Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
REHABILITATION & ECOLOGICAL REHABILITATION & ECOLOGICAL REHABILITATION & ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION R & D FOR MARGINAL & RESTORATION R & D FOR MARGINAL & RESTORATION R & D FOR MARGINAL &
DEGRADED LANDSCAPES AND SEASCAPESDEGRADED LANDSCAPES AND SEASCAPESDEGRADED LANDSCAPES AND SEASCAPES
A Research CompendiumA Research CompendiumA Research Compendium FOR DAMAGED URBAN AREASFOR DAMAGED URBAN AREASFOR DAMAGED URBAN AREAS
Department of Environment and Natural Resources Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
A RESEARCH COMPENDIUM FOR DAMAGED URBAN AREAS
COMPENDIUM SYNTHESIZERS
EVANGELINE T. CASTILLO Program Leader
RHODORA M. RIMANDO
Project Leader
ERDB COMPENDIUM COMPILERS
CARMELITA M. MOJICA
LYDIA P. PADER
REBECCA P. ARCILLAS
ELPIDIO F. RIMANDO
LAURO B. RUEDA
Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau Department of Environment and Natural Resources
College, Laguna 4031
May 2010
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
i
FOREWORD
The urban ecosystem had been pressured by rapid rate of air, water and land pollution coupled by thermal heat, hazardous waste generation and reduced greenery areas. This was brought about by accelerated urbanization giving rise to industrialization, population influx and increased infrastructure development. These besetting problems in urban ecosystem contributed a high percentage in the so-called climate change or global warming. This compendium therefore has been designed for urban environmental managers who are in search for solutions in addressing these various problems.
Information on the most appropriate rehabilitation techniques
however, is scanty. The much-needed research-based data are generally scat-tered in different government agencies, private organizations, colleges and uni-versities. There is only a need to gather, integrate, and consolidate these large bodies of scientific knowledge and verify the technologies under certain envi-ronmentally-stressed site conditions.
Hence, it is envisioned that the application of the technologies
presented in this compendium will be instrumental in the recovery and management of the damaged urban ecosystem for the provision of a safe and productive environmental life for urban people.
MARCIAL C. AMARO, JR. CESO III
Director
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PREFACE
This Research Compendia on Rehabilitation and Ecological Restoration R & D Technologies for various Ecosystems was published through the efforts of the Ecosystems Research Development Bureau and its regional research field counterparts, i.e. Ecosystems Research and Development Sectors. Research information was gathered from all Regions including those from recent books and the internet. Ecosystems studied include: critical watersheds, degraded mine waste areas, volcanic debris laden areas, marginal grasslands and uplands, damaged urban and coastal sites.
While research and technology information generated in the past years
have proliferated, the changing needs of time require that recent technologies be collated, integrated, analyzed and synthesized as a basis of decision-making in verifying the effectiveness and efficiency of said technologies. Managers and developers particularly in degraded areas need vital source of broad set of information from which to choose from. This manual hopes to be a meaningful guide to hasten rehabilitation efforts in these areas.
EVANGELINE T. CASTILLO, Ph. D. National Program Leader/Coordinator Rehabilitation Banner Program
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Project Leader would like to extend gratitude and appreciation for the participation, support and assistance extended by various agencies and group of people, namely:
The ERDB for the funds provided to pursue this research undertaking; To Dr. Adeluisa G. Siapno, and Marcial C. Amaro Jr., ERDB Directors for
their support in the conduct of this undertaking and encouragement for the completion of this compendium;
Forester Levi V. Florido, Chief, GDAERD and Dr. Evangeline T. Castillo,
National Technical Coordinator and Program Leader for their unwavering technical guidance and editing;
Ms. Carmelita M. Mojica, Lauro B. Rueda, Lydia P. Pader, Rebecca P.
Arcillas and Elpidio F. Rimando for their diligent assistance; Mr. Marvin C. Azicate, NCR- focal person and technical staff for providing
substantial information on rehabilitation of damaged urban sites; The staff of various agencies in Metro Manila for allowing us to visit their
sites; and Ms. Celeste R. Gonzaga for the editing job. Finally, to Marita W. Briz, Natalia P. de Leon, Famela J. Bonsol, Christian
Noel M. Dotimas, Maila P. Melodillar, and Maria Aurora G. Gutierrez for their assistance in the final reproduction of these Compendia.
RHODORA M. RIMANDO, Ph.D. Project Leader
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD i PREFACE ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES viii INTRODUCTION 1 PROBLEMS IN URBAN ECOSYSTEM 3 Urban Greening 3 Water Pollution 4 Waste Management 7 Air Pollution 8 REHABILITATION TECHNOLOGIES 9 Urban Greening Problem 9 Rehabilitation Schemes for Open Areas 9 Urban Greening Schemes for Roads and 10
Highways
Urban Greening Strategies for Parks 10 Greening Strategies for Greenbelts 11 Restoration and Greening of a Closed Dumpsite 12
Planting and Maintenance 13
Rehabilitation Schemes to Abate Water Pollution 15
Major Treatment Stages Used For Waste Water 15 Disposal
Land Sewage Disposal System 25 Phytoremediation Technology for Stream and 25 Riverbank Stabilization Bioremediation Technology for Lakes, Ponds and 26 Streams The Muntinlupa City Waste Water Treatment 27 Facility as Model Technology to Study Water Quality of Surface 30 Water Bodies
Bioassay of Textile Effluent 30
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
Waste Management Schemes 31
Industrial Waste Management Schemes 31 Municipal Waste Management Schemes 33 Managing Solid Wastes through Advanced 36 Pyrolysis System The Quezon City Controlled Waste Management 37 Facility as Model The Payatas Methane Gas Generation Technology 39 Phytoremediation Technology on Dumpsite 40 The MMDA’s Unified Approach on Solid Waste 40 Management Management of Wastes in Barangay Molino V, 42 Bacoor, Cavite The Kleensmoke Burner Technology 43
Air Pollution Rehabilitation Schemes and Technology 44
Scrubber System Air Pollution Control Devices 44 Mitigating Odors in Landfill and Garbage Dumps 46 Phytoremediation Technology to Minimize Air Pollution 47 Technology to Determine the Concentration of 48
Lead in Blood of Individuals Regularly Exposed to Motor Vehicle Emissions
Technology to Analyze the Pollution Uptake of 48 A. mangium and A. auriculiformis
REFERENCES 50 APPENDICES 55
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
List of Figures
Page
1 Polluted river due to illegal waste dumping and inefficient sewage collection along the coastal road in Parañaque, Metro Manila
4
2 The presence of illegal settlers as shown through numerous
houses and factories built along the riverbanks of Manila Domestic Airport is a waste management problem that needs to be addressed by the government. Their wastes go directly to the river causing water pollution.
5
3 Dirty sewage coming from the wet market and eatery sec-
tion along the coastal road in Parañaque, Metro Manila. 5
4 A sample of illegal waste dumping on the street in Las Piñas,
Metro Manila 7
5 Before, this bare area which was more or less 1000 m2 was
once upon a time a dumping site of garbage materials in San Juan, Rizal
12
6 Squatters living in the surrounding area in were relocated
and wastes were removed prior to the starting of the project 12
7 For initial planting, the perimeter areas were planted with Bandera española. Used vehicle tires were employed as tree guards or pots for ornamentals.
12
8 This was how the used tires were utilized. 12
9 The former dumpsite now becomes a mini botanical garden 12
10 For urban greening, shrubs, vines and grasses were em-
ployed in the concrete structures of the building at the NAIA, Metro Manila
14
11 Vines and climbing plants were used to rehabilitate and to
beautify open walls in NCR 14
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
12 Palms, ornamental plants, shrubs and grasses were used to landscape roadsides in NCR
14
13 Shrubs, ornamental plants and grasses were used to land-
scape the facade and walkway in South Luzon Expressway 14
14 Garbage trap for collecting waste materials along the rivers
in NCR 15
15 Early stage of bamboo planting to rehabilitate various rivers
in NCR (Sagip-ilog project) 25
16 Full grown species of bamboo could be seen along the river-
sides in NCR as a phytoremediation technology in the Sagip-ilog project
25
17 The Muntinlupa public market waste water treatment sys-tem
29
18
19
The Quezon City controlled waste management facility Before, this was how the streets along the Payatas open dumpsite in Quezon City, Metro Manila looked like. Wastes were dumped everywhere
37
38
20 After the conversion program, a perimeter fence was put up, so that the wastes are controlled within the perimetered area
48
21 At least 0.60 m of soil is being applied to the wastes at the
end of each working day. The soil was then compacted to minimize the production of leachate, to control odor and to prevent the proliferation of flies, rats and other vermins
38
22 Summary of the conversion program 39
List of Figures
Page
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
Appendix Table Page 1 Common & Scientific Names of Recommended Plant Species for Urban Areas 56
2 Biophysical Requirements of Species 58 Suitable for Urban Rehabilitation
3 Seed Technologies for Various Species 69
Suitable for Rehabilitation of Urban Areas. 4 Nursery Techniques and other Cultural 78
Management Practices of Species Suitable for Rehabilitation of Urban Areas.
5 Pest and Disease Control Strategies in the Nursery 85 and Plantation for Species Suitable for Urban Rehabilitation
6 Field Plantation Cultural Management Techniques 94
of Species Suitable for Urban Rehabilitation.
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
INTRODUCTION
Urban areas are characterized by their high concentration of popula-tion and intensive human activities in a relatively small land area particularly, in big towns and cities. The urban ecosystem has very high economic, political and social importance. Urban areas play a major role in transforming resources into useful goods and services that contribute to national economic production. They affect both local and regional environments because of the concentration of consumption of goods and generation of wastes in one area. Urbanization invariably results in high per capita consumption rates that, in turn, cause higher demand for natural resources and more environmental risks.
In the process of development, urban areas are the first to be
industrialized. As factories and manufacturing firms are established, more people are attracted to converge in these areas for employment and for improvement of socio-economic status.
The build up of transportation facilities in urban areas grow rapidly
thru the years. Metro Manila has an estimated close to a million motor vehicles operating which spew tons of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide daily into the air, aside from the noise pollution produced by engines and horns. The 8 million commuters who use up space and litter into streets aggravate the stressed environment.
In the 20th century the ever-increasing population of major cities in the
Philippines, particularly Metro Manila, placed greater pressures on the environment. Metropolitan Cebu is another crowded city which has more than 18,000 registered business establishments (DENR, 1990). Today, there are about 15,000 industrial firms in the country and 69% of these are situated in Metro Manila. The transport and industrial sectors both contribute approximately 40% to 60% of pollution load.
Inefficient sewage collection and water pollution aggravate the envi-
ronmental problems as huge discharge of untreated wastewater from domestic and industries have rendered major rivers in the metropolis biologically dead. At present, an average Filipino generates 35-70 g of sewage per day and 640-1,600 g/person of solid waste per day. In Metro Manila alone, 6,169 tons of wastes are generated every day (Reyes 2007) which is enough to fill 1,500 dump truck trips per day. From the total volume of trash generated 1,500 tons daily is dumped illegally on private lands, rivers, creeks, and in Manila Bay, while other wastes are openly burned. In Rodriguez and Payatas waste sites, 76 kgs of arse-nic are released annually into water bodies surrounding Metro manila.
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
A major problem besetting the inland waters is the infiltration of the leachate or “garbage juice” brought about by open and controlled dumping. Leachate emanates from bacterial decomposition of garbage eventually contaminating bodies of water used for fishing, swimming, drinking, agriculture, industry and other domestic needs.
Likewise, groundwater can also pose serious threats, in terms of its
quality and quantity. Since 1995, the groundwater table in Metro Manila was estimated to recede at an accelerating rate of 5-12 m/year which has led to saltwater intrusion in a two-kilometer coastal strip extending from Cavite to Navotas-Malabon (DENR-MEIP, 1992 as cited by World Bank 2000).
Flooding also affects about 1.9 million people and inflicts losses of
about PhP900 million per year. Almost 7% of Metro Manila (about 44 km2) is prone to flooding. Mostly affected are medium and highly dense residential districts. Flooding occurs as a result of poor drainage system. In river systems, easement of encroachment is a common problem. This is aggravated by the presence of informal settlers and business establishments along riverbanks.
Air quality of Metro Manila and its vicinities are alarming. Fine
particulate emissions result in about 2,000 premature deaths and 9,000 cases of chronic bronchitis in the country’s four largest urban areas annually. Emissions of pollutants were largely blamed on public buses, jeepneys, utility vehicles, trucks, and motorcycles; 70% of air pollutants are attributed to motor vehicles (Reyes, 2007) and 30% to stationary sources (industries).
Likewise, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) pose a risk on human
beings and the environment. Pesticides, industrial chemicals, and unintentional by-products from the emissions of incinerators from hospital wastes, municipal wastes and from dioxins as by-products of processes used by metal smelters, refineries and cement kilns were found to cause cancer and tumor. Pesticides have been demonstrated to cause a variety of serious health effects on the human immune, reproductive, nervous and endocrine systems.
The influx of people and overcrowding into the metropolis exacerbate
an already stressed situation in sidewalks, canals, and estuarines. Urban areas suffer from pollution coming from various sources. Before anyone realizes it, urban centers have already choked up because of pollutants spewed by factories, fumes, and toxic gasses into the air, and chemical pollutants into the waterways. All these pose immediate health hazards to the population.
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PROBLEMS IN URBAN ECOSYSTEMS
Urban Greening Urban greening or forestry in the Philippines, just like in any other
countries, has evolved due to the need to maintain and sustain wholesome and habitable environment of the communities for the benefit of the urban society. Most urban areas, especially Metro Manila, are experiencing environmental problems whose mitigating measures are connected with the restoration of greeneries, green spaces or urban forests.
There are two main groups that play critical role in the green space
health of the gateway to the Philippines from NAIA to the mouth of Pasig River via Roxas Boulevard. These are the settlers and the business people. The settlers or squatters found refuge in the area by building their camps and shanties. The business sectors are the legitimate, highly commercialized businesses such as hotels, restaurants, banks and commercial enterprises.While the illegitimate businesses are the peddlers, sidewalk vendors and scrap collectors.
The proliferation of mendicants, unregulated increase of vendors and
peddlers and stubborn pedestrians were identified as the primary cause of littering, trampling and destruction of plants along island and corridor plantings in Roxas Boulevard, and other green spaces in Metro Manila.
Efficient and effective management of urban vegetation is essential to
the environment and the welfare of the residents. More sectors of the society, however, are now becoming aware of the
vital roles of trees/green spaces/forests in enhancing the environment and in sustaining ecological stability aside from the socio-economic, aesthetic and amenity benefits.
Hence, efforts to develop, conserve and preserve the green spaces are
still being initiated to save the environment and to have clean, sustainable cities in the country. Though some of the practices of urban greening had been employed for quite a long time, the knowledge and technologies have yet to be fully generated with some scientific basis. The following are identified areas with urban greening problem:
1. Open Areas
Open areas are those areas left abandoned for a time. Some of these are mining sites, municipal and industrial dumpsites and farmlands. These lands
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
are contaminated with toxic metal like Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), Barium (Ba), Lead (Pb), and etc. 2. Roads and Highways
Generally all roads and highways are not provided with spaces for planting. Even sidewalks are occupied illegally for other purposes, mostly vendors. Roads are often subjected to widening or renovation. Utility services for the cities are generally provided by overhead cables, suspended transformers or varied pipes and other services along sidewalks. These restrict planting or greening. 3. Parks
Parks are areas where people usually converge and hold social gatherings or celebrations. National parks include areas of the public domain essentially of primitive or wilderness character which have been withdrawn from settlement or occupancy and set aside as such, exclusively to preserve the scenery, the national historic objects, the wild animals or plants that contain and provide enjoyment of these features in such manner as will leave them unimpaired for future generations. Many of our parks today need restoration strategies, intensive maintenance and inputs, protecting from pest and diseases to keep them healthy. Parks could take advantage of natural processes such as nutrient and water cycling. 4. Green Belts
Green belts are public plazas, subdivision, schools, and public grounds. Some of these areas are still open and when planted, will serve as environmental pollution buffer or filters.
Water Pollution
The principal sources of water pollution in urban areas are sewage, domestic, industrial wastes, garbage, refuse pesticides and other chemicals (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Polluted river due to illegal waste dumping and inefficient sewage collection along the coastal road in Parañaque, Metro Manila.
