Download - French Mix Design Standard GuideOK
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Bituminous mixes Bituminous mixes French mix design French mix design
Method and overview for empirical or fundamental specifications
Yves BROSSEAUD – LCPC Nantes France -
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OutlinesOutlines
French mix design:An example of performance based mix design methodology
Main performance characteristics of asphalt mixesDocuments of reference :
European – French Asphalt mixesAsphalt mix design guideNational guide for the application of European standards
Conclusion
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An example of performance based An example of performance based methodologymethodology
French Bituminous French Bituminous Mix Design MethodologyMix Design Methodology
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One material type for each need
Optimized with performance based criteria
In relation with its use on the road
Method used in France since more than 20 years old
Principle Principle
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Standard Performances Lab studyGradation & Binder content designer’s choice
Typical grading curves
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.1 1 10
Sieve [mm]
Paas
ing
[%]
ECFBBSGBBMBBTMBBUMBBDr
Formulation tool: Gyratory
Compactor(PCG)
Mix design Mix design and Compositionand Composition
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Mix design Formulation methodMix design Formulation method
Components selection(aggregates, filler, binder, additives)Check of their properties
performance classMinimum binder content defined by standard
K Richness modulus (linked to the binder film thickness)
Level of mix design study defined in contract
Check of the performance versus the selected class of the product French (European) standards
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Performances tested Performances tested
One test per property
Gyratory compactor (PCG) workability and compactability assessment
Immersion compression (Duriez) test Water sensitivity
Wheel tracking testRutting resistance
Direct tensile or 2 point bending test− Stiffness
2 points bending test− Fatigue resistance
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Design stepsDesign steps
Selection and identification of components
Choice: gradation & binder content
Compactability test (gyratory)
Duriez test
Rutting test
Modulus test
Fatigue test
Formulation selected
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Compaction
Water sensitivity
Rutting
Stiffness
Fatigue
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Level 1 and 2 testsLevel 1 and 2 tests
Components selection(aggregates, filler, binder, additives)Check of their properties
performance classManufacturing and control of samples
Gyratory compaction testWater sensitivityWheel tracking rutting testMarshall Marshall test
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Preparation of samples in laboratoryPreparation of samples in laboratory
Good control quality of mix :composition, voids, homogeneity, ...
Accurate and Relevant TestsRelevant comparison with in situ materials
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11/67Mixer BBMAX 80
Plate compactor: 400*600*150 or 180*500*25 à 100
Vertical gamma Bench
EN 12697EN 12697--3333ex NFP 98ex NFP 98--250250--22
EN 12697-35 ex NFP 98-250-1EN 12697EN 12697--7 ex NFP 987 ex NFP 98--250250--55
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12/67MLPC Gyratory shear compactor
Gyratory compactorStandard (NF 12697-31 ex NFP 98-252)Characterisation of void % reduction under axial force + gyratory shearMix design by adjustment of void content according to product standards Estimation of site void content
Vsite = V(Ne)Ne nbr of cycle as thickness [mm]
r = 0,95 R = 1,38 (% voids 60 g)
CompactabilityCompactability characterisationcharacterisation
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Typical resultV
oid
cont
ent (
%)
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Void content
Failed
Failed
InterpretationInterpretationof gyratory compaction testof gyratory compaction test
Conformity study of a mix in relation to product standard specification for each material type ( NFP 98-130 to 141)
Pass
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% voids
Number of passes2 2616820
10
5
46
812 cm
Void content versus layer thicknessVoid content versus layer thicknessIn site compaction processIn site compaction process
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
BB
AC
BB
AC
(bin
der)
BB
AG
G
BB
ME
GB
2
GB
3
EME
1
EME
2
Void
s %
Correct
Out of spec
Gyratory compactor test: specificationsGyratory compactor test: specificationsGyratory compactor test: specifications
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Water sensitivity : Water sensitivity : DuriezDuriez testtest
Standard EN 12697-12 exNFP 98-251-1Two compaction processes
D< 14 mm H 190 mm, 60 kN, 5 min D>14 mm H 270 mm, 180 kN, 5 min
Stored at 18 °C, 7 daysin air (50 % moisture) in water
Vertical compression (1 mm/s )Ratio r/R (and % voids)Repeatability and reproducibility
r = 0,08 R =0,13 (ratio of 0,73)
Decision to use of an adhesion agent
European standard used also indirect tensile test (EN 12697-12)
