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Forming Impressions of Others:
A Classroom Demonstration
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IntroductionThis demonstration was created by Jackson (2000) and is based on an actual study by Hamilton and Gifford (1979).
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InstructionsYou will see a series of statements, each describing a person performing some type of behavior.Each person belongs to either Group A or Group B.After all statements have been presented, you will respond with your impressions.
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John visited a friend in the hospital.
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Allen dented the fender of a parked car and didn’t leave his name.
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Bill is rarely late for work.
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Bob helped a child.
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Tom shared his lunch with a co-worker.
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Scott cheated on an exam.
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Alan planted seedlings in a park.
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Henry went out of his way to return a lost wallet to the owner.
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Nathan took neighborhood kids swimming.
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John is considered a very dependable co-worker.
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Chad always talks about himself and his problems.
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Josh finished his homework on time.
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Lane is well-like by his colleagues.
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Davis read a story to his daughter.
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Ron made prank phone calls to his teacher.
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Bruce never returns library books on time.
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Ken helped a lost child in a supermarket.
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David converses easily with people he doesn’t know well.
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Fred gave blood to the Red Cross.
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Alex kicked a dog.
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Devin donated his clothes to charity.
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Mark learned how to fly an airplane.
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Gary earned an “A” on his research paper.
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Ted ran a red light.
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Jeff volunteered to tutor needy students.
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Richard yelled at a boy who bumped into him.
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Eric drove his elderly neighbor to the grocery store.
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Vincent forgot about his job interview.
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Keith organized a birthday party for a friend.
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Colin works out to keep himself in good shape.
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Robert talks with food in his mouth.
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Scott received a promotion at work.
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Norman often tailgates when he is driving
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Eliot sings in the church choir.
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William rarely washes his car.
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Pete is recognized as an excellent musician.
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Don took a hurt stray dog to the vet.
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Roger repaired his neighbor’s lawnmower.
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Craig helped a friend move.
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Done!
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Group RatingsConstruct the table below on a scrap piece of paper.
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Group RatingsAttribute: Group A Group B
PopularLazyUnhappyIntelligentHonestIrresponsibleHelpfulUnpopular
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Group RatingsYour next task is to rate each of the groups.Use the scale below:
1: Strongly Disagree7: Strongly Agree
You should use intermediate values as well as these two extremes.
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DebriefingGroup A (n = 26 members)
18 positive statements8 negative statements
9:4 ratio of positive to negative statements
Group B (n = 13 members)9 positive statements4 negative statements
9:4 ratio of positive to negative statements
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DebriefingThe ratio of positive and negative events was exactly the same for Group A and Group B!Did we rate the Groups the way we should have?Are our ratings of the Groups exactly equal?
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Illusory CorrelationThis demonstration illustrates an Illusory Correlation – the perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists. Another way to think of it – a false impression that two variables correlate.
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Illusory CorrelationThe joint occurrence of two distinctive events (minority member – Group B & distinctive event - negative behavior) probably attracted more attention and caused faulty impressions.
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Illusory CorrelationExamples:
It always rains on the week-endIt always rains after you wash the carThe phone always rings when you are in the showerLibrarians are quietDoctors are wealthy
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Illusory CorrelationThe Illusory correlation may be one reason individuals become prejudiced.Research has shown that White Americans overestimate the arrest rate of African Americans (Hamilton & Sherman, 1996).
African Americans = minorityArrest Rate = distinctive event