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
The inefficient sewage collection and water pollution caused by discharge of untreated wastewater from domestic and industries render major rivers in the metropolis biologically dead. The siltation of the riverbanks is also due to vegetation losses. Some of our riverbanks are also occupied by squatters wherein their waste matters go directly to rivers. In addition, numerous industries situated along the river systems discharge their toxic wastes directly unto the rivers (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. The presence of numerous illegal settlers as shown through their houses and factories built along the riverbanks of Manila Domestic Airport is a problem that needs to be addressed by the government. Their wastes go directly to the river causing water pollution.
Fig. 3. Dirty sewage coming from the wet market and eatery section along the Coastal Road in Parañaque, Metro Manila.
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
Polluted wastewaters from the wet and eatery sections of the market and public toilets drain into creek leading to the lake [Fig. 3]. Untreated leachates from landfills also pollute water bodies.
The leather industry, on the other hand, is traditionally associated with
bad odors and pollution. Tanneries are generally located close to a river to ensure plentiful water supply for processing and effluent disposal. Tannery effluent includes proteins, hair salt, lime sludge, sulfides, acids, dyes, oils, and tanning agents.
Water is often drawn from rivers, lakes, or the ocean for use as a
coolant in factories and power plants. The water is usually returned to the source warmer than when it was taken. Even small temperature changes in a body of water can drive away the fish and other species that were originally present, and attract other species to take their place. Thermal pollution can accelerate biological processes in plants and animals or deplete oxygen levels in water. The result may be fish and other wildlife deaths near the discharge source. Thermal pollution can also be caused by the removal of trees and vegetation.
Water pollution can also be caused by other types of pollution. For
example, sulfur dioxide from a power plant’s chimney begins as air pollution. Because polluted air mixes with atmospheric moisture to produce airborne sulfuric acid, it falls to the earth as acid rain. In turn, the acid rain can be carried into a stream or lake, becoming a form of water pollution that can harm or even eliminate wildlife. Similarly, the garbage in a landfill can create water pollution if rainwater percolating through the garbage absorbs toxins before it sinks into the soil and contaminates the underlying groundwater (water that is naturally stored underground in beds of gravel and sand are called aquifers).
Water pollution from non-point sources are more difficult to recognize.
Pollutants from these sources may appear a little at a time from large areas, carried along rainfall. For instance, the small oil leaks from automobiles that produce discolored spots on the asphalts of parking lots become non-point sources of water pollution when rain carries the oil into local waters.
Hence, with the country’s fast pace of urbanization, our water
environment is the first one to suffer amidst the reward of growth.
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
Waste Management
Solid waste or “basura” has emerged as the most visible environmental problem in the cities and municipalities of the Philippines. Generation of waste is increasing rapidly as consumption rises, while collection efficiencies are dropping as service levels deteriorate. Treatment and disposal facilities are facing closure because of improper setting, management, and growing public opposition. The problem is more pronounced in Metro Manila, where it is com-mon sight to see uncontrolled garbage piling up or being burned. In the mean-time, human health expenses continue to rise as a result of improper handling and disposal of household, hospital and industrial wastes.
It has been observed that some of the households, owners, operators,
and tenants of businesses and commercial establishment and institutions indis-criminately put their garbage outside their fences or within their immediate premises. This serves as the feeding ground for cats and dogs thereby causing garbage to spill and scatter, attracting insects, pests and vermins in the area.
The indiscriminate dumping of wastes contaminates surface and
ground water supplies. In urban areas, solid wastes clog drainage systems, creating stagnant water for insect breeding and floods during rainy season.
Metro Manila can generate 6,000 tons of garbage daily. About one-half
of this garbage remain uncollected and continue to litter the streets (Fig. 4), which can cause clogging of esteros and river tributaries. Some are dumped in vacant lots. Even garbage collected which reaches dumpsite is not properly controlled. Uncontrolled open dumps have no environmental safeguard and will impose public health problem and affect the landscape of the place.
Fig. 4. A sample of illegal waste dumping on the street in Las Piñas, Metro Manila.
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
Wastes in highly urbanized areas can be categorized into the following:
1. Industrial wastes– those generated from the production of plastics, pesticides, medicines, paints, oil and petroleum products, metals and biodegradable wastes from fisheries and others.
2. Municipal wastes– those that come from garbage and other waste
materials produced from households, public markets, restaurants, office buildings, commercial establishments, etc.
Air Pollution
In urban areas particularly in Metro Manila, the sky is always hazy with the thick layer of smog, mainly due to build-up of pollutants from large vehicular population. Dust pollution or particulate matter is aggravated by the exposed earth in most open areas due to lack of turfs or grasses.
Significant contributory factors to urban air pollution are activities
which arise from uncontrolled burning of waste and improper incineration. Meanwhile, in landfill areas, odors caused by gases are created by
microorganisms as they breakdown organic material. Landfill Gas (LFG), if left uncontrolled, will migrate into the atmosphere creating odor and environmental problems. LFG is composed of methane (50-55%), carbon dioxide (45-50%) and trace amounts of other gases such as O2, N2, and hydrogen sulfate.
Odors in landfill occur because most sanitary landfills do not
incorporate any significant provisions to prevent air pollution from gaseous emissions.
Aggravation of air pollution also results from the expansion of
industries. However, while most industries provide anti-pollution safeguards, a significant number of established anti- pollution safeguards were not effective.
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
REHABILITATION TECHNOLOGIES
Urban Greening Problem
1. Rehabilitation Schemes for Open Areas
a. The use of hyper-accumulator or metal scavenging plants which could extract and sequester toxic heavy metals from contaminated soil is one of the technologies that may be used. These metal scavenging plants are capable of accumulating metals 100 times greater than those of the common non-accumulator plants. Amaranthus and pechay baguio are some of the plants which can survive high concentration of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel and zinc.
On the other hand, vetiver grass is being used to remove
boron, cadmium and lead from soils contaminated by sludge coming from the textile industry while radish is the best known hyper-accumulator of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc.
These plants not only tolerate the presence of heavy metals
but they also have strong appetite to take them up through their roots and transport them to their stems or leaves where these contaminants could be easily removed by harvesting. If the land is needed for growing crops, particularly food crops, the hyper-accumulators must be removed. The leaves of these plants should not be used as mulch or green manure, because the heavy metals will be returned back to the soil. The best way is to dry them, burn and then bury the ash.
b. The use of non-food crop such as flowering and ornamental plants
for contaminated lands are also recommended to make the land attractive and colorful. Some of these species are: chichirica, false bird of paradise, Wedelia, cucharitas, carabao grass, luha ng dalaga, rose moss and lantana.
c. Tree species are usually planted on open areas such as: rain tree or
acacia, banaba, kamagong, pili, balete and fringon.
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
2. Urban Greening Schemes for Roads and Highways
a. The species usually chosen for expressways and highways are: mahogany (large-leaf and small-leaf), narra, rain tree, banaba, kamagong, mangium, auri, neem, balete and fringon. Urban greening of roads and highways utilizes species of bigger trees and are usually planted at 10m x 10m spacing. To provide visual vari-ety, species differed at least every kilometer during long distance travels and to prevent potential attacks of pests or diseases.
b. For Center Islands (medium roads) with the width of more than 2
meters, shade trees and trees with colorful flowers can be planted. All center islands can be turfed or landscaped. However, if there are possible expansion to ease the traffic in the future, thick shrubs can be planted; they can be easily removed in case of road widening. Trees can be planted at 8m x 8m spacing. Species recommended for center islands are: agoho, mangium, banaba, pink tecoma, golden shower, Palawan cherry, royal palm, anahaw, Mc Arthur palm and bunga de China.
c. For narrow and median roads and verges, the following shrubs
can be used: adelfa, caballero, melendres, yellow bell, bougainvilla, dwarf calachuchi and Shanghai beauty.
d. For Rotunda or Runabout roads, the recommended species are:
Golden shower, Acacia, Palawan cherry, Dapdap, Palosanto and Fringon.
e. For road shoulder (near beach), the recommended species are:
Talisai, Botong, Bitaog, Agoho and Coconut. f. For flyovers, pedestrian and overhead bridges, palms and shrubs
can be planted along the sides of the flyovers. Land is provided around columns, staircases, etc. for this purpose. The bare surfaces of the pedestrian overhead can be planted with creepers and climbers.
Small trees can be planted along roads which are close to
buildings and congested areas with overhead bridges to reduce the necessity of constant pruning of branches. Trees should be planted 1 meter away from traffic signs.
3. Urban Greening Strategies for Parks
Species that should be planted should provide shade and
improve their aesthetic value. The relative position of the individual trees and shrubs has to be varied as much as possible. They may be
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
single trees neighboring small groups of the same species. An intimate mixing of single trees and shrubs species has to be discouraged. This can be planted at irregular spacing or 1 tree for every 40 sq. m.
a. For recreational parks whether public or private, the
practice was planting of fire tree, acacia, African tulip, narra, golden shower, pink shower, yellow shower, Palawan cherry, fringon, dapdap, Ilang-ilang, champaca, balitbitan, Saraca, Amherstia, royal palm, champagne, red palm and blue palm.
b. For open car parks whether public or private, trees with a wide
awn can be planted to provide shade. Aeration slabs can be provided and turfed with grasses. All the void areas can also be planted to maintain aeration, drainage and greenery. Trees can be planted at 10m x 10m spacing and provided with tree guards to prevent damage from careless drivers. Some of the species used are: narra, dapdap, mahogany and raintree or acacia.
4. Greening Strategies for Greenbelts
Presidential Decree No. 953 dated July 6, 1976, requires
subdivision owners-developers to allocate 30% of the area of subdivision, exclusive of roads, service streets and alleys, as open spaces for parks and recreational areas. All open spaces should be planted with species that will improve the aesthetic value, provide shade, abate noise, glare control and traffic control.
Species recommended for planting are: rain tree or acacia,
narra, fire tree, golden shower, banaba, katmon, alibangbang, botong, akle, molave, Saraca, Amherstia, royal palm, traveller’s palm and fringon.
Some fruit trees planted in schools, hospitals, private residen-
tial houses and other private open spaces are: guyabano, mango, avo-cado, caimito, datiles, sampaloc, langka, guava, kamias, santol, chico, manzanitas, mabolo or kamagong and atis.
Shrubs for ground covers include: chichirica, false bird of para-
dise, Wedelia, cucharitas, spider lily, carabao grass, luha ng dalaga, rose moss, and lantana.
The recommended shrubs for landscaping are: yellow trumpet,
Yellow caballero, Yellow santan, Singapore bush, poinsettia, red santan, Doña Luz, Doña Trining, Doña Aurora, rosal, and white santan.
Recommended vines for landscaping are: Honey suckle,
Cadena de Amor, Garlic Vine, Jasmine and Drunken sailor.
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
5. Restoration and Greening of a Closed Dumpsite
Figures 5 to 9 shows a step by step greening program undertaken by the municipality of San Juan, Rizal to ecologically restore a closed dumpsite. The dumpsite now becomes a mini-botanical garden.
Fig. 5. Before, this bare area which was more or less 1,000 m2 in size was once upon a time a dumping site of garbage materials in San Juan, Rizal.
Fig. 6 Squatters living in the surrounding area were relocated and wastes were removed prior to the starting of the project.
Fig. 7, For initial planting the perimeter areas were planted with Bandera española. Used vehicle tires were utilized as tree guards or pots for ornamentals.
Fig. 8. This was how the used tires were utilized.
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Fig. 9. The former dumpsite now becomes a mini-botanical garden.
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
The conversion of a former dumpsite into a mini botanical park is only one example of urban restoration or rehabilitation. There are however, other potential sites and projects for restoring the urban ecosystem, the following are examples: (1) the establishment of under story plant species in school yard to promote wildlife species; (2) the eradication of invasive plant species which is eliminating much of the understory biodiversity; (3) the clean-up of a vacant public or private-owned lot or abandoned site and the establishment of a park; and (4) the re-design of a small water retention pond which could be restored with wet land species.
6. Planting and maintenance
Generally, plant materials that will be used for urban greening should be healthy, well-rooted, free from pests, diseases and physical deformities. The size and species in a given site should be in accordance with approved assessment plans and specifications.
The most neglected part of urban greening is on the proper
planting. To achieve a successful greening program the following should be pursued by all involved in planting.
Maintenance should be carried out for 2-3 years after planting.
a. The minimum size of tree planting holes especially on adobe soil is 1.0 m x 1.0 m x 1.0 m.
b. Every planting hole or bed should be backfilled with a mixture of
good top soil and compost at a ratio of 3 parts topsoil to 1 part compost.
c. All plantings, particularly trees should be watered regularly
especially during first two years and during the occurrence of drought.
d. All tree saplings, poles and big trees planted should be provided with stakes and tied on guy lines so that they will grow upright and be protected from strong winds or typhoon.
e. The stakes or guy lines should be removed as soon as the tree can
stand on its own. This is usually one year after planting for most trees, in order not to girdle the tree.
f. Weeding of undesirable plant materials must be carried out
regularly.
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
g. Application of environment-friendly technologies -biofertilizer during initial establishment, periodic organic fertilizer application (every 6 months) and liming if soil acidity occurs. In case inorganic fertilizer is employed, this should be made usually 6 months after planting and every 6 months thereafter for 2-3 years.
h. Constant monitoring for pest and diseases on the plants must be carried out regularly. When necessary, appropriate chemicals must be applied.
i. All dead parts of the plants must be removed and low branches of trees which cause obstructions must be pruned.
j. All overgrown plants should be trimmed/pruned to reduce foliage.
k. All turfed areas must be maintained regularly by grass-cutting, cleaning and weeding of undesirable plants.
l. The minimum depth of all planting beds for shrub ground covers is 0.6 meter.
m. The minimum size of shrub planting holes is 0.6 m x 0.6 m x 0.6 m.
Fig. 10. For urban greening, shrubs, vines and grasses were employed in the concrete structure of the building at
Fig. 11. Vines and climbing plants were used to rehabilitate and to beautify open walls in NCR.
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Fig. 12. Palms, ornamental plants and grasses were used to landscape roadsides in NCR.
Fig. 13. Ornamental plants and grasses were used to landscape the façade and walkway in South Luzon Expressway.
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
Fig. 14. Garbage trap for collecting waste materials along the river in NCR.
Rehabilitation Schemes to Abate Water Pollution
Effective pollution control systems depend on policies that combine technical, economic, social and aesthetic considerations.
There are several ways in which water pollution can be combated. First,
make wastewater reusable and of high quality. Second, enact and enforce governmental regulations prohibiting and limiting pollution of waters. Third, develop practices and techniques that will prevent or limit the natural runoff of pollutants [Fig. 14].
1. Major treatment stages used for waste water disposal (sewage)
Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is a process of removing contaminants from wastewater, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce a waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste or sludge suitable for discharge or reuse back into the environment.
Sewage is created by residences, institutions, hospitals and commercial
and industrial establishments. It can be treated close to where it is created (in septic tanks, bio-filters or aerobic treatment systems), or collected and transported via a network of pipes and pump stations to specialized treatment processes.
Typically, sewage treatment involves three stages, called primary,
secondary and tertiary treatments. First, the solids are separated from the waste water stream. Then dissolved biological matter is progressively converted into a solid mass by using indigenous, water-borne microorganisms. Finally, the biological solids are neutralized then disposed of or re-used, and the treated water may be disinfected chemically or physically (for example by lagoons and micro-filtration). The final effluent can be discharged into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge.
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
Raw influent (sewage) includes household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchen, sinks, and so forth that is disposed via sewers. In many areas, sewage also includes a liquid waste from industry and commerce. The draining of household wastes into grey water are being permitted to be used for watering plants or recycled for flushing toilets. A lot of sewage also includes some surface water from roofs or hard-standing areas. Municipal wastewater, therefore, includes residential, commercial, and industrial liquid waste discharges, and may include storm water runoff.