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LevelLevel 2 : 2 : ruttingrutting resistanceresistance testtest
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LPC Wheel tracking testLPC Wheel tracking test
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Wheel
Rut depth measurement
Standard (EN 12697-22 ex NFP 98-253-1Influence of heavy, slow, channelled traffic under high temperaturerelevant correlation with site, repeatability (r = 1,2 et R =1,3)Test conditions:
Smooth tire, pressure 0.6 MPaLoad 5 kN, speed 1 cycle/sControlled temperature 60°C
LPC Wheel tracking testLPC Wheel tracking testLPC Wheel tracking test
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Rutting
Number of cycles
AverageRegression
Typical results with the LCPC wheel Typical results with the LCPC wheel tracking testtracking test
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Influence of binder contentInfluence of binder contentInfluence of binder content
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Influence of binder typeInfluence of binder type
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Rutting resistance - specificationsRutting resistance Rutting resistance -- specificationsspecifications
Test @ 60 °C
0
4
8
12
16
20
BBA1
BBA2
BBA3
BBME1
BBME2
BBME3
GB 2to 4
EME1-2
Rut
dep
th [%
]
Surface Base
Numberof cycles 10 000 30 000 10 000 30 000
Out of spec
On spec
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Level 3 and 4Level 3 and 4
Mechanical tests:stiffness measurement (direct tensile test or 2 points
bending on trapezoidal samples)Fatigue resistance test
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Determination of bituminous mixes mechanical Determination of bituminous mixes mechanical characteristics for pavement structural designcharacteristics for pavement structural design
Need for stiffness characteristics and fatigue resistance : admissible strain for 1 million cycles
Traffic direction
Wearing course
BaseSub-base
Natural soil
BituminousLayers Thickness tStiffness Eε, σ(tension)
Non treated
ε, σ
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Direct tensile test
100
1000
10000
100000
0,0001 0,01 1 100 10000
Temps (s)
Mod
ule
(Mpa
)
0°C
10 °C
15°C
courbemaîtresse
EN 12697-26 ex NFP 98 260-1
Direct tension on cylindrical specimen
Master curve (rheological behavior)
Modulus for pavement design (specification) 15°C, 0,02s
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ComplexComplex modulusmodulus testtest
EN 12697-26 ex NFP 98 260-2
2 points bending on trapezoidal samples, 4 repetitions
E pavement design 15°C, 10 HzMaster curve (rheological behavior)
60°C
100
1000
10000
100000
0,1 1,0 10,0 100,0
Fréquence (Hz)
-10°C0°C10°C15°C20°C30°C40°C
r = 335 MPa , R = 2750 MPa(E = 15300 MPa)
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StiffnessStiffnessStiffness
Modulus @ 15°C: complex (10 Hz) or tensile (0,02 s)
02000400060008000
100001200014000160001800020000
BBA1-2
BBA3
BBME1
BBME2-3
GB 2-3
GB 4 EME1-2
Mod
ulus
[M
Pa]
Out of spec
On spec
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Fatigue testFatigue test
Standard EN 12697-24 ex NF P 98-261-12 points Bending beam on trapezoidal samples
B=56, b=25, t=2, h=250 mm3 strain levels with 6 specimens each, 10°C and 25 Hz Strain calculated for 1 million of cycles ε6
(better behavior for high ε6)r = 4,2 µstrain R= 8,3 µstrain
Droite de fatigue
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
10 100 1000
Déformation
Nom
bre
decy
cles
ε6
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Fatigue testFatigue testFatigue test
Admissible strain @ 10 °C and 25 Hz [µstrain]
708090
100110
120130
140150
BBA 1 BBA 2 BBA 3 BBME1
BBME2-3
GB 2 GB 3 GB 4 EME1
EME2
ε 6[µ
stra
in]
Out of spec
On spec
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Summary of French mix design methodology: different levelsSummarySummary of French mix design of French mix design methodologymethodology: : differentdifferent levelslevels
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ReferenceReference document for document for asphaltasphalt mixesmixes
Asphalt mixes standardsGeneral asphalt mixes NF EN 13108-1
Very thin asphalt mixes NF EN 13108-2
Porous asphalt NF EN 13108-7
Type testing NF EN 13108-20
Factory Production control NF EN 13108-21
French asphalt mix design guide
French guide for the application of Europeanstandards
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General General asphaltasphalt mixes NF EN 13108mixes NF EN 13108--11
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Type of performance for Type of performance for asphaltasphalt mixesmixes
The asphalt mix standards NF EN 13 108-1 to NF EN 13 108-7specifie 2 different performance approaches :
Empirical Fundamental
added with general characterizationwithout combination with these 2 approaches
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General General CharactCharactééristicsristics
«General» characteristics are :Grading curve,
Void content,
Sensibility again water effect
Resistance to rutting
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EmpiricalEmpirical charactcharactééristicsristics
«Empirical» characteristics are:To specify the minimum bitumen content,
To precise the nature of bitumen (performance grade),
To fix an envelop for the grading at the specified seives.
