Download - Forestry & Society Tropical Forests
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Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests
HORT/RGSC 302J.G. MexalFall 2005
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests:Outline• Definition• Diversity• Environmental Factors• Forest Gaps• Carbon Budgeting• Nutrient Cycling• Deforestation
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests-World Distribution
Sharma 1992
Tropical Dry
Tropical Deciduous
Tropical Rain
Temperate Evergreen
Temperate Mixed
Boreal
Temperate Evergreen
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Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests: Definition– Location: 23o27’ North (Tropic of Cancer)
23o27’ South (Tropic of Capricorn)– 40% of land surface = tropics
– Precipitation: • Rain Forest: usually exceeds 2,000 mm/yr (79 in/yr)• Dry Forest: 800-1,500 mm/yr (31-60 in/yr)
– Temperature: mean annual T = 27oC (81oF)• relatively narrow diurnal range = 6-12 oC (11-22 oF)
– Soils: highly weathered, nutrient-poor– Photoperiod: 11-13 hr
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Forestry & SocietySpecies Diversity- butterflies/
Longman & Jenik 1987
0 30 60 90 0 30 60 90 0 30 60 90 120 150
Americas Africa/Europe Asia/Russia
706050403020101020304050
Species (no.)
Sout
hN
orth
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Forestry & SocietySpecies Diversity- Tree Species
• Canada >55oN Picea (4 species) • Canada >50oN Pinus (9 species)• USA 25-50oN Pinus (37 species)• Mexico 15-30oN Pinus (80 species)• Brazil 10oS 100’s species /ha• Tierra del Fuego 55oS Nothofagus (3
species)
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests-Important Species
Longman & Jenik 1987
• Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla)• Teak (Tectona grandis)• Spanish cedar (Cedrela odorata)• Gmelina (Gmelina arborea)• Cacao (Theobroma cacao)• Casuarina (Casuarina equisetefolia)• Ceiba (Ceiba pentandra)• Balsa (Ochroma sp.)• Rubber tree (Hevea brasilensis)• Rosewood (Dalbergia sp)
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests of Honduras, CA
Swietenia humiliscaoba
Enterolobium cyclocarpumguanacaste
Pinus oocarpaocote
Huertea cubensiscedrillo
Juglans olanchanusnogal
Symphonia globuliferabarillo
Cordia alliodoralaurel
Pterocarpus indicusrosewood-rosita
Magnolia yoroconteredondo-canelon
44 mm
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests Species
Rosewood Eucalyptus
Madagascar Ebony Koa
Paduk
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests Species-Chile
Prosopis chilensisAlgarrobo
Donoso Z. 1995
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests-Height = F(rainfall)/
Longman & Jenik 1987
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests-Canopy Layering/
Longman & Jenik 1987
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
<1 2 5 12 20 30
Trees/haPalms/haBA (m2/ha)
15
10
5
0
Basal AreaStems (no/ha)
Tree Height (m)
Amazon forest
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests-Height = F(altitude)/
Longman & Jenik 1987
0
10
20
30
40
50
150 800 1500 1800
Altitude (m)
Height (m)
W. Malaysia
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests- Forest Gaps/
Longman & Jenik 1987
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests- Forest Gaps/
Longman & Jenik 1987
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
PrimarySecondaryAll
Time after Gap Formation (years)
Trees (no/m2)
Ghana Species
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests- Forest Gaps-Light/
Longman & Jenik 1987
Center of Gap
Edge of Gap
Inside Forest
Cecropia obtusifoliaMexico
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests-Canopy Layers-Ps/
Longman & Jenik 1987
Photosynthesis(mgCO2/dm2/h)
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests- Temperate Forests/ Longman & Jenik 1987
Annual Carbon Capture
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Forestry & SocietyForest Productivity Comparison
Forest Biomass (t/ha)