Sewage systems capable of handling storm water are known as
combined systems or combined sewers. During dry weather, when combined sewers are handling only the normal amount of waste water, all of it is carried to the waste treatment plant. But during a storm when combined sewers have to carry a much larger amount of water, part of the water, including varying amounts of raw sewage, often by-pass the treatment plant and flow directly into receiving streams. Such systems are usually avoided since they complicate and thereby reduce the efficiency of sewage treatment plants owing to their seasonality. The variability in flow also leads to often larger than necessary, and subsequently more expensive, treatment facilities. In addition, heavy storms that contribute more flows than the treatment plant can handle may overwhelm the sewage treatment system, causing a spill or overflow. It is preferable to have a separate storm drain system for storm water in areas that are developed with sewer systems.
As rainfall runs over the surface of roofs and the ground, it may pick
up various contaminants including soil particles and other sediment, heavy metals, organic compounds, animal waste, and oil and grease. Some jurisdictions require storm water to receive some level of treatment before it is directly into waterways. Examples of treatment processes used for storm water include sedimentation basins, wetlands, buried concrete vaults with various kinds of filters, and vortex separators (to remove coarse solids).
The site where the raw waste water is processed before it is
discharged back to the environment is called a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The order and types of mechanical, chemical and biological systems that comprise the wastewater treatment plant are typically the same for most developed countries.
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a. Primary or Mechanical treatment
Primary treatment removes the materials that can be easily collected from the raw wastewater and disposed. The typical materials that are removed during primary treatment include fats, oils, and greases (also referred to as FOG), sand, gravels and rocks (also referred to as grit), larger settle-able solids including human wastes and floating materials. This step is done entirely with machinery, hence the name mechanical treatment.
a.1. Removal of large objects from influent sewage
In the mechanical treatment, the influent sewage water is strained to remove all large objects that are deposited in the sewer system, such as rags, sticks, condoms, sanitary towels (sanitary napkins) or tampons, cans, fruits, etc. This is most commonly done with a manual or automated mechanically raked screen. This type of waste is removed because it can damage or clog the equipment in the sewage treatment plant.
a.2. Sand and grit removal
Primary treatment typically includes a sand or grit
channel or chamber where the velocity of the incoming wastewater is carefully controlled to allow sand grit and stones to settle, while keeping the majority of the suspended organic material in the water column. This equipment is called detritor or sand catcher. Sand grit and stones need to be removed early in the process to avoid damage to pumps and other equipment in the remaining treatment stages. Sometimes there is a sand washer (grit classifier) followed by a conveyor that transports the sand to a container for disposal. The contents from the sand catcher may be fed into the incinerator in a sludge processing plant, but in many cases, the sand and grit are sent to a landfill.
a.3. Sedimentation
Many plants have sedimentation stage where the sewage is allowed to pass slowly through large trunks, commonly called “primary clarifiers” or “primary sedimentation tanks”. The tanks are large enough that fecal solids can settle and floating materials such as grease and oils can rise to the surface and be skimmed off. The main purpose of the primary stage is to produce a generally homogenous liquid capable of being treated biologically and a
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sludge that can be separately treated or processed. Primary settlement tanks are usually equipped with mechanically driven scrapers that continually drive the collected sludge towards a hopper in the base of the tank from where it can be pumped to further sludge treatment stages.
b. Secondary Treatment
Secondary treatment is designed to substantially degrade the
biological content of the sewage such as those derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent. Majority of municipal and industrial plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic biological processes. For this to be effective, the biota requires both oxygen and a substrate on which to live.
There are a number of ways in which this is done. In all these
methods, the bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic contaminants (e.g. sugars, fats, organic short -chain carbon molecules, etc.) and bind much of the less soluble fractions into floc.
Secondary treatment systems are classified as fixed film or
suspended growth. Fixed -film treatment process including trickling filter and rotating biological contractors where the biomass grows on media and the sewage passes over its surface. In suspended growth systems - such as activated sludge - the biomass is well mixed with the sewage and can be operated in a smaller space than fixed-film systems that treat the same amount of water. However, fixed-film systems are more able to cope with drastic changes in the amount of biological material and can provide higher removal rates for organic material and suspended solids than suspended growth systems.
Roughing filters are intended to treat particularly strong or
variable organic loads, typical industrial, to allow them to be treated by conventional secondary treatment process. These filters are typically tall, circular filters filled with open synthetic filter media to which wastewater is applied at a relatively high rate. They are designed to allow high hydraulic loading and a high flow-through of air. On larger installations, air is forced through the media using blowers. The resultant wastewater is usually within the normal range for conventional treatment processes.
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b.1. Surface-aerated basins
Most biological oxidation processes for treating industrial wastewaters have in common the use of oxygen (on air) and microbial action. Surface-aerated basins achieve 80 to 90% removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) with retention times of 1 to 10 days. The basins may range in depth from 1.5 to 5.0 meters and utilize motor-driven aerators floating on the surface of the wastewater.
In an aerated basin system, the aerators provide two
functions: they transfer air into the basins required by the biological oxidation reactions, and they provide the mixing required for dispensing the air and for contacting the reactants (that is, oxygen, wastewater and microbes). Typically, the floating aerators are rated to deliver the amount of air equivalent to 1.8 to 2.7 kg O2/kW.h. However, they do not provide as good mixing as is normally achieved in activated sludge systems and therefore aerated basins do not achieve the same performance level as activated sludge units.
Biological oxidation processes are sensitive to temperature
and, between 0oC and 40oC, the rate of biological reactions increase with temperature. Most surface aerated vessels operate at between 4 oC and 32 oC.
b.2. Fluidized bed reactors
The carbon adsorption following biological treatment is particularly effective in reducing both the BOD and chemical oxygen demand (COD) to low levels. A fluidized bed reactor is a combination of the most common stirred tank packed bed, continuous flow reactors. It is very important to chemical engineering because of its excellent heat and mass transfer characteristics. In a fluidized bed reactor, the substrate is passed upward through the immobilized enzyme bed at a high velocity to lift the particles. However, the velocity must not be so high that the enzymes are swept away from the reactor entirely. Since this causes low mixing; these type of reactors are highly suitable for the exothermic reactions. It is most often applied in immobilized enzyme catalysis.
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b.3. Filter beds (oxidizing beds)
In older plants and plants receiving more variable loads, trickling filter beds are used where the settled sewage liquor is spread onto the surface of a deep bed made up of coke (carbonized coal), limestone chips or especially fabricated plastic media. Such media must have high surface areas to support the bio-films that form. The liquor is distributed through perforated rotating arms radiating from a central pivot. The distributed liquor trickles through this bed and is collected in drains at the base. These drains also provide a source of air which percolates up through the bed, keeping it aerobic. Biological films of bacteria, protozoa and fungi form on the media’s surfaces and eat or otherwise reduce the organic content. This bio-film is grazed by insect larvae and worms, which help maintain an optimal thickness. Overloading of beds increases the thickness of the film leading to clogging of the filter media and ponding on the surface.
b.4. Biological aerated filters
Biological Aerated (or Anoxic) Filter (BAF) or Biofilters
combine filtration with biological carbon reduction, nitrification or denitrification. BAF usually includes a reactor filled with a filter media. The media is either in suspension or supported by a gravel layer at the foot of the filter. The dual purpose of this media is to support highly active biomass that is attached to it and to filter suspended solids. Carbon reduction and ammonia conversion occurs in anoxic mode. BAF is operated either in upflow or downflow configuration depending on the design by its manufacturer.
b.5. Membrane biological reactors
Membrane biological reactors (MBR) combine activated
sludge treatment with a membrane liquid-solid separation process. The membrane component utilizes low pressure micro-filtration or ultra filtration membranes and eliminates the need for clarification and tertiary filtration. The membranes are typically immersed in the aeration tank (however, some applications utilize a separate membrane tank). One of the key benefits of a membrane bioreactor system is that it effectively overcomes the limitations associated with poor settling of sludge in conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes. The technology permits bioreactor operation with considerably higher mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
concentration than CAS systems, which are limited by sludge settling. The process is typically operated by MLSS in the range of 8,000-12,000 mg/L, while CAS is operated in the range of 2,000-3,000 mg/L. The elevated biomass concentration in the membrane bioreactor process allows for very effective removal of both soluble and particulate biodegradable materials at higher loading rates. Thus increased Sludge Retention Times (SRTs)--usually exceeding 15 days---ensure complete nitrification even under extreme cold weather operating conditions.
b.6. Rotating biological contactors
Rotating biological contactors (RBCs) are mechanical secondary treatment systems, which are robust and capable of withstanding surges in organic load. The rotating disks support the growth of bacteria and micro-organisms present in the sewage, which breakdown and stabilize organic pollutants. To be successful, micro-organisms need both oxygen to live and food to grow. Oxygen is obtained from the atmosphere as the disks rotate. As the micro-organisms grow, they build up on the media until they are sloughed off due to shear forces provided by the rotating discs in the sewage. Effluent from the RBC is then passed through final clarifiers where the micro-organisms in suspension settle as sludge. The sludge is withdrawn from the clarifier for further treatment.
c. Tertiary Treatment
Tertiary treatment provides a final stage to raise the effluent quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment (sea, river, lake, ground, etc.). More than one tertiary treatment process may be used at any treatment plant. If disinfection is practiced, it is always the final process. It is also called “effluent polishing”.
c.1. Nutrient removal
Wastewater may contain high levels of the nutrients
nitrogen and phosphorus. Excessive release to the environment can lead to a build up of nutrients, called eutrophication (blue-green algae). This may cause an algal bloom, rapid growth in the population of algae. The numbers of algae are sustainable and eventually most of them die. The decomposition of the algae by bacteria uses up so much of oxygen in the water that most or all of the animals die, which creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition to causing de-oxygenation, some algal species produce
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toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies. Different treatment processes are required to remove nitrogen and phosphorus.
c.1.1 Nitrogen removal
The removal of nitrogen is effected through the biological oxidation of nitrogen from ammonia, nitrification, the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas is released to the atmosphere and thus removed from the water.
Nitrification itself is a two-step aerobic process, each step
facilitated by a different type of bacteria. The oxidation of ammonia (NH3
-) to nitrite (NO2-) is most often facilitated by Nitrosomonas spp.
(nitro referring to the formation of a nitro functional group), is now known to be facilitated in the environment almost exclusively by Nitrospira spp. Denitrification requires anoxic condition to encourage the appropriate biological communities to form. It is facilitated by a wide diversity of bacteria. Sand filters, lagooning and reed beds can all be used to reduce nitrogen, but the activated sludge process (if designed well) can do the job most easily. Since denitrification is the reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen gas, an electron donor is needed. This can be, depending on the wastewater, organic matter from feces, sulfide, or an added donor like methanol.
Sometimes the conversion of toxic ammonia to nitrate alone is
referred to as tertiary treatment.
c.1.2 Phosphorus removal
Phosphorus can be removed biologically in a process called enhanced biological phosphorus removal. In this process, specific bacteria, called polyphosphate accumulating organisms, are selectively enriched and accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells (up to 20% of their mass). When the biomass enriched in these bacteria is separated from the treated water, these bio-solids have a high fertilizer value.
c.2. Disinfection
The purpose of disinfection in the treatment of wastewater is
to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms in the water to be discharged back into the environment. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the quality of the water treated (e.g., cloudiness, pH, etc.), the type of disinfection being used, the
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disinfectant dosage (concentration and time), and other environmental variables. Cloudy water will be treated less successfully since solid matter can shield organisms, especially from ultraviolet light or if contact times are low. Generally, short contact times, low doses and high flows all militate against effective disinfection. Common methods of disinfection include ozone, chlorine, or ultraviolet light.
Chlorination remains the most common form of wastewater
disinfection due to its low cost and long-term history of effectiveness. One disadvantage is that chlorination of residual organic material can generate chlorinated-organic compounds that may be carcinogen or harmful to the environment. Further, because residual chlorine is toxic to aquatic species, the treated effluent must also be chemically dechlorinated, adding to the complexity and cost of treatment. Ultraviolet (UV) light can be used instead of chlorine, iodine, or other chemicals. Because no chemicals are used, the treated water has no adverse effect on organisms that later consume it, as may be the case with other methods. UV radiation causes damage to the genetic structure of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens, making them incapable of reproduction. The key disadvantages of UV disinfection are the need for frequent lamp maintenance and replacement and the need for a highly-treated effluent to ensure that the target microorganisms are not shielded from the UV radiation (i.e., any solids present in the treated effluent may protect the microorganisms from the UV light).
Ozone, O3, is generated by passing oxygen, O2, through a high
voltage potential resulting in a third oxygen atom becoming attached and forming O3. Ozone is very unstable and reactive, and oxidizes most organic material it comes in contact with, thereby destroying many pathogenic microorganisms. Ozone is considered to be safer than chlorine because, unlike chlorine which has to be stored on site (highly poisonous in the event of an accidental release), ozone is generated onsite as needed. Ozonation also produces fewer disinfection by-products than chlorination. A disadvantage of ozone disinfection is the high cost of the ozone generation equipment and the requirements for highly- skilled operators.
d. Sludge treatment and disposal
The sludge accumulated in a wastewater treatment process must be treated and disposed of in a safe and effective manner. The purpose
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of digestion is to reduce the amount of organic matter and the number of disease-causing microorganisms present in the solids. The most common treatment options include anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion and composting.
The choice of a wastewater solid treatment method depends on
the amount of solids generated and other site-specific conditions. However, in general, composting is most often applied to smaller-scale applications followed by aerobic digestion and then lastly anaerobic digestion for the larger-scale municipal applications.
d.1. Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic is a bacterial process that is carried out in the absence
of oxygen. The process can either be thermophilic digestion, in which sludge is fermented in tanks at a temperature of 55oC, or mesophilic, at a temperature of around 36oC. Though allowing shorter retention time (and thus smaller tanks), thermophilic digestion is more expensive in terms of energy consumption for heating the sludge.
One major feature of anaerobic digestion is the production of
biogas which can be used in generators for electricity production and/or in boilers for heating purposes.
d.2. Aerobic digestion
Aerobic digestion is a bacterial process in the presence of
oxygen. Under aerobic conditions, bacteria rapidly consume organic matter and convert it into carbon dioxide.
d.3. Composting
Composting is also an aerobic process that involves mixing the
sludge with sources of carbon such as sawdust, straw or wood chips. In the presence of oxygen, bacteria digest both the wastewater solids and the added carbon source and in doing so, produce a large amount of heat.
e. Sludge disposal
When a liquid sludge is produced, further treatment may be
required to make it suitable for final disposal. Typically, sludges are thickened (dewatered) to reduce the volumes transported off-site for
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disposal. There is no process which completely eliminates the need to dispose bio-solids. There is, however, an additional step some cities are taking to superheat the wastewater sludge and convert it into small pelletized granules that are high in nitrogen and other organic materials. This product is then sold to local farmers and turf farms as a soil amendment or fertilizer, reducing the amount of space required to dispose sludge in landfill.
2. Land Sewage Disposal System reduces stream water pollution, conserve
and recycle water, and allow nutrients to be recycled for further use. Waste water from residential areas can generally be used for this purpose. Industrial waste water may require some treatment to remove toxic substances that could affect biological systems.
Industrial waste from food processing plants and pulp mills are
usually well-suited for land disposal.
3. Phytoremediation Technology For Stream and Riverbank Stabilization can be done to minimize and delay further degradation of these waterways. The technology prevents soil erosion, serves as site barriers, prevents contamination from spreading into surface water or ground water and provides aesthetic value. Some species recommended are: bamboo, bitaog, palosanto, akle, anchoan dilao, acacia, african tulip, antipolo, moluccan sau, bangkal, batino, bitaog, balsa, balobo, cinchona, niyog, dita, dao, yemane, gubas, ipil, ipil-ipil, ilang-ilang, kalumpang, kaatoan bangkal, kakawate, kalantas, katurai, lanete, lumbang, lamio, mahogany, marang, malunggay, narra, palosanto, santol, supa, teak, tibig, tIndalo, tuai, para rubber, talisai and bani. Depending on the species, it could be planted at 4m x 4m distance from each other and at
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Fig. 15. Early stage of bamboo planting to rehabilitate various rivers in NCR (Sagip-ilog Project).
Fig. 16. Full grown species of bamboo could be seen along the riversides in NCR as a phytoremediation technology in their Sagip-ilog Project.
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
16 – 18 m away from the water level. Figs.15 and 16 are bamboo species used as phytoremediation technology to rehabilitate rivers in NCR.