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Fondamental Fondamental charactcharactééristicsristics
«Fondamental» characteristics are essentially measurements on mechanical performances:
stiffness modulus
fatigue resistance.
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EmpiricalEmpirical approaches : approaches : ex EB10ex EB10--BBSGBBSG
Caractéristiques générales Caractéristiques empiriques
Pourcentage de vide PCG
Étendue (%) /Tamis caractéristiques
0 ,0
63
0,25
0
2,00
6,3 D
Ten
eur
en li
ant
min
imal
e
Dés
igna
tion
Des
tinat
ion
NF
EN
de
réfé
renc
e
Lia
nt
Gra
de
D (m
ax) e
n m
m
Sens
ibili
té à
l’ea
u IT
SR (I
/C)
mét
hode
B p
ar c
ompr
essi
on
Cla
sse
Nb
gira
tions
à 10
gir
atio
ns
Essai d’orniérage À 60°C
Nb cycles
{% vides plaque}
Classe
% % % % %
Roulement EB10-BBSG
classe 0 Liaison
NF EN 13108-1 * 10 ITSR70
Vmin 5 Vmax 10
60
V10
G m
in11
- 5 à 8
10 à
25
28 à
38
50 à
65
90 à
100TLmin5,2
Roulement EB10-BBSG classe 1 Liaison
NF EN 13108-1 * 10 ITSR70
Vmin 5 Vmax 10
60 - 30 000 cycles
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) P10
5 à 8
10 à
25
28 à
38
50 à
65
90 à
100TLmin5,2
Roulement EB10-BBSG classe 2 Liaison
NF EN 13108-1 * 10 ITSR70
Vmin 5 Vmax 10
60 - 30 000 cycles
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) P7,5
5 à 8
10 à
25
28 à
38
50 à
65
90 à
100TLmin5,2
Roulement EB10-BBSG classe 3 Liaison
NF EN 13108-1 * 10 ITSR70
Vmin 5 Vmax 10
60 - 30 000 cycles
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) P5
5 à 8
10 à
25
28 à
38
50 à
65
90 à
100TLmin5.2
Wearing course
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Caractéristiques générales Caractéristiques fondamentales
Pourcentage de vide PCG
Dés
igna
tion
Des
tinat
ion
Nor
me
NF
EN
de
réfé
renc
e
Lia
nt
Gra
de
D (m
ax) e
n m
m
Sens
ibili
té à
l’ea
u IT
SR (I
/C)
mét
hode
B p
ar c
ompr
essi
on
Cla
sse
Nb
gira
tions
Essai d’orniérage À 60°C
Nb cycles
(% vides plaque)
Classe
Essai de module 15°C
0,02s ou 10 Hz
(% vides plaque)
Classe
Essai de fatigue 10°C
25 Hz flex.2
(% vides plaque)
Classe
Roulement EB10-BBSG classe 1 Liaison
NF EN 13108-1 * 10 ITSR70
Vmin 5 Vmax 10
60 30 000 cycles
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) P10
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) Smin5500
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
ε6-100
Roulement EB10-BBSG classe 2
Liaison
NF EN 13108-1 * 10 ITSR70
Vmin 5 Vmax 10
60 30 000 cycles
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) P7,5
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) Smin7000
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
ε6-100
Roulement EB10-BBSG
classe 3 Liaison NF EN 13108-1 * 10 ITSR70
Vmin 5 Vmax 10
60 30 000 cycles
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) P5
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) Smin7000
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
ε6-100
Wearing course
FondamentalFondamental approaches : approaches : ex EB10ex EB10--BBSGBBSG
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FondamentalFondamental approaches : ex EB14approaches : ex EB14--GBGB
Base or fundation layer
Caractéristiques générales Caractéristiques fondamentales
Pourcentage de vide PCG
Dés
igna
tion
Des
tinat
ion
Nor
me
NF
EN
de
réfé
renc
e
Lia
nt
Gra
de
D (m
ax) e
n m
m
Sens
ibili
té à
l’ea
u IT
SR (I
/C)
mét
hode
B p
ar c
ompr
essi
on
Cla
sse
Nb
gira
tions
Essai d’orniérage À 60°C
Nb cycles
(% vides plaque)
Classe
Essai de module 15°C
0,02s ou 10 Hz
(% vides plaque)
Classe
Essai de fatigue 10°C
25 Hz flex.2
(% vides plaque)
Classe
EB14-GB classe 2 Assise NF EN
13108-1 * 14 ITSR70 Vmin 11 100 10 000 cycles
(Vi= 8% Vs = 11%)P10
(Vi= 7% Vs = 10%)Smin9000
(Vi= 7% Vs = 10%)
ε6-80
EB14-GB classe 3 Assise NF EN
13108-1 * 14 ITSR70 Vmin 10 100 10 000 cycles
(Vi= 7% Vs = 10%)P10
(Vi= 7% Vs = 7%) Smin9000
(Vi= 7% Vs = 10%)
ε6-90
EB14-GB classe 4 Assise NF EN
13108-1 * 14 ITSR70 Vmin 9 100 30 000 cycles
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%) P10
(Vi=5% Vs = 8%) Smin11000
(Vi= 5% Vs = 8%)
ε6-100
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Type
of m
ix
Gira
tory
. (V
oids
%)
C80
(D 1
0mm
)C
100
(D 1
4mm
) C
120
(D 2
0 m
m)
Wat
er se
nsiti
vity
r/R ra
tio
Rut
dep
th(6
0°C
-100
mm
)*
10.0
00 c
ycle
s (%
)**
30.
