Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming Module
Frank Ellis B.Sc. ARSM
Thursday 27th March 2014Warwick University
PROGRAMMING
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
CONTENTS
• Programme Types
• Programme Preparation
• Programme Presentation
• Programme Monitoring
• Programme Software
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME TYPES
• Client Programme
• Design Programme
• Main Contractor Programme
• Sub-contractors / Specialist Programme
• Manufacturer / Procurement Programme
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME TYPESClient Programme
High Level:
• Summary activities with Start – End dates
• Milestones for Key Dates
• Milestones for Constraints
Imposed - external / third party
Internal (e.g. equipment delivery)
• Milestones for Planning Permission / Public Enquiry
• Milestones for Financial Purposes
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME TYPES
Design Programme
• Concept Design
• Outline Design
• Detailed Design including Temporary Work Design
• CAT 3 Check (if required)
• CDM Requirements
• Approval period
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME TYPESMain Contractor Programme
• Tender
• Detailed Contract Programme (Clause 12)
• NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC)
• Integrated Work Disciplines Enabling works
Civils
MEP
Architectural
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME TYPESMain Contractor Programme (Cont.)
• Integrated Sub-contractors / Suppliers sub-programmes
• Interfaces – with third parties or other contracts
• Constraints Contractual (e.g. access, milestones or key dates – possible LDs)
Legal (e.g. working hours)
Physical (e.g. confined site, access, etc.)
Third party interfaces (e.g. handover of sections of work, proximity to
structures, settlement monitoring or mitigation)
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME TYPESSubcontractor Programme
• Programme prepared by or on behalf of the
Subcontractor for the Subcontract Works
In accordance with the Main Programme details
Compatible with and not conflict with the Main
Contractor's Programme
Fulfil all constraints (as main Contract Programme)
Include any procurement activities if applicable
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME TYPES
Manufacturer or Procurement Programme
• Consents
• Approvals / QA
• Enquiries
• Manufacturing & Delivery periods
• Payment stages
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME PREPARATIONBasic Steps:
• Gather information on Key dates / Constraints
• Understand construction methodology and sequences
• Define Structure (WBS)
• Define calendars - e.g. 5 day week, 24hr 7 days,
engineering hours, etc.
• List activities under each WBS
• Calculate Duration for each activity
• Assign Logic
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME PREPARATIONAdditional Steps (depending on requirements):
• Generate Activity Codes – if helpful or required by Client
(e.g. Cost codes, Location codes)
• Programme Scheduling and analyse Critical Path
• Assign Activity Codes to activities
• Resource Loading and Levelling i.e re-programme
• Cost Loading
• Outputs (Gantt chart, Reports, Resource histogram, etc.)
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME PREPARATION
Duration:
• Duration is the number of work periods required to
complete a task
• Usually days, but can be hours, weeks or months
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME PREPARATIONDuration Calculation:
Duration = Quantity/Productivity
• Productivity depends on the resources available, time constraints and the efficiency with which they work
• Productivity may be determined from:Historical records or case historiesStandard estimating manualsExperienceCombination of the above
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME PREPARATION
Work Breakdown Structure:
• A hierarchical structure of the works
• Typically
Stage
Phase
Task / Deliverable / Milestone.
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME PREPARATION
Work Breakdown Structure:
• A way to organise and define the works into;
Tasks
Deliverables
• All these components can be scheduled, costed,
monitored and controlled
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Develop the WBS:
PROGRAMME PREPARATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Establish Logic (Dependencies):
• Logic types:
Mandatory (hard logic) - Inherent in the work
Discretionary (soft/preferred/preferential logic) -
Based on experience or preference
External - Needs or requirement of third party
PROGRAMME PREPARATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Network Diagram
• Shows activity logic in a graphical form
• Drawn from left to right to reflect project chronology
• Represented by a combination of arrows and nodes;
Arrow Diagram
Node Diagram
PROGRAMME PREPARATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Arrow Diagram
• Activities shown by Arrows
• Relationship between activities shown by nodes / events
PROGRAMME PREPARATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Node Diagram
• Activities shown by Nodes
• Relationship between Activities shown by arrows
PROGRAMME PREPARATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Resource Levelling:
• Try to use resources consistently throughout the
project or task discipline
• Ensure resources not over allocated
• Avoid delays caused by bad allocation of resources
• Software can help to identify and take advantage of
unused times by analysing task dependencies
PROGRAMME PREPARATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Resource Levelling:
Over or under allocation of resources;
• Delay tasks
• Assign different resource
• Change logic
• Split tasks
PROGRAMME PREPARATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Critical Path
• The Critical Path (or paths) is;
the longest path (or paths) from start to finish
through a network diagram
the sequence on which all the activities have zero
float
The minimum time to complete a project
• Usually identified in red on a programme.