4. Bioremediation Technology for Lakes, Ponds and Streams 4.1 Aquamedix is an environmentally-friendly biocatalyst liquid for the
bioremediation of polluted bodies of water. Our world ecosystem depends on algae blooms. Algae provide oxygen for the largest and smallest creature on earth. However, when algae blooms go unchecked in our lakes, ponds, and streams, it has adverse effect on animals, fish, plants, and all living things. Algae pollute bodies of water produce obnoxious odors, become unsightly, and are considered “sick” or “dead”. Aquamedix when used as directed will increase the metabolism of naturally occurring bacteria to its maximum rate and maintain that activity level for as long as Aquamedix is added. In addi-tion to the water itself, everything the water comes in continuous con-tact with, is also cleaned.
4.2 Eutro-Clear is a pro-biotic formula for the bioremediation of ponds. It
is standardized at a total endospore count of 5 billion CFU /gm, which will multiply in a bucket to 150 billion CFU/gm in 18 hours (http://www.liftstationdegreasers.com).
Two (2) lbs. of this microbial formulation, hydrated in water,
will inoculate a 1 acre pond to many thousand times more than the bacterial biota normally found in a water column and out compete all the naturally occurring bacteria, including pathogenic gram- negative E.coli.
Augmented facultative heterotrophic bacteria settling into
these benthic regions will speed up sludge digestion and reduce odors by using an alternate electron acceptor other than oxygen. Overall, bio-augmentation will reduce nutrient levels, thus reduce the risk of eutrophication and algal blooms.
4.3 Plantex Biozyme Micro Aid Power Activator can be utilized as an
effective and economical way of treating either open water or wastewater in treatment system. The potent enzymes and microorganisms present in the activator breaks and degrades any organic and inorganic substance present in the wastewater (Trevis Internationale Corp., undated).
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
It decomposes solid substances and digests oil and grease, thereby preventing the accumulation of sludge. The result is the reduction of both biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD).
The putrid odor coming from the fermentation and
decomposition of indol, eskatol, mercaptants and others are eliminated.
It is strongly advised that Plantex All-In-One Solution be
applied on the wastewater for thorough disinfection.
Methods of Application
Initial Application (Shock Treatment) - Five (5) L of concentrated Plantex All-In-One Solution is applied to every 15,000 gals. of wastewater influent in the first treatment chamber or equalization tank. This results to the removal of the foul odor and digestion/degradation of organic and inorganic substances.
Thirty (30) kilos of Plantex Biozyme Micro Aid Activator is
broadcast to every sixty thousand (60,000) gals. of wastewater in the aeration chamber/tank preferably at noon time to allow the micro-organisms to multiply faster and produce more enzymes.
After the first week of initial application, 1.5 kilos of Plantex Biozyme should be broadcast once again. For maintenance, broadcasting of 1.5 kilos into the aeration pond every 2-3 days (at noon time) is suggested.
Application on Septic Tanks - One (1) L of concentrated Plantex All-In-One Solution for every cubic meter is poured directly into the septic tank. After 30 minutes, two (2) kilos of Plantex Biozyme should be broadcast into the septic tank as well.
5. The Muntinlupa City Waste water treatment facility as model
The Muntinlupa City government has developed a technology based on the above order and types of mechanical, chemical and biological systems that comprise the waste water treatment plant. However, the waste water treatment system that has been developed is less complicated, low-cost and has low-maintenance.
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The wastewater treatment system is an aerobic and anaerobic
combination coupled with filtration using coco peat media to meet local discharge standards. It also includes a water recycling system that allows re-use of the treated effluent for flushing toilets, watering plants and street cleaning. This technology is being applied elsewhere in the Philippines and is suitable for other locations in the region.
The treatment facility will bring the biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD) from more than 600mg/l to less than 30mg/l. It utilizes a hybrid design using non- mechanized and mechanized systems, particularly grit screens septic tanks and an aerobic baffled reactor (ABR) for the primary and secondary treatment. This can treat more than 200 cubic meters of wastewater daily. A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is also a part of the secondary treatment. A multimedia filter was used for the tertiary treatment, which will allow re-use of the treated water. The facility is built below ground and covered with reinforced concrete, so that the place can be used as a parking lot and a loading/unloading bay. Figure 17 shows the system flow of the Muntinlupa public market wastewater treatment facility.
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29
Fig.
17
MU
NTI
NLU
PA P
UB
LIC
MA
RK
ET W
AST
E W
ATE
R T
REA
TMEN
T SY
STEM
(WW
TS)
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30
6. Technology to Study Water Quality of Surface Water Bodies
A reconnaissance survey was conducted along Navotas-Malabon-Tullahan-Tinajeros (NMTT) river system and its tributaries. Data were gathered to delineate location and identify its physical features such as land use, industrial pollution source, etc. as well as hydrological features.
Four samples for water and three samples for sediments taken at
different points were collected every month for analyses. Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorides, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), organic and inorganic ratio were determined for physical and chemical analyses. For biological analyses, microorganisms found in the samples were identified. A sequential batch/bench scale treatability method was applied on water samples obtained from the river system. The same treatability method was applied in the field. This method used two chambers with three test tanks each. One chamber served as control for treatment.
Enzymes were added to the treated tank until a maximum percent
reduction in CO was obtained. Results showed that after the 12th day, pH was reduced from 7.8 to 6.5; dissolved oxygen from 0 to 4.0 mg/l; biological oxygen demand from 56 to 20 mg/l at 20 degrees Celsius and suspended solids from 40 to 10 mg/l.
7. Bioassay of Textile Effluent
The research examined the toxicity of the effluent and influent wastes of a textile plant in the vicinity of the Cabuyao River on commonly grown fishes using bioassay method. The particular textile plant investigated used activated sludge treatment to eliminate or reduce the pollutants to maximum level. The study correlated the results of the physico-chemical procedures and bioassay examination. Specifically, the level of toxicity of textile effluent discharged and lethal concentrations of the treated effluent discharged after 24 and 96 hours, respectively, were studied.
Bioassay Procedure:
Six 10-gallon capacity aquaria were used per bioassay test which contained effluents/river water concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 percent respectively. Ten tilapia fingerlings per aquarium were used for the bioassay test. The fingerlings were acclimatized in the aquarium condition for seven (7) days using dechlorinated tap water and fed with
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
commercial fish food. The cessation of operculum movement and visible upturned floating of bodies of fish samples were observed after 24-96 hours for fish mortality. Lethal concentration (LC) of effluent and river water was set when it caused the death of five (5) out of ten (10) fish per aquarium (Capino, 2002).
Waste Management Schemes 1.Industrial waste management schemes
Industries in general, have tried to convert waste products into
profitable energy. There are a number of emerging technologies that are able to produce energy from waste and other fuels without direct combustion. Many of these technologies have the potential to produce more electric power from the same amount of fuel than would be possi-ble by direct combustion. This is mainly due to the separation of corrosive components (ash) from the converted fuel, thereby allowing a higher combustion temperature in e.g. boilers, gas turbines and internal combustion products. Some are able to efficiently convert the energy into liquid or gaseous fuels.
a. Thermal Technologies
a.1. Gasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials, such as coal, petroleum, or biomass, into carbon monoxide and hydrogen by reacting the raw material at high temperatures with a controlled amount of oxygen.
a.2. Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic materials by
heating in the absence of oxygen or any reagents, except possibly steam. Extreme pyrolysis that leaves only carbon as the residue is called carbonization. The application of pyrolysis to waste management is well established with other advanced waste treatment technologies. Pyrolysis is used as a form of thermal treatment to reduce waste volumes and produce liquid or gaseous fuels as a byproduct. Low temperature pyrolysis can also be used to produce a synthetic diesel fuel from waste film plastic, through systems such as thermofuel.
b. Non-thermal technologies
b.1. In anaerobic digestion, a bacterial process that is carried out in the absence of oxygen, the process can either be thermophilic
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digestion, in which sludge was fermented in tanks at a temperature of 55oC, or mesophilic, at a temperature of around 36oC. Though allowing shorter retention time (and thus smaller tanks), thermophilic digestion was more expensive in terms of en-ergy consumption for heating the sludge.
One major feature of anaerobic digestion was the production of biogas, which can be used in generators for electricity production and/or in boilers for heating purposes.
b.2. In Aerobic digestion, a bacterial process occurs in the presence of
oxygen, bacteria rapidly consume organic matter and convert it into carbon dioxide.
b.3. In Composting, an aerobic process is involved while mixing the
wastewater solids with sources of carbon such as sawdust, straw or wood chips. In the presence of oxygen, bacteria digest both the wastewater solids and the added carbon sources and in doing so, produce a large amount of heat.
b.4. In MixAlco process, a bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol
fuels can be accomplished. Through this bioconversion, more energy from the biomass will end up as liquid fuels than in converting biomass to ethanol by yeast fermentation.
The process involves a biological/chemical method for
converting any biodegradable material (e.g., urban wastes, such as municipal solid waste, biodegradable waste and sewage sludge, agricultural residues such as corn stover, sugarcane baggasse, cotton gin trash, manure) into useful chemicals, such as carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic, propionic, butyric acid), ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyl ketone) and biofuels, such as a mixture of primary alcohols (e.g., ethanol, propanol, butanol) and/or a mixture of secondary alcohols (e.g., isopropanol, 2-butanol, 3-butanol, 3-pentanol). Because of the many products that can be economically produced, this process is a true biorefinery.
The process uses a mixed culture of naturally occurring
micro-organisms found in natural habitats such as the rumen of cattle, termite guts, marine and terrestrial swamps to anaerobically digest biomass into a mixture of carboxylic acids produced during the acidogenic and acetogenic stages of anaerobic digestion, however with the inhibition of the
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
methanogenic final stage. The more popular method for production of ethanol and cellulosic ethanol is the use of enzymes that must be isolated first to be added to the biomass and thus convert the starch or cellulose into simple sugars, and then followed by yeast fermentation into ethanol.
2. Municipal Waste Management Schemes
Waste management or solution for municipal wastes consists of four options:
a. Waste reduction – reducing waste requires cutting the number and
volume of discarded products. Consumers can reduce households waste by buying high quality long lasting items that can be repaired, instead of buying short-lived “disposal” alternatives. The consumer typically pays a much higher price per unit for such convenience item.
Many advocates of waste reduction use the term precycling.
This concept refers to a consumer making environmentally-sound choices at the point of purchase. It includes avoiding products with extra packaging such as canned or mixed vegetables instead of fresh, unbagged ones.
b. Landfilling - this is the least expensive and easiest method of
disposal. This corresponds to the common sanitary landfill used for municipal garbage. The waste remains essentially unchanged and because of frequent soil cover, the site soon becomes exhausted.
c. Incineration - this waste management option uses an incinerator
machine which is quite expensive. Mixed trash is burned in the incinerator in a single combustion. The heat generated from the burning material in the heat chamber is converted into usable electricity. The temperature in the chamber reaches 2,000oF. The by-products are ash, which are sent to landfills.
d. Ecological solid waste management is also known as recycling,
reusing and composting. It aims to use waste to its fullest in order to maintain round-the-clock cleanliness of the surroundings. Ecological solid waste management should start at the household level.
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Basically, there are three ways to tackle waste – Reduce, Re-use, and Recycle. Reduce the amount of material we use so we generate less waste. Re-use the things we already have instead of buying them anew. Recycle the things we can’t re-use. The steps are as follows:
1. Sort out your garbage properly by setting up two trash cans in
the kitchen – one for wet garbage, another for dry. 2. For wet garbage, you may use an empty can of cooking oil or ice
cream container as your trash can. Wet garbage includes leftover food, fruit and vegetable peelings, and even animal excreta.
3. For dry garbage, you may use an old bayong, a large plastic bag,
or a box. Dry garbage includes paper, cartons, bottles, cans, plastic containers (for toothpaste, shampoo, and other cosmetic items), shopping bags, metals, used-up batteries, ballpens, and others.
4. Wet garbage is biodegradable; that is, it can naturally blend with
the earth once it is composted. It can also be used as soil fertilizer, poultry or pig feed, or methane gas for cooking. Composting can take place in centralized facilities or individual backyards.
5. Dry garbage is often non-biodegradable. It is best for re-use or
re-cycling. This requires dry garbage to be sorted out further into two groups – one for re-use, and the other for re-cycling.
6. Remember what they say about “money in junk”? It’s quite true.
Collect all items that cannot be re-used and sell to recycling stores. These include old newspapers, magazines, and other papers; bottles, cans and even plastic containers; and metal or steel items. The neighborhood magbobote’t bakal will only be too happy to buy all these from you. You earn a few extra bucks on the side while sparing the environment.
7. Wash and clean the things for re-use and keep them where they
can easily be located when needed. These include gift wrappers and ribbons, boxes, plastic or brown bags from department stores or supermarkets, and wide-mouthed bottles or plastic containers which can be used as canisters.
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Aside from observing the steps above, waste management requires some adjustments in our lifestyle to enable us to reduce the amount of waste we generate.
∗ Don’t buy anything you don’t need. Corollary to this, don’t buy more than you need.
∗ When you go to market, bring your own brown or plastic bag,
so you don’t have to buy from the vendors. Better yet, bring your good old bayong or basket.
∗ Same thing when you go shopping. Bring along your own
plastic bag/s and graciously refuse counter girls who offer you new plastic bags.
∗ Avoid eating in fast food outlets that serve food in Styrofoam.
When ordering for take-out food, bring your own food con-tainer and ask the food outlet to use it for your order.
∗ Avoid using disposable items made of non-biodegradable
materials. ∗ Avoid using a straw when drinking soft drinks. Use a glass in-
stead. ∗ Avoid incinerating garbage. In crowded neighborhoods,
this is a potentially hazardous practice. Besides, plastics con-sumed by fire emit hazardous elements to the atmosphere, contributing to the ozone depletion and break-out of various diseases.
∗ Support recycling. Buy recycled materials, even if they may
cost higher.
These simple ways of reducing, re-using, and re-cycling our trash will go a long way in helping preserve our planet earth. We don’t even need to learn or master them. With a little earth consciousness and some practice, these earth-friendly ways to manage our garbage properly are easy habits to acquire.
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3. Managing Solid Wastes Through Advanced Pyrolysis System
An existing unique technology that can solve the growing problem of solid waste disposal is the continuous feed pyrolytic thermal waste treatment system, better known as the International Environment Solutions (IES) advanced pyrolysis system. The system treats all types of wastes-whether municipal, industrial or agricultural – as enormous mine of wealth. This is because in the process of pyrolysis, wastes are being converted into raw materials to generate electricity, produce charcoal and charcoal briquettes, and manufacture high-quality building materials.
In this process, solid wastes are delivered to the plant site where
they are first weighed, then dumped into the receiving area and sent to the sorting floor. Materials that can be recycled are separated and collected in roll-off bins to be sent into recycling facilities.
Other materials not suited for pyrolysis such as large rocks and
chunks of concrete are separated in roll-off bins for shipment back into the landfill site.
Those materials suitable for pyrolysis are then sent to a high temperature air dryer, or are temporarily stored. The dried wastes are then fed into a high-speed shredder that cuts them into small pieces, which are sent to the blender to combine with several other materials. The mixture is then fed into an oxygen-free chamber and an intense indirect heat is applied to reduce the waste material into combustible gases and benign residual char in the form of small granules similar to coarse black sand. The gases are recycled in the plant and cleaned in the system.
In the Philippines, a small-scale biomass pyrolyser for farm irriga-
tion was locally developed by the Forest Products Research and Develop-ment Institute (FPRDI), an agency of the Department of Science and Tech-nology. The pyrolyser produces combustible gas and carbon from agrofor-estry wastes such as pili, peanut, coconut shells, rice hulls, and wood chips. The gas can be used to fuel an internal combustion engine for irrigation pumps. The pyrolyser can pump about 30,000 gallons of water per hour compared with the traditional diesel engine that can pump 12,000 gallons per hour. It can supply the irrigation requirements of a 9.3 – ha farm for eight hours (Rimando & Rimando, 2003).
Aside from extracting pyrolysis gas, the system can also produce char, which can be converted into charcoal briquettes. As a whole, the biomass pyrolyser is economically significant since it lessens the cost of irrigating rice field and minimizes the problem of disposing agroforestry wastes.
