![Page 1: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task
Proactive Interference (PI)Release from PI
Retrieval of info from STMSternberg (1966)
TaskStagesFindings
![Page 2: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory
Brown (1959) Peterson and Peterson (1959) both tested a decay theory of immediate memory considered possibility of proactive interference
Task (Brown-Peterson task)
![Page 3: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Brown-Peterson task
get 3 letters to remember
get a number (start counting backward by 3s)
recall letters when given a cue
![Page 4: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
+ + +
![Page 6: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
X S V
![Page 7: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
3 6 1
![Page 8: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
*****
![Page 9: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
+ + +
![Page 11: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
D L F
![Page 12: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
2 9 2
![Page 13: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
*****
![Page 14: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of(Filled) Retention Interval
Retention Interval (s)
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
![Page 15: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of(Filled) Retention Interval
Retention Interval (s)
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
![Page 16: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of(Filled) Retention Interval
Retention Interval (s)
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Decay orProactiveInterference?
![Page 17: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Considered Proactive InterferenceLooked at performance for 4 blocks of trials
If PI occurred, then performance should getworse across the 4 blocks of trials
![Page 18: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Considered Proactive InterferenceLooked at performance for 4 blocks of trials
If PI occurred, then performance should getworse across the 4 blocks of trials
Mean % Accuracy by Block
Block1 2 3 4
33 41 40 43
![Page 19: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Considered Proactive InterferenceLooked at performance for 4 blocks of trials
If PI occurred, then performance should getworse across the 4 blocks of trials
Mean % Accuracy by Block
Block1 2 3 4
33 41 40 43
No evidence of PI; so, seems like evidence for decay(also thought retroactive interference was eliminated)
![Page 20: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Peterson and Peterson (1959) used 2 practice trials then looked at mean performance for blocks of 12 trials
Keppel and Underwood (1968) Maybe PI builds up quickly examined performance over first few trials
If PI occurs, then performance should get worseacross trials (the more trials, the more PI)
![Page 21: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled by Trial NumberAnd Recall Delay
Trial Number
1 2 3 4 5 6
3-s delay
18-s delay
![Page 22: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Keppel and Underwood (1968) Maybe PI builds up quickly examined performance over first few trials
If PI occurs, then performance should get worseacross trials (the more trials, the more PI)
Conclusion: PI occurs, builds up quickly
![Page 23: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled by Trial NumberAnd Recall Delay
Trial Number
1 2 3 4 5 6
3-s delay
18-s delay
![Page 24: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Keppel and Underwood (1968) Maybe PI builds up quickly examined performance over first few trials
If PI occurs, then performance should get worseacross trials (the more trials, the more PI)
Conclusion: PI occurs, builds up quicklyAlso, little forgetting without PI(evidence against decay theory)
![Page 25: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Keppel and Underwood (1968) Maybe PI builds up quickly examined performance over first few trials
If PI occurs, then performance should get worseacross trials (the more trials, the more PI)
Conclusion: PI occurs, builds up quicklyAlso, little forgetting without PI(evidence against decay theory)
Note: distractor task is producingretroactive interference, too
![Page 26: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Wickens (1968) obtained quick build-up of PI with different
category exemplars (e.g., examples of professions,fruits, etc.)
Manipulation – category switch continued with same category (no switch) vs.
changed to a new category (switch)
![Page 27: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled by Trial NumberAnd Recall Delay
Trial Number
1 2 3 4 5 6
professions
fruits fruit(no switch)
fruit(switch)
![Page 28: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Wickens (1968) obtained quick build-up of PI with different
category exemplars (e.g., examples of professions,fruits, etc.)
Manipulation – category switch continued with same category (no switch) vs.
changed to a new category (switch)
Release from PI due to a shift in materialConclusion: Build-up of PI due to similar material
(interference from similar material)
![Page 29: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task
Proactive Interference (PI)Release from PI
Retrieval of info from STMSternberg (1966)
TaskStagesFindings
![Page 30: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg’s (1966) task first, get a set of letters to remember (B K V J)
called the memory set(the memory set size can vary)
![Page 31: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg’s (1966) task first, get a set of letters to remember (B K V J)
called the memory set(the memory set size can vary)
then get a probe (a letter): encode the probe
![Page 32: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg’s (1966) task first, get a set of letters to remember (B K V J)
called the memory set(the memory set size can vary)
then get a probe (a letter): encode the probe scan items in STM
![Page 33: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg’s (1966) task first, get a set of letters to remember (B K V J)
called the memory set(the memory set size can vary)
then get a probe (a letter): encode the probe scan items in STM make decision: Is the probe a letter in the memory set ?
![Page 34: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg’s (1966) task first, get a set of letters to remember (B K V J)
called the memory set(the memory set size can vary)
then get a probe (a letter): encode the probe scan items in STM make decision: Is the probe a letter in the memory set ? press button for yes (a positive response)
or button for no (a negative response)
![Page 35: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg’s (1966) task first, get a set of letters to remember (B K V J)
called the memory set(the memory set size can vary)
then get a probe (a letter): encode the probe scan items in STM make decision: Is the probe a letter in the memory set ? press button for yes (a positive response)
or button for no (a negative response)
Collect reaction time (RT) for response
![Page 36: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
B V
![Page 37: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
V
![Page 38: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
R C
![Page 40: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
T
![Page 41: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
B V M S
![Page 43: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
S
![Page 44: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
R C G W
![Page 46: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
T
![Page 47: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Encode probe
Scan:Compare probe to items in memory set
Decisionyes/no
Execute motor response
![Page 48: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Encode probe
Scan:Compare probe to items in memory set
Decisionyes/no
Execute motor response
How do we scan items in STM?
