Foundations of Structural Kinesiology
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Kinesiology & Body Mechanics
Kinesiology - study of motion or human movement
Biomechanics - application of mechanical physics to human motion.
Both skeletal & muscular structures are involved
Bones are different sizes & shapes particularly at the joints, which allow or limit movement.
Why Kinesiology?Should have an adequate knowledge &
understanding of all large muscle groups to teach others how to strengthen, improve, & maintain these parts of human body
Should not only know how & what to do in relation to conditioning & training but also know why specific exercises are done in conditioning & training of athletes
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OsteologyAdult skeleton
206 bonesAxial skeleton
80 bones
Appendicular126 bones
occasional variations
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Skeletal Functions1. Protection of vital organs such as the heart,
lungs, brain, etc.
2. Support to maintain posture
3. Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers
4. Mineral storage such as calcium & phosphorus
5. Hemopoiesis – in vertebral bodies, femurs, humerus, ribs, & sternum process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow
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Types of bonesLong bones - humerus, fibula
Short bones - carpals, tarsals
Flat bones - skull, scapula
Irregular bones - pelvis, ethmoid, ear ossicles
Sesamoid bones - patella
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Typical Bony FeaturesDiaphysis – long cylindrical shaft
Cortex - hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis
Periosteum - dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis
Endosteum - fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex
Medullary (marrow) cavity – between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow
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Typical Bony FeaturesEpiphysis – ends of long bones
formed from cancelleous (spongy or trabecular) bone
Epiphyseal plate - (growth plate) thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis & epiphyses
Articular (hyaline) cartilage – covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect & reduce friction
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Bone MarkingsProcesses (elevations & projections)
Processes to which ligaments, muscles or tendons attachCrestEpicondyleLineProcessSpine (spinous process)SutureTrochanterTubercleTuberosity
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Bone Markings Cavities (depressions) - including opening
& groovesFacetForamenFossaFoveaMeatusSinusSulcus (groove)
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Figure 8.1a
Figure 8.1a
Figure 8.1b
Figure 8.1b
Body regionsAppendicular
Upper limbsLower limbs
AxialCephalic (Head)
Cranium & Face
Cervical (Neck)Trunk
Thoracic (Thorax), Dorsal (Back), Abdominal (Abdomen), & Pelvic (Pelvis)
Anatomical directional terminology
Dorsal relating to the back; being or located near, on, or toward the
back, posterior part,
Ventral relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior
part of
Prone the body lying face downward; stomach lying
Supine lying on the back; face upward position of the body
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Anatomical directional terminology
Palmar relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hand
Volar relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot
Plantar relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot
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Alignment variation terminology
KyphosisIncreased curving of the spine
outward or backward in the sagittal plane
LordosisIncreased curving of the spine
inward or forward in the sagittal plane
ScoliosisLateral curving of the spine
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Alignment variation terminology
RecurvatumBending backward, as in knee
hyperextension
ValgusOutward angulation of the distal
segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees
VarusInward angulation of the distal
segment of a bone or joint, as in bowlegs
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Cardinal planes of motion3 basic or traditional
in relation to the body, not in relation to the earth
Anteroposterior or Sagittal Plane
Lateral or Frontal Plane
Transverse or Horizontal Plane
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Cardinal planes of motionSagittal or Anteroposterior Plane (AP)
divides body into equal, bilateral segments
It bisects body into 2 equal symmetrical halves or a right & left half
Ex. Sit-up
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Cardinal planes of motionFrontal, Lateral or
Coronal Planedivides the body into
(front) anterior & (back) posterior halves
Ex. Jumping Jacks
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Cardinal planes of motionTransverse, Axial or
Horizontal Planedivides body into (top)
superior & (bottom) inferior halves when the individual is in anatomic position
Ex. Spinal rotation to left or right
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Diagonal Planes of MotionHigh Diagonal
Low Diagonal
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Diagonal Planes of MotionHigh Diagonal
Upper limbs at shoulder jointsOverhand skillsEX. Baseball Pitch
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Diagonal Planes of MotionLow Diagonal
Upper limbs at shoulder jointsUnderhand skillsEX. Discus Thrower
Low Diagonal
Lower limbs at the hip jointsEX. Kickers & Punters
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Axes of rotationFor movement to occur in a plane, it must
turn or rotate about an axis.The axes are named in relation to their
orientation
Frontal, coronal, lateral or mediolateral axisHas same orientation as frontal plane of
motion & runs from side to side at a right angle to sagittal plane of motion
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Axes of rotationDiagonal or oblique axis
also known as the oblique axis runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane
Axes of rotationVertical, long or
longitudinal axisRuns straight down through top of head
& is at a right angle to transverse plane of motion
Runs superior/ inferiorCommonly includes internal
rotation, external rotation movements
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Axes of rotationSagittal or
anteroposterior axisHas same orientation as sagittal
plane of motion & runs from front to back at a right angle to frontal plane of motion
Runs anterior / posteriorCommonly includes abduction,
adduction movements
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