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However, unlike the IES advanced pyrolysis system, the biomass pyrolyser developed by FPRDI releases into the environment toxic fumes and liquid effluents during the operation. For this reason, it has been suggested that FPRDI improves its biomass pyrolyser system that it can operate in a large scale and in a closed-loop system to avoid the hazardous by-products of combustion.
4. The Quezon City Controlled Waste Management Facility as Model
In compliance with the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003), the Quezon City government embarked on the conversion of the Payatas open dumpsite into a controlled disposal facility [Figure 18).
This is being managed by the Payatas Operations Group which
covers an area of 9.70 ha. The New Payatas Disposal Facility strictly imple-ments a comprehensive waste disposal plan in order to extend the life of the waste facility. The plan includes the application of earth cover material to expose garbage from previous open dumping operation (Figures 19 and 20). At least 0.6 m of top soil is being applied to the wastes [Fig. 21]. This will minimize the production of leachate, control odor and prevent the pro-liferation of flies, rats and other insect pests.
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Fig. 18. The Quezon City controlled waste management facility.
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
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Fig. 19. Before this was how the streets along the Payatas open dumpsite in Quezon City, Metro Manila looked like. Wastes were dumped every-where.
Fig. 20. After the conversion program, a perimeter fence was put up, so that the wastes are controlled within the perimetered area.
Fig. 21. At least 0.60 m of soil is being applied to the wastes at the end of each working day. The soil is then compacted to minimize the production of leachate, to control odor and to prevent the proliferation of flies, rats and other vermins.
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
A pond was constructed to separate storm water from leachate. The leachate canals and collection ponds prevent the accumulation of leachate along the foot of the active disposal cell. The leachate collected was sprayed in the compacted waste to speed up the decomposition proc-ess. Run-off and drainage canals were constructed to prevent water run-off coming in contact with the waste. Fig. 22 summarizes the before, during and after waste conversion program.
5. The Payatas Methane Gas Generation Technology
To effectively manage the wastes in Payatas dumpsite, a methane gas generation technology (a non-thermal technology type of generating energy) as described above was employed.
Greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide which
were produced during the process of anaerobic biodegradation of organic material were extracted and utilized. Hence, a 100-KW pilot methane power plant was built to supply the power for the composting plant and perimeter lights of the dumpsite. This was Quezon City’s humble contribu-tion to the mitigation of global warming and climate change.
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BEFORE DURING
Fig. 22. Various processes of the conversion.
AFTER
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
6. Phytoremediation technology on dumpsites
The recommended species are: McArthur palm, bunga de china, dapdap, balete and palosanto. These plants maybe planted around the perimeter of landfills. Application of this technology prevents contamination from spreading into surface water and or groundwater.
In Payatas dumpsite, phytoremediation was also practiced in the area not used for dumping wastes. Mongo beans were planted to enrich and condition the soil before vetiver grass is planted along the steep slope area for stabilization. Shrubs were also used to improve the landscape of the dumping site. Shrubs were planted on the reprofiled slopes. Such vegetative cover (or vegetative cap) is a long- term, self-sustaining cap composed of soil and plants growing in and/or over waste in a landfill. This type of cover is an alternative to composite clay or plastic layer caps. Plants control erosion and minimize seepage of water that could otherwise percolate through the landfill and form contaminated leachates. In addition, a vegetative cap can be designed not only to control erosion and seepage by water, but also to enhance the degradation of underlying materials in the landfill.
7. The MMDA’s Unified Approach on Solid Waste Management
In order to ensure an efficient and effective system of solid waste and garbage collection and disposal, and prohibit littering and the placing or throwing of garbage, refuse and other waste, the MMDA passed an ordi-nance for a unified approach on Solid Waste Management.
Description of Technology
a. Education and information Campaign. The MMDA understands the difficulty in giving proper instruction to the people on the proper waste disposal and management. They realized that the best way to address the problem is by maximizing the use of mass communication thru radio, TV, and print media.
The city government, in cooperation with the MMDA
thus, conducted a massive public awareness campaign to inform and instruct the people and all stakeholders on the matters rela-tive to the implementation of the unified approach on solid waste management.
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b. Storage of wastes. Basically, any wastes should be left in the place of purchase or in the household. No other person or individual in between has the obligation to keep those wastes. Hence, all stores, establishments and households were required to have suitable trash receptacle to keep one’s garbage to be kept inside its prem-ises and not along the sidewalks except during collection days.
Wastes were required to be stored and set out for collection in
a closed plastic bag or any appropriate container to avoid the entry of insects, pests and vermins; escape of bad odor; and spillage of leachate. Unpacked, improperly packed and spillage of garbage were not collected.
The owner were also made responsible in sweeping, cleaning
and repacking of the spilled garbage and to clean the mess caused by it.
Household toxic wastes were required to be disposed in a
specified manner in accordance with RA 6969. Broken glasses or lamps and other sharp objects are required to be securely en-closed in hard cardboards with tie to prevent injury to handlers and rip and tear bags or containers.
c. Waste Collection System. The city government shall be responsible
in collecting the garbage door to door on specified collection day. The city shall share this responsibility with the barangays.
Households, commercial establishments and institutions shall
bring their wastes conspicuously only in front of their premises during the designated collection day. Bulky wastes shall be collected separately subject to special arrangement with the local government units.
No burning shall be allowed at source. Only the authorized
garbage collection shall be allowed to handle the waste from the generators. Selling, scavenging and sorting by the garbage collection crew shall not be allowed. Junk dealers are not allowed to collect recyclable materials during the scheduled date of collection.
Collection equipment were required to be registered with
the city government to ensure the proper markings, safety and sanitation of the vehicle. All collection trucks should be in good
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body condition and properly equipped with tools and spare tires. Trucks must be properly covered to prevent spillage of garbage and escape of odor when traveling. Owners and operators must sanitize, disinfect and deodorize the collection trucks before leaving the dispatching area and after its disposal.
d. Disposal of wastes. A sanitary landfill is an engineered disposal
site for solid wastes. It should be designed, constructed, operated and maintained in such manner as to allow engineering control over significant potential impacts that could arise from the development and operation of the facility.
Compared to open dumping, a sanitary landfill system has
the built-in advantage of preventing harmful materials such as leachate and landfill gas from contaminating the environment. After filling its intended use and after closure, a sanitary landfill also makes possible the extraction to landfill gas for possible use in power generation and other uses.
e. Imposing of Fines. The imposition of tickets and fines to violators
of the ordinance were proposed to be made. In case the violator is a corporation, firm, institution or corporate entities, its president, manager or person responsible for its operation shall be held liable. The head of association or owner of malls, condominium and household shall be made responsible in case of violation of ordi-nances.
8. Management of Wastes in Barangay Molino V, Bacoor, Cavite.
This community started by maintaining a waste management project aimed at reducing waste through recycling. Unsegregated garbage were not collected to impose and enforce their sorting and for people to learn to do it on their own.
Majority of the people in the community worked together for the
closure of the dump site. All the wastes were removed and the dumping area was converted into a garden. They planted vegetables and maintained it everyday.
The project encouraged the majority of the residents to segregate
wastes and establish a Material Recovery Facility (MRF), which served as a depository and sorting area of the recyclable waste materials. An MRF was encouraged to be located even inside a residential lot, because it does not
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give a disgusting odor. The MRF had a shredder machine and engine, which transformed biodegradable wastes into organic fertilizers used for the garden.
The project started with donations from residents. When the
municipal government found that the waste management project was successfully working, it provided P300,000.00 grant and a garbage truck.
The project was somehow costly, because they have to hire an
“Eco-boy” who would collect the household’s garbage everyday. The worker was given P250.00/day plus meal allowance from the P40.00 monthly fees of the members and the money from the sold recyclable wastes. They were able to save P10.00 per sack of garbage which the barangay used to collect. The whole community also earned P7,000.00 from recyclable wastes every three months. This project also reduced the risk of illnesses caused by insects and other vermins.
Education of the People
It was highly encouraged in this project that the education about proper waste management and disposal must start with the family because not everyone in the family can fully understand the importance of the pro-ject.
9. The Kleensmoke Burner Technology is an inverted pile incinerator for
waste disposal and energy production.
The burning chamber is a large cylindrical pipe of refractory concrete, lying either horizontally or a slight upward angle. The present model, now in prototype setting is 10 m by 1.5 m size (James, 1979). Lon-gitudinal channels are cast into the wall of the burning chamber, and combustion air is preheated in these channels before it enters the cham-ber. The concrete walls can withstand temperatures up to 160 degrees centigrade and the ends of the burning chamber are closed by refractory concrete plates, which have penetrations for fuel addition at the bottom of one end. The primary fuel for the burner are wood- logging or brush clearing wastes, saw dust and other lumber mill wastes, and woody agri-cultural wastes such as orchard or vineyard prunings.
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Air Pollution Rehabilitation Schemes and Technology
1. Scrubber System Air Pollution Control Devices. These devices remove particulates and/or gases from
industrial exhaust streams. Traditionally, the term “scrubber” has referred to pollution control devices that used liquid to “scrub” unwanted pollutants from a gas stream. Recently, the term is also used to describe systems that inject a dry reagent or slurry into a dirty exhaust stream to “scrub out” acid gases. Scrubbers are one of the primary devices that control gaseous emissions, especially acid gases.
The exhaust gases of combustion may at times contain substances considered harmful to the environment, and it is the job of the scrubber to either remove those substances from the exhaust gas stream, or to neutralize those substances so that they cannot do any harm once emitted into the environment as part of exhaust gas stream. In wet scrubbing, a wet scrubber is used to clean air or other gases of various pollutants and dust particles. Wet scrubbing works via contact of target compounds or particulate matter with the scrubbing solution. Solutions may simply be water (for dust) or complex solutions of reagents that specifically target certain compounds. Removal efficiency of pollutants is improved by increasing residence time in the scrubber or by the increase of surface area of the scrubber solution using a spray nozzle, packed towers or an aspirator. Wet scrubbers will often significantly increase the proportion of water in waste gases of industrial processes which can be seen in a stack plume. In dry scrubbing, a dry or semi-dry scrubbing system, unlike the wet scrubber, does not saturate with moisture the flue gas stream that is being treated. In some cases, no moisture is added; while in other designs only the amount of moisture that can be evaporated in the flue gas without condensing is added. Therefore, dry scrubbers do not have a stack steam plume or wastewater handling/disposal requirements. Dry scrubbing systems are used to remove acid gases (such as SO2 and HCL) primarily from combustion sources. There is a number of dry type scrubbing system designs. However, all consist of two main sections or devices: a device to introduce the acid gas sorbent material into the gas stream, and a particulate matter control device to remove reaction products.
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Dry scrubbing systems can be categorized as dry sorbent injections (DSIs) or as spray dryer absorbers (SDAs). Spray dryer absorbers are also called semi-dry scrubbers or spray dryers.
a. In dry sorbent injection, an alkaline material (usually hydrated lime or soda ash) is added into the gas stream to react with the acid gases. The sorbent can be injected directly into several different locations: the combustion process, the flue gas duct (ahead of the particulate control device), or an open reaction chamber (if one exists). The acid gases react with the alkaline sorbents to form solid salts which are removed in the particulate control device. These simple systems can achieve only limited acid gas removal efficiencies. Higher collection efficiencies can be achieved by increasing the flue gas humidity (i.e., cooling using water spray). These devices have been used on medical waste incinerators and a few municipal waste combustors.
b. In spray dryer absorbers, the flue gases are introduced into an absorbing tower (dryer) where the gases are contacted with finely atomized alkaline slurry. Acid gases are absorbed by the slurry mixture and react to form solid salts which are removed by the particulate control device. The heat of the flue gas is used to evaporate all the water droplets, leaving a non-saturated flue gas to exit the absorber tower. Spray dryers are capable of achieving high (80+%) acid gas removal efficiencies. These devices have been used on industrial and utility boilers and municipal waste combustors.
c. Scrubber waste products - One side effect of scrubbing is that the
process only moves the unwanted substance from the exhaust gases into a solid paste or powder form. If there is no useful purpose for this solid waste, it must be either contained or buried to prevent environmental contamination. Limestone - based scrubbers can produce a synthetic gypsum of sufficient quality that can be used to manufacture drywall and other industrial products.
Mercury removal results in a waste product that either
needs further processing to extract the raw mercury, or must be buried in a special hazardous wastes landfill that prevents the mercury from seeping out into the environment.
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Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
2. Mitigating odors in landfill and garbage dumps
a. Deodorizer floating natural citrus odor counteractant is a floating odor counteractant to control odors in drains, manholes, sewage treatment plants, lagoons, garbage dumps, landfills and outside dumpsters. Its coating action creates a “seal” that floats on the surface of water. As foul odor seepage rises from below, it must pass through this ‘natural seal’ which counters the malodors on contact. This coupling of odors results in a pleasant, positive effect. It regreases as it deodorizes. It is biodegradable.
b. Volcanic deodorizing minerals are all natural odorless, non-toxic
volcanic crystals which capture unpleasant odors through its “negative ionic charge”. Generally all odors are positively charged gases that float in the air like dust particles. The negative charge of the volcanic minerals “traps” the positively charged undesirable odor particles. This particle is similar to a piece of metal being attracted to a magnet. The minerals attract and hold foul odor making the air smell fresh.
c. Dumpsite delight - is a granular solid odor control system, formulated with citronella oil which eliminates obnoxious odors. Just sprinkle or broadcast the super absorbent “dumpsite delight” which filters out malodors, eliminating them, not covering them up. It is biodegradable and can be used in trash composters, sewage treatment plants, landfill sites, garbage trucks, municipal dumps, hospital waste, manure piles, urine, decaying carcasses, all kinds of food wastes including meats, fish and poultry.
d. BIO-CURE is a liquid biochemical organic formulation, which contains
a blend of several species of bacteria and organic nutrients to ensure maximum degradation of organic substances and to enhance the rapid multiplication of enzyme-producing bacteria. It removes foul odor in actively decomposing organic waste and decontaminates polluted waste water in processing plants.
It converts harmful disease-producing organisms into useful
elements and eliminates sulfuric odor (H2S) coming from stagnant water and decaying matter. It lowers the acidity level and gets rid of organic contaminants in water. It is undoubtedly a non-toxic and environment-friendly alternative in the preservation of nature.
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To remove garbage odors in landfills and dumpsites, dilute 1
liter of BIO-CURE in 100 liters of water and spray. 3. Phytoremediation technology to minimize air pollution
Trees, shrubs and other forms of vegetation, planted in highly urbanized areas are nature’s own way of minimizing and controlling air pollution. The trees give off oxygen and take in CO2. The oxygen the tree gives off stabilizes the ozone layer, which is made up of pure oxygen that filters the carcinogenic ultraviolet rays of the sun. The carbon dioxide and industrial gases that trees absorb reduce the pollutants in the atmos-phere. Scientists have estimated that a tree uses about 5 tons of CO2 for every cubic meter of wood that it produces through the process of photosynthesis. In addition, the tree’s stem, branches and foliage could trap dust particles and other particulate matters in the air. The leaves could also absorb other toxic gases in the atmosphere. Broadleaved tree species with dense open crown proved to be more favorable in controlling air pollution than needle-shaped leaves. Gases and particulates are either absorbed or trapped more by large leaves rather than by the needle-shaped ones. Plants with irregular surfaces are more capable of removing gaseous pollutants from the air. The presence of trichomes increase the absorptive area of the leaves and trap sulfur dioxide. Some of the locally–grown plants that have the ability to contain air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide(s) are: ipil-ipil, mollucan sau, caballero, lumbang, African tulip, and yemane. Plants recommended for planting near factories, power stations, areas with congested and heavy traffic to help contain sulfur and nitrogen dioxide are: yellow bell, Chichirica, San Francisco, bandera española, mayana, and Zigzag plants. Other pollution-resistant plant species recommended for urban areas are adelfa, African tulip, bandera española, bougainvilla, bunga, caballero, campanilla, giant Ipil-ipil, lumbang, mayana, molave, moluccan sau, pandan, San Francisco, chichirika, yellow bell and Zigzag plant. These plant species are found in high traffic density areas but they exhibit zero or almost zero percent injury and are naturally growing well.
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4. Technology to Determine the Concentration of Lead in Blood of
Individuals Regularly Exposed to Motor Vehicle Emissions.