![Page 50: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Encode probe
Scan:Compare probe to items in memory set
Decisionyes/no
Execute motor response
How do we scan items in STM?
all at the same time (parallel search)?one at a time (serial search)?
![Page 51: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
RT(ms)
Reaction Time as of Memory Set Size
Memory Set Size
1 2 3 4 5 60
400
500
600
700
![Page 52: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
RT(ms)
Reaction Time as of Memory Set Size
Memory Set Size
1 2 3 4 5 60
400
500
600
700
Scan all items at once(parallel search)
![Page 53: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
RT(ms)
Reaction Time as of Memory Set Size
Memory Set Size
1 2 3 4 5 60
400
500
600
700
Scan items one at a time(serial search)
![Page 54: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
RT(ms)
Reaction Time as Function of Memory Set Size
Memory Set Size
1 2 3 4 5 60
400
500
600
700
![Page 55: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
RT(ms)
Reaction Time as Function of Memory Set Size
Memory Set Size
1 2 3 4 5 60
400
500
600
700
Scan items one at a time(serial search)!
![Page 56: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
RT(ms)
Reaction Time as Function of Memory Set Size
Memory Set Size
1 2 3 4 5 60
400
500
600
700
RT = mx + b
![Page 57: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
RT(ms)
Reaction Time as Function of Memory Set Size
Memory Set Size
1 2 3 4 5 60
400
500
600
700
RT = mx + b
m, slope of linex, # of items in mem setb, y-intercept
![Page 58: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
RT(ms)
Reaction Time as Function of Memory Set Size
Memory Set Size
1 2 3 4 5 60
400
500
600
700
RT = mx + b
m = 38 ms (slope)x, # of items in mem setb = 397 ms (y-intercept)
![Page 59: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
RT(ms)
Reaction Time as Function of Memory Set Size
Memory Set Size
1 2 3 4 5 60
400
500
600
700
RT = 38x + 397
m = 38 ms (slope)x, # of items in mem setb = 397 ms (y-intercept)
![Page 60: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Encode probe
Scan:Compare probe to items in memory set
Decisionyes/no
Execute motor response
![Page 61: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Encode probe
Scan:Compare probe to items in memory set
Decisionyes/no
Execute motor response
Slope38 ms peritem in set
y-intercept y-intercept
![Page 62: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Serial search
Question: Exhaustive or Self-terminating Search?
Exhaustive: Scan all the items in the memory set(no matter what)
Self-terminating: Stop scanning if a match is found
![Page 63: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Serial search
Question: Exhaustive or Self-terminating Search?
Exhaustive: Scan all the items in the memory set(no matter what)
Self-terminating: Stop scanning if a match is found “no” vs. “yes” responses
“no” responses: must scan all items (to know probe is not in the set)
“yes” responses: could scan all items OR stop scanning if match found
![Page 64: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Serial search -- “no” vs. “yes” responses“no” responses: must scan all items
(to know probe is not in the set)
“yes” responses: could scan all items OR stop scanning if match found
ReasoningIf the scanning is exhaustive (regardless of whether
the probe is present in the memory set) then the slopes of RT functions should be the same for “yes” and “no” responses.
If the scanning is self-terminating, then the slope of the “yes” RT function should be half that of the “no” RT function. Why? On average, the probe will occur half-way through the serial scanning.
![Page 65: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
RT(ms)
Reaction Time as Function of Memory Set Size
Memory Set Size
1 2 3 4 5 60
400
500
600
700Exhaustive searchprediction “No”
“Yes”
![Page 66: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
RT(ms)
Reaction Time as Function of Memory Set Size
Memory Set Size
1 2 3 4 5 60
400
500
600
700Self-terminating search prediction
“No”
“Yes”
![Page 67: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
RT(ms)
Reaction Time as Function of Memory Set Size
Memory Set Size
1 2 3 4 5 60
400
500
600
700Actual finding
“No”
“Yes”
![Page 68: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Serial search
Question: Exhaustive or Self-terminating Search?
Exhaustive: Scan all the items in the memory set(no matter what)
Self-terminating: Stop scanning if a match is found
![Page 69: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Serial search
Question: Exhaustive or Self-terminating Search?
Exhaustive: Scan all the items in the memory set(no matter what)
Seems kind of weird. Why not stop if there is a match?
![Page 70: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Serial search Question: Exhaustive or Self-terminating Search?
Exhaustive: Scan all the items in the memory set(no matter what)
Seems kind of weird. Why not stop if there is a match?
Don’t confuse scanning stage with the decision stage.
If scanning is fast but decision is slow, then it is more efficient to scan all items, then make a single decision compared to making a decision after scanning each item (i.e., making multiple decisions).
![Page 71: Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task Proactive Interference (PI) Release from PI Retrieval of info from STM Sternberg (1966)](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd21a28abf838cabe45/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Forgetting and Interference in Short-term memory Brown-Peterson Task
Proactive Interference (PI)Release from PI
Retrieval of info from STMSternberg (1966)
TaskStagesFindings