PROGRAMME PREPARATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Critical Path on a Network Diagram:
PROGRAMME PREPARATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME PREPARATIONCritical Path on a Bar Chart:
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Critical Path Analysis:
• The critical path will show if the project is going to
finish late
• Techniques to compress the schedule include:
Perform critical path tasks in parallel - May
increase risk and can result in rework
Assign additional resources to critical path tasks –
increased costs
PROGRAMME PREPARATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Critical Path Analysis:
• Helps the project manager identify tasks that must be
carefully monitored
• As tasks are completed ahead or behind schedule the
critical path changes
• There can be more than one critical path in the project
PROGRAMME PREPARATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Hierarchy of programmes:
• Level 1 – High Level/ Rolled up/ Summary Programme
• Level 2/3 – Detailed Contract Programme/ Detailed Integrated Programme
• Level 4 – 4 weekly Rolling Programme
• Supplementary programmes – e.g. possessions, test & commissioning
PROGRAMME PREPARATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Bar Chart / Gantt Chart
• Pictorial Representation of Activities• Illustrates duration and relative timing of Activities• May include arrows to show dependencies
Finish to start Start to start Finish to Finish Start to finish
• Unable to show complete interdependency between Activities
PROGRAMME PRESENTATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Bar Chart / Gantt Chart
PROGRAMME PRESENTATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Bar Chart / Gantt Chart
PROGRAMME PRESENTATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Critical Path Bar Chart
PROGRAMME PRESENTATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Critical Path Bar Chart
PROGRAMME PRESENTATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Time vs Distance Diagram (Time Chainage)
• Graphical presentation for linear projects such as pipelines, railways, tunnels, roads, etc.
• Time along one axis and distance along the other
• Activities displayed according to their linear position
• Shows not only the location of the activity but also the direction of progress and the progress rate
• Big advantage – shows all activities on a single drawing
PROGRAMME PRESENTATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME PRESENTATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME PRESENTATION
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
• Keeping track of a project
A check of the performance against the predetermined plan
the progress against time, resources and performance
Identifying areas which need attention or action
• Collecting of information to see whether you are on target to reach your objectives
“There is no management without monitoring!”
PROGRAMME MONITORING
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
The process of monitoring and evaluation helps answer the following questions:
• Inputs: Were programme inputs available, adequate, timely?
• Activities: Were activities performed on schedule?
• Outputs: The outputs or outcomes, were they of acceptable quality?
• Effects / Impacts: What was achieved?
PROGRAMME MONITORING
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Provide constructive suggestions:
• Reschedule – if the project is running behind
• Re budgeting – possibly redistributing funds from one area to another
• Re-assign resources or bring in additional to meet the time schedule
PROGRAMME MONITORING
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Monitoring Techniques:
• Baseline programme / regular progress updates (percentage completion) for each activity
• 4-weekly rolling programme
PROGRAMME MONITORING
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
Monitoring Techniques:
• Informal / Formal project meetings Collaborative Planning / Last Planner
• Project Status Reports – “Dashboards”
• EVA, trends, feedbacks, other forms of project controls
PROGRAMME MONITORING
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
PROGRAMME MONITORING
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
• Primavera (P6 / Contractor / Suretrak)
• Powerproject
• Microsoft Project
• CS Project
• TILOS
• Excel spreadsheet
PROGRAMME SOFTWARE
Warwick University M.Sc. Course 2014Programming
• The different types of programme
• Programme preparation
• Why we need to monitor the programme
• Presentation of the programme
CONCLUSIONS