The study sites identified were at the high traffic density areas near the Ermita Air Quality Monitoring Station along Taft Avenue. This site encompasses the side streets of T.M. Kalaw, U.N. Ave., Padre Faura, Pedro Gil, Gen. Malvar, Julio Nakpil and Remedios. According to DOTC 1990 record, 47,500 vehicles were passing by the area during peak hours (Ramallosa, 1995). Blood was extracted from 51 subjects comprising juice and cigarette vendors, policemen, newsboys, car watchers and street cleaners for blood lead determination. Medical history of each of the said subject was also determined by the use of pre-tested interview schedule. Air sampling was also conducted daily for the lead analysis in ambient air within the area with the use of high volume sampler. Results of the blood lead analysis were correlated with the medical history of the subjects to determine whether the concentration of lead in blood can be attributed to lead emissions from motor vehicles or from other sources. Correlation was also determined with the mean of lead concentrations in air and hu-man blood and the seasonal variation. From the data, it was found that seasons, age, sex, smoking, allergies, gastro intestinal problems and exposure to fumes had no effect on the concentration of lead in blood.
5. Technology to Analyze the Pollution Uptake of A. mangium and
A. auriculiformis.
In NCR, included were 36 and 14 total sampling sites for A. auriculiformis and A. mangium, respectively. Leaf samples were collected from 4 to 5 trees from each study site. Leaves were taken from top, middle and lower portions of the trees. These were mixed together in plastic bags and were analyzed for SO2 and Pb content at the Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) and UP National Science Research Institute (NSRI) laboratories. Same activity was conducted in non-pollutive areas like La Mesa Dam in Quezon City and UP Los Baños. Comparisons of the laboratory result analysis for SO2 and Pb in leaf samples were done for pollutive and non-pollutive areas.
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Result of the study showed that leaf samples of A. auriculiformis and A. mangium collected at pollutive areas were high in SO2 and lead content when compared to those at non-pollutive areas. Both tree species therefore, can be potential absorbers of SO2 and lead in the atmosphere. Planting of these trees could be one of the solutions to the heavily polluted air in the National Capital Region (NCR) and other highly urbanized areas in the country (Ramallosa, 1995).
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DENR-NCR. 1995. Pollution: Its effect to man and environment. In “Abstract of Researches and Information Generated by ERDS-DENR-NCR. A Compilation” . Techno-Info Series. 5(1):40-41.
DENR-NCR. 1994. Air pollution-resistant plant species recommended for urban
areas (B. Moderately resistant plant species). Techno-Info Series 4(2): DENR-NCR. 1994. Biodiversity of Metropolitan Manila. Techno-Info Series
4(5):6-8. DENR-NCR. 1993. How to establish a tree nursery and outplant a seedling for
urban forestry. Techno-Info Series 3(1):1-10. DENR-NCR-ERDS-FMS. 1993. Urban forestry and the greening of Metro Manila.
Techno-Info Series 3(3): 2-10 DOST RIV-A. 2006. Alternative fuel from biogas. A Planner’s manual. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1978. Tannery by-products. Macropedia 10:764 Fabellar, A. 1992. Sampalok. RISE. Special Issue. (2)23-33. Fabellar, A. 1998. Some important Philippine plants with therapeutic value.
RISE. 10(3):6-7. Florido, H., J.C. Saplan and R.P. Arcilla. 1991. Datiles. RISE. 3(4): 1-5. Foster, K.A.D. 2004. Rehabilitating Payatas dump. Manila Bull. p. B-14. Grey, G.W. and F.J. Deneke. 1986. Urban forestry. New York: John Wiley &
Sons. 104-118.; 60-67 Hilomen, S.J.R. 2003. Here comes an effective waste segregation system.
Panorama 32 (45): 18-19. http:/davesgardwen.com/guides/PF/go89594 http://www.liftstationdegreasers.com/products.htm http:/209.85.175.104/search?q=cache;+WTZbaqWqrMS:wwwbbc.co.uk/
gardening/plants/plantprofilehoneysuckle.shtmi+honey+suckle+plant &hl=en&ct=clnk&cd+5&gl=ph
51
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
http./208.85.175.104/search?9=cache: xrzm. ZAksQVMJ: www.Stuartxchange com/santan.html +white +santan & hl=en & ct=clnk & cd=1&gl=ph
http:/209.85.175.104/search? 9 cache:xrzmZAksQVMJ:www.Stuartxchange.
com/santan.html+white+santan&hl= en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=ph http://www.liftstationdegreasers.com/products.htm http://www.quezoncity.gov.ph/index.phpoption=com_content&view= article
&id= 160:the-payatas-dumpsite-from-tragedytotriumph&catid =44:special-features&Itemid=38 James. J.Z. 1979. An inverted pile incinerator for waste disposal and energy
production. James Engineering Comp. El Cerrita Calif. USA Madulid, D. 2000. 2nd Ed. A pictorial cyclopedia of Philippine ornamental plants.
Bookmark Inc: Makati City, Philippines. 388 pp. Nera, B.S. 1992. FMB rehabilitation of degraded secondary forest in the
Philippines. Scientific paper presented in “Workshop on degraded forest rehabilitation” Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Nestle Consumer Services Department. 1994 What to do with trash. Nestle
Homemaker 7(2): 6-7 Pabilonia, J.E.T. 2004. Local initiatives for affordable waste water treatment
(LINAW), Muntinlupa City [Unpublished Report}. Palaypayon, C.M. and H.B. Florido. 2007. “King and queen of flowering trees.
Canopy International. Jan-Dec. pp. 8 & 10. Palijon, A.M. 2000. Urban forestry: An approach to environmental
enhancement in the Philippines. Metro Manila Commission Professo-rial Chair Lecture.
Palijon, A.M. 2001. Enhancement and rehabilitation of green spaces in Metro
Manila. Metro Manila Commission Professorial Chair Lecture. CFNR- College of Forestry and Natural Resources. University of the Philippines at Los Baños. 33pp.
Philippine Information Agency. 1994. Recycling movement of the Philippines. Piñol, A., V. Sinohin, C. Roxas, L. Gonzales and N. Cortiguerra. 1991. Kauayan.
RISE. 3(12):1 Ramallosa, L.V. 1995. Pollution uptake of Acacia mangium and Acacia
52
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
auriculiformis in the National Capital Region. DENR-NCR Techno-info Series. 5(1):35.
_______________ . 1995. Evaluation of lead in blood of humans exposed to high
traffic density area along Taft Avenue. DENR-NCR Techno-Info Series 5(1):34
Reyes, A. 2007. R.P. Environment in Precarious Situation – Asian Journal. Rimando, R.M. and E.F. Rimando. 2003. Managing solid wastes through
pyrolisis. The PCARRD Monitor 31(1):11-12. Rosacia, W.Z., A.N. Achivar and M.B. Avanzado. 2004. Poisonous weeds
prominent in rangeland and grassland area. RISE. 16()2:2-4. Sabas, Luz. 1979. Four Fs of Total Recycling. Scheme for domestic solid waste.
M.S. Thesis. UPLB, College, Laguna (unpublished) Sadie, V.D. and A.T. Cornejo. 1990. Akle. RISE. 2(7):1-8. Salanguit, T.S 1993. Phytoremediation of the degraded waterways in NCR. In
“Abstract of completed studies in NCR:1995 – early half of 2004” Techno info series 13(2):29
Tidon, S. 1993. Kamias. RISE. 5(4):1-10 Tidon, S.S. 2000. Management and utilization of urban solid waste. RISE , 12
(3). Trevis International Corp. Undated. Brochure on plantex revolutionary cleaning
solutions. University of the Philippines. 1971. Plants of the Philippines: a project of
Science Education Center. 266pp. Uriarte, M.T. 1994. Some plants sensitive to air pollution Techno-Info Series. 4
(3):8 Veracion, V.P. 1983. Live fence in forest research. Canopy International. p. 7. World Bank. 2000. Philippine Environment Monitor 2000.
www.cleaningpro.com/products/a-z/d.htm.
53
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
www.edis.ifas.utl.edu. Restoring the urban ecosystem www.wikipedia.org/wikki/pollution www.bpi.da.gov.ph/publication/productionguides/avocado.htm www.wastetopower.com/advanced-pyrolysis-systems.htm Zuela, C. and R. Reaviles. 1991. Anahaw. RISE.3(8):1-8.
54
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
Appendix Table 1. COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF RECOMMENDED PLANT SPECIES FOR URBAN AREAS
Common Name Sciencitific Name
Acacia African tulip Akle Adelfa Agoho Amherstia Aratiles Atis Anahaw Avocado
Samanea saman Spathoda campanulata Serialbizia acle Nerium oleander Casuarina equisetifolia Amherstia nobilis Muntigia calabum Anona sqamos Livistonia rotundifolia Persia Americana
Bitaog Balete Balitbitan Banaba Blue palm Botong Bunga de China Bougainvilla
Callophyllum inophyllum Ficus Benjamin Cynometra ramiflorea Lagerstroemia speciosa Neodyosis decaryi Barringtonia asiatica Adonidia bluescens Bougainvilla sp
Caballero Caimito Carabao grass Champaca Champagne Chichirica Chico Coconut Cucharitas
Caesalpinia pulcherrima Chrysophyllum caimito Paspalum conjugatum Michelia champaca Mascarena lagenicaulis Altemanthera amoena Achras zapota Cocos nucifera Altermanthea ficoidea
Dapdap Dwarf calachuchi.
Erythrina indica Adenum obesum
False bird of paradise Fire tree Fringon
Heliconia psittacorum Delonix regia Bauhinia purpurea
Golden shower Guava Guyabano
Cassia fistula Psidium guajava Anona muricata
Ilang-ilang Cananga odorata
Kamagong Kamias Katmon
Diospyros discolor Averhon balimbi Dillenia philippinensis
56
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
Langka Luha ng dalaga Lantana
Artocarpus heterophylla Pedilanthus tithymaloides Lantana camara
Mc Arthur palm Mabolo Mahogany Mango Mangium Manzanitas Melendres Molave
Ptychospera macarthurii Diospyros dioscolor Swietenia macrophyla Acacia mangium Mangifera indica Zizipus mauritians Lagerstroemia indica Vitex parviflora
Narra Pterocarpus indicus
Palawan cherry Palmera Palosanto Pili Pink tecoma Pink shower
Cassia rodosa Chrysalidocapus bluesens Triplaris cumingiana Canarium ovatum Tabebuia rosea Cassia javanica
Rain tree Red palm Rain Tree Rose moss Royal palm
Samanea saman Cystotachys renda Samanea saman Portulaca grandiflora Roystone regia
Santol Saraca Sampaloc Shanghai beauty
Sandoricum koetjape Saraca declinata Tamarindus indica Janthropha panduriflora
Talisai Traveller’s palm
Terminalia catappa Ravenada madagascariensis
57
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
58
Appe
ndix
Tab
le 2
. Bio
phys
ical
Req
uire
men
ts o
f Spe
cies
Sui
tabl
e fo
r Urb
an R
ehab
ilita
tion
PLAN
T N
AME
MO
RPHO
LOGI
CAL
CLIM
ATE
T
OPO
GRAP
HY
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/ De
scrip
tion
Tem
pera
ture
Ra
infa
ll El
evat
ion
Slop
e
Com
mon
Nam
e
Gr
adie
nt
Acac
ia a
uric
ulifo
rmis/
Auri
Med
ium
-size
d tr
ee; f
ast g
row
ing;
eve
r gre
en w
ith d
ense
folia
ge a
nd a
n op
en
spre
adin
g cr
own.
17
-34
C
900—
2000
mm
22
0-30
0mm
5-
15%
Acac
ia m
angi
um W
illd/
M
angi
um
The
spec
ies i
s a ta
ll tr
ee re
achi
ng a
hei
ght o
f 30m
(ave
rage
15m
) and
a d
iam
eter
of
90c
m. I
t has
a st
raig
ht b
ole
and
a sli
ghtly
flut
ed a
t the
bot
tom
. Lea
ves f
lat-
tene
d le
af st
alk
calle
d ph
yllo
des,
obl
ong,
ent
ire, p
aral
lel v
eine
d; 2
5-30
cm x
8-
10cm
wid
e. N
ewly
ger
min
ated
seed
lings
hav
e co
mpo
und
leav
es li
ke L
euca
ena
and
Albi
zia. L
ike
othe
r le
gum
e sp
ecie
s, th
e sp
ecie
s can
fix
Nitr
ogen
and
has
sy
mbi
otic
rela
tions
hips
with
the
myc
orrh
izal f
ungi
thus
pro
vidi
ng so
il fe
rtili
ty.
12-3
4 C
Ra
nge:
100
0-45
00m
m
Nor
mal
: 200
0 m
m
Best
gro
wth
500
- 30
00m
m
Aden
ium
obe
sum
(For
ssk.
) Ro
em. &
Sch
ult./
Dwar
f
cala
chuc
hi
Succ
ulen
t shr
ub o
r sm
all t
ree,
som
etim
es w
ith a
fles
hy ta
proo
t; st
em sw
olle
n at
th
e ba
se u
pto
1-2m
in d
iam
eter
; bar
k pa
le g
reyi
sh-g
reen
,gre
y or
bro
wn,
sm
ooth
, with
stic
ky, c
lear
or w
hite
late
x, le
aves
arr
ange
d sp
irally
, clu
ster
ed a
t th
e en
d of
bra
ncle
ts, s
impl
e; fl
ower
s bise
xual
, sho
wy,
usu
ally
app
earin
g be
fore
th
e le
aves
.
war
m te
m-
pera
ture
pr
efer
ably
ab
ove
30 o
C
up
to 2
100
altit
ude
Amhe
rstia
nob
ilis W
all.
Amhe
rstia
Am
hers
tia is
a st
unni
ng e
verg
reen
tree
that
gro
ws u
p to
12
m h
igh.
Its
90
cm
long
leav
es a
re p
inna
tely
com
poun
d. I
ts 3
0 cm
long
, obl
ong
leaf
lets
, hav
e lo
ng
acum
inat
e tip
s, re
d or
pin
k, th
at d
roop
whe
n yo
ung
and
turn
gre
en a
t mat
urity
. Its
10
cm ra
cem
es a
re h
angi
ng.
Its e
xtra
vaga
nt fl
ower
s han
g fr
om th
e lo
ng
inflo
resc
ence
with
brig
ht c
rimso
n re
d at
the
end.
Its
flow
er h
as tw
o m
inut
e an
d th
ree
uneq
ual c
rimso
n pe
tals.
The
tip
of it
s tw
o m
ediu
m-s
ized
peta
ls ar
e ye
l-lo
w.
The
larg
e pe
tal i
s abo
ut 7
.5 c
m lo
ng a
nd o
ver 4
cm
wid
e at
the
end.
Its
la
rges
t pet
al is
bro
ad a
nd fa
n-sh
aped
with
a w
avy
uppe
r mar
gin
and
a ye
llow
tr
iang
le o
f col
or e
xten
ding
from
the
tip d
own
to th
e flo
wer
. Th
ere
are
9 or
10
stam
ens o
f diff
eren
t len
gths
, par
tly fu
sed
into
a p
ink
shea
th
The
spec
ies
requ
ires a
w
arm
and
m
oist
cli-
mat
e, sh
ade
and
prot
ec-
tion
from
se
vere
win
d.
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
MO
RPHO
LOGI
CAL
CLIM
ATE
TO
POGR
APHY
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/ De
scrip
tion
Tem
pera
ture
Ra
infa
ll El
evat
ion
Slop
e
Com
mon
Nam
e
Gr
adie
nt
Antig
onon
lept
opus
Cad
ena
de
Amor
Th
is is
a lo
vely
vin
e of
fast
to m
oder
ate
grow
th, w
ide
spre
adin
g
tend
ril, c
limbi
ng c
reep
er a
nd q
uite
her
baci
ous.
It lo
oks q
uite
frag
ile
but i
s a v
ery
pers
isten
t vin
e, a
scen
ding
from
a tu
bero
us ro
ot st
ock,
be
ars m
asse
s of s
mal
l brig
ht p
ink
or c
ense
flow
ers i
n fe
athe
ry tr
ails
of
lack
et sh
aped
blo
oms b
orne
in sp
rays
end
ing
in te
ndril
s tha
t tig
hten
ar
ound
any
supp
ort,
spre
adin
g ou
t the
ir sm
all s
hape
d le
aves
.
