![Page 1: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nelson EbyDepartment of Environmental, Earth, & Atmospheric Sciences
University of MassachusettsLowell, MA 01854
FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE CASE OF THE SANDY BODY
![Page 2: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Audience for Forensic Geology• Undergraduates not majoring in science
• Undergraduates majoring in science
• Undergraduates majoring in geosciences
• Geoscience graduate students
• Graduate students in other disciplines
• Mix of above audiences
The teaching strategy needs to be adapted to the audience
![Page 3: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Teaching Perspective
• Develop geological principles and then apply them to solving crimes
• Use a crime as a vehicle to introduce geological principles (the case study approach)
![Page 4: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Forensic Geology Course at UML
• Honors course although the majority of the students are not honors students
• Course enrollment is limited to 16
• The course is populated by a variety of majors – biology, chemistry, physics, computer science, criminal justice, psychology, history, and other arts and humanities majors
• Case studies and shorter exercises are used depending on the topic
![Page 5: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Case StudiesCasesCases Concepts IntroducedConcepts IntroducedSandy BodySandy Body Grain size analysisGrain size analysis
Sedimentary environmentsSedimentary environmentsMineral identificationMineral identification
Demise of the Ice ManDemise of the Ice Man Geologic ageGeologic ageGeologic mapsGeologic mapsStable isotopesStable isotopesRadioactive isotopesRadioactive isotopes
Contaminated WellsContaminated Wells Topographic mapsTopographic mapsProfiles and contouringProfiles and contouringDarcyDarcy’’s Laws LawGroundwater flowGroundwater flowStream hydrologyStream hydrology
![Page 6: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Case of the Sandy Body
A student is brutally murdered and his body is dumped in a classroom.
Where did the crime occur?
![Page 7: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The body is wrapped in a plastic cloth. Examination of the body and the plastic cloth reveal a significant amount of sand. The sand is collected for forensic analysis.
![Page 8: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
A canvas of the area around Lowell reveals that in the past 24 hours the student was seen near the Sandy Brook on St. Marks Road in Burlington.
![Page 9: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
At Crane Beach, jogging along the beach face.
Disturbed area on beach.
![Page 10: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Jogging in the dune line at Crane Beach.
Disturbed area on back side of sand dune.
![Page 11: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Collecting garnets from the beach sand at the southern end of Plum Island. It turns out the victim was a Geoscience major.
![Page 12: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
One line of evidence we can use to determine the site of the crime is to do a size analysis of the sand. Hopefully one of the possible sites will have the same size-distribution as the sand found with the body.
Sand placed in sieve set Sieve set on sieve shaker
![Page 13: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Students removing sand from sieves prior to weighing.
Determining the weight of sand in each size fraction.
![Page 14: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Students weighing sand.
Prepared to start determining the weight of the different size fractions.
![Page 15: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Besides the sand size-distribution, another piece of evidence we can use to determine the site of the crime is the mineral content of the sand. Many, but not all, sands are largely composed of quartz, hence they will be mineralogically similar. However heavy minerals, which comprise a very small amount of the total volume of the sand, may be diagnostic.
What is a Mineral? A mineral is a naturally occurring crystalline solid (the atoms that make up the mineral are arranged in a regular way) with a definite, but not necessarily fixed, chemical composition. Approximately 3500 minerals have been identified, described, and named, but there are less than a hundred common minerals. How do we identify minerals?
![Page 16: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Future criminologists studying the properties of minerals and learning the techniques of mineral identification.
![Page 17: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Student’s using the Frantz magnetic separator to separate heavy minerals from a sand sample.
![Page 18: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Heavy minerals separated from sand sample.
Microscopic examination of heavy mineral suite and identification of heavy minerals.
![Page 19: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Microscopic determination of texture and mineralogy of the comparative sand samples and sand from the crime scene.
Students listing properties of each of the sand samples.
![Page 20: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Phi Values
Wt.
%
Crime Scene Sandy Brook
Two of the localities (Crane Beach and Sandy Brook) have similar size distributions to the Crime Scene sample, but Sandy Brook provides a closer match.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Phi Values
Wt.
%
Crime Scene Crane Beach beach
![Page 21: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The heavy mineral suite shows that Sandy Brook and the Crime Scene sample contain very little garnet, the Crane Beach sample contains significant amounts of garnet.
Crane Beach heavy mineral suite contains abundant red almandine garnet
Hea
vy m
iner
al s
uite
s fo
r Crim
e S
cene
and
S
andy
Bro
ok s
ampl
es
Crim
e sc
ene
San
dy B
rook
![Page 22: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
In addition the Crime Scene and Sandy Brook grains are less rounded. Conclusion: the crime took place in the Sandy Brook area.
Crane beachC
rime
scen
eS
andy
Bro
ok
![Page 23: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Using information provided by Forensic Geology students at UML, Burlington police searched an area along the Sandy Brook. During their investigations they found a disturbed area along the brook and a sneaker print.
![Page 24: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
During a routine traffic stop, a Burlington police officer noticed a pair of sand-covered sneakers in the back of the car. The driver claimed that he last wore the sneakers when walking on Sand Beach in Acadia National Park.
![Page 25: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Is the suspect telling the truth?Comparison of Sand Beach and Sandy Brook sand samples with sand taken from the suspect’s sneakers will reveal the answer.
Sand Beach is composed of carbonate shell material (an unusual occurrence in the Northeast). The sand on the suspect’s sneakers is quartz sand.
Sand Beach Suspect’s sneakers
![Page 26: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The sand on the suspect’s sneaker is texturally and mineralogically similar to the Sandy Brook sand. The suspect is lying about where he picked up the sand and the evidence is consistent with Sandy Brook as the source. Too bad for the suspect that he didn’t take a geology course.
Suspect’s sneakers Sandy Brook
![Page 27: FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY ...faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/Forensic Geology/GSA 2007...Nelson_Eby@uml.edu FORENSIC GEOLOGY AS A VEHICLE FOR INQUIRY-DRIVEN LEARNING: THE](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081620/6104434f41d4eb65e134d91a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
How well does this approach work? (Assessment)
• Students are highly motivated and the classroom becomes a dynamic environment.
• Students will do tasks that they would only do with great reluctance in a traditional setting. For example, they will tackle mathematical computations.
• There is still a disconnect between collecting the data (a fairly rote procedure) and interpreting the data in terms of solving the crime. This does improve as the course progresses.
• Content exams indicate only a minor improvement over what one would expect in a traditional course. This approach is not a panacea re issues of student learning.