Net Primary Productivity (t/ha)
Tropical 450 20 Temperate-broadleaf
338
Temperate-conifer
240 10
Boreal 225 5 Woodland 100 6 Ag land 35 7
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Tropical Forest Biomass/ Dezzo & Chacon ForEcolMgt 2004
050
100150200250300350400450
Tall forest Medium forest Low forest Savanna
<2.5<5palmsLeaves>5Branches>5Stem>5
5
15
10
Biomass (kg/ha)
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Forestry & SocietyForest Comparisons/Forestry Hndbk 1984
Forest Biomass (t/ha)
Nitrogen (kg/ha)
Phosphorus (kg/ha)
Potassium (kg/ha)
Calcium (kg/ha)
Magnesium (kg/ha)
Tropical 378 7260 241 2157 4005 437
Temperate broadleaf
338
1085
73
463
1142
115
Temperate Conifer
291
664
47
263
717
Northern hardwoods
111
278
22
368
Boreal 129 447 50 291 488 108
Biomass & Nutrient Content of Standing Mature Forest
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C Sequestration via Reforestation/ Restor. Ecol. 2000
y = -0.81x - 56.3R2 = 0.27
y = 43.74Ln(x) - 21.88R2 = 0.69
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
AbovegroundSoil C
Biomass (Mg/ha)
Forest Age (yrs)
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Forestry & Society
Tropical Forests- Temperate Forests/ Longman & Jenik 1987
Litter7%
Wood40%
Soil50%
Leaves3% Litter
1%
Leaves2%
Soil17%
Wood80%
Temperate Coniferous ForestTropical Rain Forest
Organic Matter
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests-Temperate Forests/
Longman & Jenik 1987
Forest Location Biomass (t/ha)
Respiration (t/ha/yr)
Maintenance (t/t/yr)
wood leaves wood leaves wood leaves
Temperate (Fagus)
Denmark 129 2.7 4.5 4.6 0.035 1.7
Tropical (dipterocarp)
Malaysia 414 7.6 18.8 29.1 0.045 3.8
Carbon Fixation vs Respiration
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests- Nutrients Cycling/
Longman & Jenik 1987
Boxes = kg/ha
Arrows = kg/ha/yr
N = 6.5 K = 7.3P = 0.5 Ca = 3.6Mg = 1.3
Dry Wgt = 310,000 kgN = 683 K = 668P = 37 Ca 1,270Mg = 187
Dry Wgt = 7,550 kgN = 91 K = 28P = 5.1 Ca = 95Mg = 19
N = 30P = 2.5K = 71Ca - 19Mg = 11
Litter layerDry Wgt = 6,460 kgN = 91 K = 11.5P = 4.8 Ca = 96Mg = 14.5
SoilO M = 515,000 kgN = 19,200 K = 403P = 2,560 Ca = 3,750Mg = 682
RootsDry Wgt = 40,000 kgN = 137 K = 186P = 6.4 Ca =33Mg = 61
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Forestry & SocietyForests of the World/ Litter & nutrient residence time (yrs)/Kozlowski & Pallardy 1999
Forest OM N P K Ca Mg
Tropical 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 --
Temperate deciduous 4 6 6 1 3 3
Temperate coniferous 17 18 15 2 6 13
Boreal deciduous 26 27 15 10 14 14
Boreal coniferous 350 230 324 94 150 455
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests- Nutrients (kg/ha)/
Longman & Jenik 1987
Component Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Soil 1,830 (29%)
125 (90%)
820 (56%)
2,520 (49%)
345 (48%)
Trees 4,580 12 650 2,580 370
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forests- Nutrients (kg/ha)/
Longman & Jenik 1987
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Dry Weight
Leaves StemsRoots LitterSoil (0-40 cm)
Kg/ha
Nutrient
t/ha
Venezuela
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forest- -Review Questions
• What is a tropical forest? Where does it occur? What is the climate?
• What are some of the major species in a tropical forest?• How does species diversity vary with latitude? Give
examples. Why does this occur?• What is the ecological significance of a ‘forest gap’?• Describe how environmental factors such as rainfall,
elevation, light and temperature affect tree growth and establishment.
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Forestry & SocietyTropical Forest- -Review Questions• Describe ‘canopy layering’ in a tropical forest,
including the differences in tree number and size with increasing height in the canopy.
• Compare and contrast the carbon budgets of a tropical, temperate, and boreal forest. Don’t memorize numbers, just give concepts and relative differences.