com/RG4001.jpg
Human RBC image from: http://www.nigms.nih.gov/moleculestomeds/images/bloodcells.gif
MAMMALS DON’T
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Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle Conus arteriosus
BODYorgans
GILLS
FISH CIRCULATION
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Sinus venosus
RIGHTAtrium
Ventricle Conus arteriosus
Lungs
Bodyorgans
LEFTAtrium
FROG CIRCULATION
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Sinus venosus
RIGHTAtrium
Ventricle Conus arteriosus
Lungs
Bodyorgans
LEFTAtrium
FROG CIRCULATION
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SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Kidneys = renal
Heart = coronary
Liver = hepatic
LUNGS = Pulmonary
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BRAIN
http://www.manheimcentral.org/~tw005690/Frog/frog.htm