000
cycl
es (%
)
Stiff
ness
mod
ulus
(15°
C-1
0Hz)
in M
Pa
Fatig
ue –
adm
issi
ble
stra
in(@
1 m
illio
n de
cyc
les)
G.BClass 2 ≤ 11 ≥ 0.65 ≤ 10* ≥ 9,000 ≥ 80.10-6
GBClass 3 ≤ 10 ≥ 0.7 ≤ 10* ≥ 9,000 ≥ 90.10-6
GBClass 4 ≤ 9 ≥ 0.7 ≤ 10** ≥ 11,000 ≥ 100.10-6
EMEClass 1 ≤ 10 ≥ 0.7 ≤ 7.5** ≥ 14,000 ≥ 100.10-6
EMEclass 2 ≤ 6 ≥ 0.75 ≤ 7.5** ≥ 14,000 ≥ 130.10-6
Base Hot Mix Asphalt : main performances Base Hot Mix Asphalt : main performances
fundamentalempirical
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Example of CE markingfor general requirements
or fundamental
ExampleExample of CE of CE markingmarkingfor for generalgeneral requirementsrequirements
or or fundamentalfundamental
information + empirical
requirements
information information + + empiricalempirical
requirementsrequirements
fundamental
CE mark
empirical
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Conformity control for Asphalt mixesConformityConformity control for control for AsphaltAsphalt mixesmixes
CE mark
PRODUCER
NOTIFIEDBODY
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Essential characteristics (according with European directive)for empirical specifications
Essential Essential characteristicscharacteristics ((accordingaccording withwith EuropeanEuropean directive)directive)for for empiricalempirical specificationsspecifications
CE mark
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Essential characteristics (according with European directive)for fundamental specifications
Essential Essential characteristicscharacteristics ((accordingaccording withwith EuropeanEuropean directive)directive)for for fundamentalfundamental specificationsspecifications
CE mark
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Description and classification for asphalt mixesDescription and classification for Description and classification for asphaltasphalt mixesmixes
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Uses of asphalt mixesUses of Uses of asphaltasphalt mixesmixes
uses
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Type Testing : or formulation proof Type Type TestingTesting : or formulation proof : or formulation proof
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Validated period for mix designValidated period for mix designValidated period for mix design
Période of validity – 5 years without changingCheck new formula if some:
Changes in aggregates:coarse aggregates:
− properties shape, semi-crushed aggregate percentage, wear resistance
− in petrographic type− Density (> 0,05 Mg/m3)
fine aggregate: source , grading category, angularitymineralogical type of filler
Changes in bitumen : bitumen grade
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Type – frequency test control for components(QC)
Type Type –– frequency test control for frequency test control for componentscomponents(QC)(QC)
CE mark
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Type – frequency test control for asphalt concrete NF EN 13108-1 (QC)
Type Type –– frequency test control for asphalt frequency test control for asphalt concrete concrete NF EN 13108NF EN 13108--11 (QC)(QC)
CE mark
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Type – frequency test control for asphalt mixes used on airfields NF EN 13108-1 (QC)
Type Type –– frequency test control for asphalt mixes frequency test control for asphalt mixes used on used on airfields NF EN 13108airfields NF EN 13108--1 1 (QC)(QC)
CE mark
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ConclusionsConclusions
French mix design methodology is based on the following performances :
Workability assessment (Giratory, central tool)Water sensitivityResistance to permanent deformationStiffnessFatigue
depending on the mix design study level asked in contractual documents
Performances based mix design methodology allows Optimization of mix design to the expected use of the material Evolution of techniques Innovation
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I whish you a very fruitful meeting on performance I whish you a very fruitful meeting on performance requirements for asphalt mixes requirements for asphalt mixes
Gracias por su atenciGracias por su atencióónn
Taxi in the world : world exhibition in Paris last week “mondial de l’automobile)”