Requ
ires f
ull
sun,
but
is
okay
in
part
ial
65-7
0o F (1
9-21
oC)
Arec
a ca
tech
u L.
Bun
ga
Arec
a nu
t is a
slen
der,
delic
ate,
ere
ct tr
opic
al p
alm
reac
hing
a h
eigh
t of
abo
ut 1
0 m
and
live
s fro
m 6
0 up
to 1
00 y
ears
. Ad
vent
itiou
s roo
ts
are
prod
uced
from
the
bole
; prim
ary
root
s, a
bout
1.5
cm
in d
iam
eter
, br
anch
ed o
ut to
form
seco
ndar
y an
d te
rtia
ry ro
ots.
Roo
ts a
re m
ostly
co
nfin
ed w
ithin
a ra
dius
of 1
m fr
om th
e bo
le a
nd a
t the
top
60 c
m o
f so
il. T
he st
em i
s unb
ranc
hed
cylin
dric
al, s
trai
ght,
25-4
0 cm
in
di
amet
er, a
bout
25
m ta
ll, ri
nged
with
leaf
scar
s and
has
a c
row
n of
le
aves
at t
he to
p. T
he c
row
n is
abou
t 2.5
m in
dia
met
er; l
eave
s, 1
.0 to
1.
5 m
long
with
a sm
ooth
shea
thin
g ba
se c
ompl
etel
y en
circ
ling
the
stem
. Le
aves
are
reta
ined
for a
bout
two
year
s aft
er u
nfur
ling;
mat
ure
crow
n co
ntai
ns a
bout
12
func
tiona
l lea
ves.
The
spad
ix is
enc
lose
d by
a
doub
le b
oat-
shap
ed sp
athe
abo
ut 6
0 x
18 c
m.
The
rach
is is
30-6
0 cm
long
with
20-
25 se
cond
ary
bran
ches
. Fl
ower
s are
uni
sexu
al; m
ale
flow
ers a
re n
umer
ous,
min
ute
and
deci
duou
s and
bor
ne a
t the
bas
e of
seco
ndar
y an
d te
rtia
ry b
ranc
hes,
200
-500
per
spad
ix
16 to
35o C
1000
-500
0 m
m a
nnua
l ra
infa
ll 90
0 m
asl
Aver
rhoa
bili
mbi
L.
Kam
ias
Kam
ias i
s a sm
all t
ree
whi
ch g
row
s fro
m 5
-12
m h
igh.
The
leav
es a
re
pinn
ate,
20-
60 c
m lo
ng, w
ith h
airy
rach
is an
d le
afle
ts.
The
leaf
lets
are
op
posit
e; 1
0-17
pai
rs; o
blon
g an
d 5-
10 c
m lo
ng.
The
pani
cles
gro
win
g fr
om th
e tr
unk
and
larg
e br
anch
es a
re h
airy
and
app
roxi
mat
ely
15 c
m
long
. Th
e flo
wer
s are
abo
ut 1
.5 c
m lo
ng a
nd a
re re
lativ
ely
frag
rant
.
500
m
59
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
MO
RPHO
LOGI
CAL
CLIM
ATE
TO
POGR
APHY
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/ De
scrip
tion
Tem
pera
ture
Ra
infa
ll El
evat
ion
Slop
e
Com
mon
Nam
e
Gr
adie
nt
Barr
ingt
onia
asia
tica
(Lin
n.)
Kurt
z Bot
ong
A tr
ee re
achi
ng o
f hei
ght o
f 8-1
5 m
. Lea
ves
are
larg
e of
ten
alte
rnat
ing
with
sm
alle
r on
es a
ttac
hed
dire
ctly
to
a br
anch
or
stem
with
out
an
inte
rven
ing
bulk
j, 20
-40
cm lo
ng; t
hick
and
shi
ny; a
pex
obtu
se; b
ase
is ro
unde
d tr
unca
te, p
etio
le is
abs
ent.
The
bark
is p
inki
sh t
o gr
eeni
sh,
not
scal
y or
rid
ged;
inn
er b
ark
is th
ick,
whi
te w
ith p
ale
yello
wish
st
reak
s. F
low
ers
are
very
larg
e w
ith w
hite
col
or, b
orne
in s
hort
, ere
ct,
few
- flo
wer
ed r
acem
es.
Caly
x tu
be i
s ab
out
1 cm
lon
g. T
he l
obes
nu
mbe
r 2
or 3
, w
ith a
n ob
long
sha
pe.
Ther
e ar
e 4
deci
duou
s, t
hin
peta
ls, fi
rst w
hite
and
then
bro
wni
sh, o
blon
g, 7
to 8
cm
long
and
3 to
4
cm w
ide.
The
stam
en a
re n
umer
ous a
nd sl
ende
r, un
ited
at th
e ba
se,
10 t
o 12
cm
long
, w
hite
bel
ow a
nd s
hadi
ng t
o pu
rple
abo
ve.
The
an
ther
s are
smal
l and
yel
low
.
Bras
sica
rapa
/Pec
hay
Bagu
io
Chin
ese
cabb
age
is a
Chin
ese
leaf
veg
etab
le c
omm
only
kno
wn
in
Chin
ese
cuisi
ne. T
he v
eget
able
is re
late
d to
the
wes
tern
cab
bage
and
of
the
sam
e sp
ecie
s as t
he c
omm
on tu
rnip
.
45 -8
5 o F
se
a le
vel t
o hi
gh a
lti-
tude
s
Cham
pagn
e la
geni
caul
is
M
asca
rena
Th
is lit
tle d
war
f of a
pal
m w
ill g
row
slow
ly to
a h
eigh
t of 1
0-12
ft. T
he
solit
ary
trun
k is
grot
esqu
ely
swol
len
and
look
s as i
f wer
e ca
st in
a
smoo
th g
rey
conc
rete
. The
trun
k is
a ro
unde
d bu
lge
in y
oung
spec
i-m
ens a
nd g
radu
ally
elo
ngat
es a
nd fl
atte
ns so
mew
hat a
s the
pal
m
mat
ures
. Flo
wer
s are
foun
d in
the
low
est l
eaf i
n a
singl
e pa
nicl
e.
61-
63 o F
Cana
rium
ova
tum
Eng
l./ P
ili
Pili
is a
larg
e tr
ee re
achi
ng a
hei
ght o
f abo
ut 3
5 m
and
1 m
or m
ore
in
diam
eter
at b
reas
t hei
ght.
The
leav
es a
re a
ltern
ate,
pin
nate
, abo
ut 3
0 cm
long
, with
usu
ally
thre
e pa
irs o
f opp
osite
leaf
lets
. The
flo
wer
s are
cl
uste
red
and
born
e on
larg
e co
mpo
und
inflo
resc
ence
.
war
m te
mp.
w
ell d
istrib
uted
th
roug
hout
the
year
. lo
w e
leva
tion
but c
ould
also
th
rive
in
area
s whi
ch
are
300-
400m
. Abs
l.
60
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
MO
RPHO
LOGI
CAL
CLIM
ATE
TO
POGR
APHY
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/ De
scrip
tion
Tem
pera
ture
Ra
infa
ll El
evat
ion
Slop
e
Com
mon
Nam
e
Gr
adie
nt
Coco
s nuc
ifera
(Lin
n.) C
ocon
ut
Thic
k, e
rect
, unb
ranc
hed,
con
tinou
sly g
row
ing
stem
, with
a c
row
n of
fu
lly a
nd p
artia
lly o
pene
d le
aves
, eac
h 6
m lo
ng a
nd c
onta
inin
g ab
out
200
leaf
lets
of
90-1
35 c
m le
ngth
. Th
e ro
ot-p
rodu
cing
bol
e is
abou
t 90
cm lo
ng,
ther
e ar
e ab
out
7000
roo
ts f
or a
dult
palm
, th
e pa
lm is
de
scrib
ed a
s "t
he tr
ee o
f hea
ven"
and
one
of t
he w
orld
's gr
eate
st g
ift
to m
an. T
he c
ocon
ut tr
ee g
row
s to
30m
(98f
t) in
hei
ght a
nd m
ay li
ve
100
year
s. It
has
a s
ingl
e gr
owin
g po
int
that
pro
duce
s hu
ge p
inna
te
leav
es,
or f
rond
s, a
nd y
ello
w o
r w
hite
flo
wer
s th
at f
orm
the
fru
it bu
nch.
mea
n an
nual
te
mp.
is b
et.
27- 3
5o C
1,30
0-2,
300m
m
600m
is th
e lim
itatio
n.
Ficu
s ben
jam
ina
Bal
ete
Bale
te c
an g
row
into
a la
rge
tree
with
wid
e sp
read
ing,
con
ical
cro
wn
of d
roop
ing
slend
er b
ranc
hes.
The
6 t
o 9
cm lo
ng le
aves
are
obl
ong
ovat
e, l
eath
ery,
with
pro
min
ent
and
slend
er p
oint
, ro
unde
d ba
se,
entir
e m
argi
ns,
gree
n, s
moo
th a
nd s
hiny
; th
e ne
rves
are
sle
nder
, sp
read
ing
and
not p
rom
inen
t. T
he p
etio
les a
re 5
to 1
0 m
m lo
ng.
45 -8
5 o F
1,
500
m a
sl
Lage
rstr
oem
ia in
dica
/M
elen
dres
M
ediu
m t
o la
rge
vase
-sha
ped
shru
b; 4
-20
ft.,
leav
es a
re s
impl
e, o
val
to la
nceo
late
, glo
ssy
gree
n, so
met
imes
bro
nze-
tinge
d, a
ttra
ctiv
e, w
ide
varia
tion
in a
ll co
lor.
In s
ome
plan
ts th
e le
aves
sta
y gr
een
until
dro
op-
ing,
in o
ther
s th
ey t
urn
crim
son
or y
ello
w. F
low
ers
are
larg
e cl
uste
rs
on b
ranc
h te
rmin
als,
col
or v
arie
s fr
om w
hite
, pin
k an
d la
vend
er, r
ed
hues
;blo
oms
from
ear
ly s
umm
er. W
ith a
hei
ght o
f abo
ut 3
m a
nd 1
m
or m
ore
in d
iam
eter
at b
reas
t hei
ght.
The
leav
es a
re p
inna
te,
abou
t
Req
uire
s ful
l su
n Ev
enly
dist
ribut
ed
thro
ugho
ut th
e ye
ar
low
ele
vatio
n bu
t cou
ld a
lso
thriv
e in
ar
eas 3
00-
400m
asl
Helli
coni
a ps
ittac
orum
/ Fal
se
bird
of p
arad
ise
The
leav
es o
f th
ese
plan
ts a
re 1
5-30
cm
long
, obl
ong,
opp
osite
one
an
othe
r on
non
-woo
dy p
etio
les,
oft
en
long
er t
han
the
leaf
, of
ten
form
ing
larg
e cl
umps
with
age
. The
ir flo
wer
s ar
e pr
o- d
uced
on
long
, er
ect
or d
roop
ing
pani
cles
, an
d co
nsist
of
brig
htly
col
ored
wax
y br
acts
, with
sm
all t
rue
flow
ers
peep
ing
from
the
bra
cts.
The
gro
wth
ha
bit o
f Hel
li- c
onia
is si
mila
r to
Conn
a, S
trlit
zia a
nd b
anan
a to
whi
ch
they
are
rela
ted.
As a
pot
ted
plan
t, m
ain-
tain
tem
p.
abov
e 65
de
gree
s
61
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
MO
RPHO
LOGI
CAL
CLIM
ATE
TO
POGR
APHY
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/ De
scrip
tion
Tem
pera
ture
Ra
infa
ll El
evat
ion
Slop
e
Com
mon
Nam
e
Gr
adie
nt
Lage
rstr
oem
ia in
dica
/M
elen
dres
30
cm
long
with
usu
ally
thr
ee p
airs
of o
ppos
ite le
afle
ts a
nd a
ter
mi-
nal l
eafle
t. Th
e le
afle
ts a
re s
moo
th, o
vate
-obl
ong
12 t
o 20
cm lo
ng, 3
to
7 c
m w
ide,
sm
ooth
and
shi
ny o
n bo
th s
ides
, poi
nted
at
the
apex
an
d ro
unde
d or
obt
usel
y po
inte
d at
the
bas
e. T
he f
low
ers
are
clus
-te
red
and
born
e on
larg
e co
mpo
und
inflo
resc
ence
.
Lant
ana
cam
ara
L.
Lant
ana
Lant
ana
is a
sm
all t
horn
y flo
wer
ing
shru
b w
ith s
quar
e st
ems.
It i
s an
an
gios
perm
with
ring
s of e
ight
or m
ore
tubu
lar f
low
ers.
It c
an g
row
to
a m
axim
um h
eigh
t of
6 ft
and
may
spr
ead
8 ft
acr
oss
the
grou
nd.
It ha
s an
ere
ct o
r su
bsca
nden
t, sq
uare
-sec
tione
d, p
rickl
y st
em.
Its
yo
ung
leav
es a
re u
sual
ly p
ale
in c
olor
, w
hile
old
er o
nes
are
dark
er
such
as
red
or o
rang
e.
The
leav
es a
re o
vate
, coa
rsel
y se
rrat
ed a
nd
deep
ly v
eine
d m
easu
ring
5-12
.7 c
m x
2.5
cm
with
rou
nded
too
th
edge
s an
d a
text
ured
su
rfac
e.
The
smal
l flo
wer
s ar
e ar
rang
ed i
n de
nse
flat-
topp
ed h
eads
and
hel
d in
clu
ster
s (c
alle
d um
bles
), ty
pica
lly
2.4
- 5.1
cm
in d
iam
eter
. Co
lor
of fl
ower
s ra
nges
from
whi
te t
o ye
l-lo
w, o
rang
e to
red
, pin
k to
ros
e in
un
limite
d co
mbi
natio
ns, u
sual
ly
chan
ges i
n co
lor a
s the
y ag
e.
It ca
n to
ler-
ate
both
hum
id
and
dry
heat
bu
t can
not
live
belo
w
28oF
.
Mich
elia
cham
paca
(Lin
n)/
Cham
paca
Th
is is
a sm
all t
ree,
gro
win
g to
a h
eigh
t of
6m
. or
mor
e. T
he b
ark
is gr
ey a
nd s
moo
th. T
he w
ood
is so
ft, w
ith w
hite
sap
woo
d an
d w
hite
ol
ive-
brow
n he
arth
woo
d.
The
youn
g sh
oots
ar
e sil
ky
and
the
bran
chle
ts a
re o
ppre
ssed
-pub
esce
nt. T
he le
aves
are
ova
te- l
ance
olat
e to
obl
ong-
lanc
eola
te, 1
2 to
20
cm lo
ng, a
nd 2
.5 to
6.0
cm
wid
e, g
radu
-al
ly n
arro
wiin
g up
war
d to
a lo
ng p
oint
ed a
pex.
The
flo
wer
s ar
e pa
le
yello
w o
r or
ange
, ver
y fr
agra
nt, a
nd 4
-5 c
m lo
ng. T
he p
eria
nth
seg-
men
ts a
re u
sual
ly 1
5-20
, dec
idou
s in
who
rls o
f 3, t
he o
uter
one
s bei
ng
oblo
ng, a
nd th
e in
ner,l
inea
r in
shap
e.
Full
sun
to
part
ial s
hade
62
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
MO
RPHO
LOGI
CAL
CLIM
ATE
TO
POGR
APHY
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/ De
scrip
tion
Tem
pera
ture
Ra
infa
ll El
evat
ion
Slop
e
Com
mon
Nam
e
Gr
adie
nt
Mus
saen
da sp
s.
The
Rubi
acea
e ar
e tr
ees,
shr
ubs,
or
infr
eque
ntly
her
bs.
Leav
es a
re
simpl
e, o
ppos
ite o
r so
met
imes
who
rled.
Stip
ules
are
pre
sent
and
in
terp
etio
lar.
The
flow
ers
are
near
ly a
lway
s bi
sexu
al a
nd a
ctin
omor
-pi
c, is
var
iabl
e, s
ome-
tim
es fo
rmin
g m
ultip
le fl
ower
blo
om. D
oña
Luz
has l
arge
dar
k pi
nk b
ract
s, p
each
or p
ink
brac
ts.
66-7
5 o F
0-24
90 m
Pong
amia
pin
nata
(Lin
n.) M
err.
Bani
Bani
is a
gna
rly t
ree
reac
hing
a h
eigh
t of
6 t
o 25
m a
nd 4
5 cm
in d
i-am
eter
. Its
bar
k ha
s a
dull
gray
to
pink
ish-
brow
nish
col
or, s
moo
th
but b
ecom
ing
shal
low
ly fi
ssur
ed; t
he in
ner
bark
has
a s
tron
g sm
ell o
f cr
ushe
d be
an-p
od.
Lea
ves
are
com
poun
d 20
-25
cm l
ong;
lea
flets
ov
ate,
6-1
5 cm
long
. Th
e te
rmin
al o
ne is
larg
er t
han
the
othe
r an
d po
inte
d at
the
tip
; usu
ally
with
a r
ound
bas
e th
ickl
y co
riace
ous,
pur
-pl
ish,
pink
whi
te,
abou
t 1.
5 cm
lon
g.
Caly
x is
com
panu
late
nea
rly
trun
cate
; cor
olla
is m
uch
exer
ted.
The
ban
ner
is br
oad;
kee
l obt
use,
th
e pe
tals
are
cohe
ring
at t
he t
ip;
styl
e, i
ncur
red
glab
rous
; st
igm
a,
capi
tate
.
Psid
ium
gua
java
Linn
./
Guav
a It
is a
smal
l tre
e re
achi
ng a
abo
ut 8
m. i
n he
ight
. You
ng b
ranc
hes
are
four
-ang
led.
The
12
cm l
ong,
ape
x po
inte
d, b
ase
usua
lly r
ound
ed.
Pedu
ncle
s ar
e 1
to 3
- flo
wer
ed. F
low
ers a
re w
hite
, 3 to
3.5
cm
acr
oss,
solit
ary
or 2
-3 t
oget
her
cott
ony
whi
te. T
he n
umer
ous
stam
ens
form
th
e at
trac
tive
part
s of t
he fl
ower
.
Qui
squi
alis
indi
ca Li
nn./
Dr
unke
n sa
ilor
It is
a fr
ee b
ranc
hing
per
enni
al c
limbe
r, er
ect a
nd s
hrub
like
in y
outh
, it
can
reac
h up
to
70 ft
tal
l or
mor
e. L
eave
s ar
e da
rk a
nd g
reen
and
el
liptic
with
dist
ingu
ished
vei
natio
n. T
he s
lend
er 5
lob
ed f
ragr
ant
flow
er b
loom
s whi
te a
nd c
hang
e to
pin
k an
d th
en b
right
ened
on
a 3-
day
bloo
m p
erio
d.
Full
sun
to
part
ial s
hade
63
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
MO
RPHO
LOGI
CAL
CLIM
ATE
TO
POGR
APHY
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/ De
scrip
tion
Tem
pera
ture
Ra
infa
ll El
evat
ion
Slop
e
Com
mon
Nam
e
Gr
adie
nt
Roys
tone
a re
gia/
Roy
al P
alm
Ro
ysto
nea
spec
ies
are
singl
e- s
tem
med
tre
es.
Trun
ks a
re g
rey
to
whi
te,
ofte
n bu
lgin
g ei
ther
at
the
base
or
the
cent
ral
port
ion.
The
le
aves
are
pin
nate
, 1-7
m lo
ng w
ith n
umer
ous
pinn
ate
up to
1 m
long
an
d 2-
4 cm
bro
ad,
the
leav
es a
lso h
ave
a di
stin
ctiv
e gr
een
basa
l sh
eath
ext
endi
ng 2
-5 m
dow
n th
e th
e tr
unk.
The
se p
lant
s ha
ve t
he
abili
ty t
o ea
sily
rele
ase
thei
r le
aves
in s
tron
g w
inds
. In
flo-
resc
ence
oc
cur b
enea
th th
e cr
own
shaf
t, em
ergi
ng fr
om a
nar
row
hor
n-sh
aped
sh
aft.
The
flow
ers
on th
e br
anch
es p
anic
les
are
usua
lly w
hite
, uni
sex-
ual a
nd c
onta
in b
oth
sexe
s.
26-2
8o F
Sam
anea
sam
an(Ja
cq.)
Mer
r./
Rain
Tre
e
The
spec
ies
is a
larg
e tr
ee re
achi
ng a
hei
ght o
f 50m
and
a d
bh o
f abo
t 50
m in
ver
y ol
d tr
ee. I
t ha
s a
wid
e sp
read
ing
and
umbr
ella
sha
ped
feat
hery
folia
ge. T
he tr
ee is
dec
idou
s in
deci
dous
fore
st a
nd e
verg
reen
in
rain
fore
sts.
Flo
wer
ing
and
defo
liatio
n ar
e sy
nchr
onize
d. T
he b
ole
is irr
egul
ar a
nd t
wist
ed.
Leav
es a
re c
ompo
und,
alte
rnat
e, b
ipin
nate
, pa
ripin
nate
, 12
to 3
6 lo
ng a
nd 1
3 to
34c
m w
ide.
Rang
e: 1
8-
380o C
Extr
eme
tol.
380o C
600
-300
0 m
m
0-70
0m
Sara
ca d
eclin
ata
It is
an e
verg
reen
shr
ub o
r tr
ee a
bout
20
m t
all.
Its
poor
ly-
shap
ed
bole
is a
bout
40
cm in
dia
met
er, w
ithou
t bu
ttre
sses
but
with
man
y fin
e ro
ots
that
str
etch
out
fro
m t
he b
utt.
It
has
smoo
th a
nd d
ark
brow
n ba
rk.
Its s
pira
lly a
rran
ged
leav
es h
ang
limp,
with
gra
yish
-pin
k or
pur
ple-
red
tass
els.
It th
rives
bes
t in
shel
tere
d sh
ady
sites
, es
peci
ally
ne
ar w
ater
, in
wet
or m
on-
soon
al lo
w-
land
s
900
m
Tabu
bea
rose
a/
Pink
teco
ma
Pink
teco
ma
is a
med
ium
to
larg
e de
cidu
ous t
ree
up to
23m
in h
eigh
t. Fl
ower
s are
pur
plish
pin
k to
nea
rly w
hite
up
to 8
cm
long
. It h
as c
om-
pund
leav
es, o
ppos
ite w
ith 3
-5 o
vate
leaf
lets
, oft
en le
afle
ss a
t flo
wer
-in
g, th
e be
autif
ul p
ink
flow
ers a
re tr
umph
et-s
hape
d, in
larg
e cl
uste
rs.
22-2
7o C 1,
250-
2,50
0mm
up
to 1
,200
m
64
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
MO
RPHO
LOGI
CAL
CLIM
ATE
TO
POGR
APHY
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/ De
scrip
tion
Tem
pera
ture
Ra
infa
ll El
evat
ion
Slop
e
Com
mon
Nam
e
Gr
adie
nt
Vign
a ra
diat
a L.
Witz
eck
Mun
go
Mun
go is
is a
bus
hy a
annu
al th
at g
row
s ab
out 2
1/2
to th
ree
feet
tall,
an
d ha
s m
any
bran
ches
with
typi
cal,
hairy
, bea
nlik
e le
aves
. The
flow
-er
s ar
e ye
llow
ish-
gree
n w
ith p
urpl
e st
reak
s an
d pr
oduc
e lo
ng, t
hin,
ha
iry p
ods
cont
aini
ng n
ine
to 1
5 sm
all,
yello
w s
eeds
. The
see
ds a
re
used
to p
rodu
ce b
ean
spro
uts.
Be
st re
sults
are
ex
pect
ed d
urin
g th
e dr
y se
ason
65
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
GEO
LOGY
/SO
ILS
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Com
mon
Nam
e Ph
ysic
al/C
hem
ical
Con
ditio
n Te
xtur
e pH
M
icro
bial
Sta
tus
Acac
ia a
uricu
lifor
mis/
Auri
can
thriv
e in
a w
ide
rang
e of
soil
cond
ition
incl
ud-
ing
clay
to li
mes
tone
soil.
Oft
en su
rviv
e in
soils
of
low
nitr
ogen
and
org
anic
mat
ter.
Deep
shal
low
lim
e-st
one
to la
terit
ic c
lay
3-9.
5 Be
st
grow
th in
5.
5-6.
0
The
tree
ca
n fix
N
th
ru
Rhizo
bial
as
soci
atio
n w
ith
root
no
dule
s,
the
bact
eria
infe
ct t
he r
oot
syst
em f
orm
-in
g no
dula
tion.
Acac
ia m
angi
um W
illd/
Man
gium
Grow
s in
a v
arie
ty o
f so
il fo
rm:
erod
ed,
rock
y m
iner
al
or
allu
vial
soil
Pref
er a
cidi
c so
il pH
4.5
. M
ediu
m to
low
fe
rtili
ty a
nd c
an
be p
oorly
dr
aine
d an
d lo
w
P.
The
tre
e ca
n fix
N t
hru
Rhizo
bial
as
soci
atio
n w
ith
root
no
dule
s.
The
bact
eria
infe
ct t
he r
oot
syst
em f
orm
-in
g no
dula
tion.
Aden
ium
obe
sum
(For
ssk.
) Roe
m. &
Sc
hult.
/Dw
arf
cala
chuc
hi
ca
n th
rive
in ro
cky
or
sand
y so
il.
Amhe
rstia
nob
ilis W
all.
A
mhe
rstia
Antig
onon
lept
opus
Ca
dena
de
Amor
To
lera
tes
moi
st s
oils,
but
bet
ter
in p
repa
red
soils
. Re
quire
s ful
l sun
but
is o
kay
in p
artia
l. ea
sily
grow
n in
ave
r-ag
e, m
ediu
m so
il 6.
1-7.
8
Arec
a ca
tech
u L.
Bu
nga
It th
rives
in
wel
l-dra
ined
lat
erite
or
redd
ish s
oil,
fert
ile c
lay
loam
and
allu
vial
soi
ls.
It gr
ows
very
po
orly
in il
l-dra
ined
soil.
Clay
loam
redd
ish so
il,
allu
vial
soils
Aver
rhoa
bili
mbi
L.
Kam
ias
Can
thriv
e in
wel
l dra
ined
soil
type
s
Barr
ingt
onia
asia
tica
(Lin
n.) K
urtz
Bo
tong
Appe
ndix
Tab
le 2
. Bio
phys
ical
Req
uire
men
ts c
ontin
ued…
...
66
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
GEO
LOGY
/SO
ILS
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Com
mon
Nam
e Ph
ysic
al/C
hem
ical
Con
ditio
n Te
xtur
e pH
M
icro
bial
Sta
tus
Bras
sica
rapa
/ Pec
hay
Bagu
io
Grow
s vig
orou
sly in
soils
rich
in o
rgan
ic m
atte
r.
Good
loam
or s
andy
so
il ric
h in
Nitr
ogen
6-
7.5
can
tole
rate
slig
hly
alka
line
soil
Cana
rium
ova
tum
Eng
l./ P
ili
Rich
por
ous a
nd w
ell-d
rain
ed so
il m
ediu
m to
hea
vy so
il ne
utra
l to
alka
line
Cham
pagn
e la
geni
caul
is/
Mas
care
na
can
adop
t to
man
y so
ils a
s lon
g as
they
wer
e w
ell
drai
ned;
feed
with
fert
ilize
r thr
ee ti
mes
a y
ear i
f no
t gro
wn
in ri
ch so
il.
sand
y lo
am to
loam
4.
5- 6
.5
Coco
s nuc
ifera
(Lin
n.)/
Co
conu
t Pr
efer
s fe
rtile
and
ade
quat
ely
drai
ned
soil
and
with
a h
igh
wat
er h
oldi
ng c
apac
ity
sand
y or
sand
y lo
am
5.0
-8.0
Ficu
s ben
jam
ina
Bal
ete
It is
best
sui
ted
in m
oist
and
wel
l-dra
ined
site
s. It
ca
n th
rive
in a
lmos
t al
l ki
nds
of s
oil
and
site
co
nditi
ons.
Helli
coni
a ps
ittac
orum
/ Fa
lse b
ird o
f par
adise
He
llico
nia
is fr
ost
tend
er. T
hey
shou
ld b
e pl
ante
d in
wel
l-dra
ined
soil
in a
sun
or p
artia
l sha
de.
sand
, loa
m, c
lay
acid
ic-a
lkal
ine
Lage
rstr
oem
ia in
dica
/ M
elen
dres
Li
ke m
oist
soil,
but
tole
rate
s dry
con
ditio
ns o
nce
esta
blish
ed. r
ich
poro
us a
nd w
ell d
rain
ed so
il lig
ht so
il a
nd v
olca
nic
soils
Lant
ana
cam
ara
L. /L
anta
na
Grow
s w
ell
in d
ry a
reas
bec
ause
it
pref
ers
wel
l dr
aine
d so
il an
d it
can
tole
rate
dro
ught
.
Mic
helia
cham
paca
(Lin
n)/
Cham
paca
6.
1-6.
5 (m
ildly
ac
idic
)
Mus
saen
da sp
s.
requ
ires w
ell d
rain
ed so
il Th
rives
wel
l in
sand
y so
il
Pong
amia
pin
nata
(Lin
n.) M
err.
Bani
It
thriv
es w
ell o
n sa
ndy
to c
lay
loam
soi
l as
wel
l as
in a
reas
with
lim
esto
ne fo
rmat
ion
Sand
y to
cla
y lo
am
soils
67
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
GEO
LOGY
/SO
ILS
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Com
mon
Nam
e Ph
ysic
al/C
hem
ical
Con
ditio
n Te
xtur
e pH
M
icro
bial
Sta
tus
Psid
ium
gua
java
Linn
./ Gu
ava
It ca
n w
ithst
and
wat
er l
oggi
ng a
nd d
roug
ht.
It gr
ows w
ell i
n po
or so
il w
ith g
ood
drai
nage
. fr
om o
pen
sand
to
com
pact
cla
y 5-
7
Qui
squi
alis
indi
ca Li
nn./
Dr
unke
n sa
ilor
Roys
tone
a re
gia/
Roya
l Pal
m
The
Roya
l pal
m a
re n
ot p
artic
ular
abo
ut s
oil.
Like
w
ater
and
look
thei
r bes
t whe
n gi
ven
in a
dequ
ate
amou
nt. I
t is s
omew
hat d
roug
ht re
sista
nt.
clay
, loa
m, s
and
Pref
ers a
cidi
c so
il. H
igh
alka
- lin
e so
il sh
ould
be
avo
ided
.
Sam
anea
sam
an (J
acq.
) Mer
r./
Rain
Tre
e Th
rives
in p
oor t
o fe
rtile
soil.
Li
ght t
o gr
ay in
col
or
neu
tral
to
acid
soil
The
tree
fixe
s Nitr
ogen
thru
the
Rhizo
-bi
al in
fect
ion
in th
e ro
ot sy
stem
Sara
ca d
eclin
ata
Thriv
es in
wel
l-dra
ined
are
as li
ke h
ill sl
opes
W
ide
varie
ties o
f soi
ls in
clud
ing
limes
tone
.
Tabu
bea
rose
a/ P
ink
teco
ma
grow
s wel
l in
deep
rich
soil
sand
, loa
m, c
lay
acid
ic-a
lkal
ine
Vign
a ra
diat
a L.
Witz
eck
Mun
go
Mun
go i
s fa
irly
drou
ght
tole
rant
and
can
thr
ive
fairl
y w
ell i
n re
lativ
ely
dry
soil.
cl
aylo
am to
silty
loam
5.
8-6.
5 sli
ghtly
ac
idic
It
has r
oot n
odul
es fo
rmed
by
Rhizo
bia
that
can
fix
Nitr
ogen
.
68
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
FRU
IT
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
M
orph
olog
ical
Des
crip
tion
Cale
ndar
Met
hods
of C
olle
ctio
n T
ype
Seed
Cou
nt
Met
hod
of E
xtra
ctio
n
Acac
ia a
uricu
lifor
mis
auri
The
frui
t is
a tw
isted
pod
, fla
t and
und
u-la
ting
whe
n rip
e. T
he s
mal
l bla
ck s
eed,
4-
6 m
m lo
ng a
nd 3
-4m
m w
ide
are
enci
r-cl
ed
by
a lo
ng
red
oran
ge
funi
culu
s st
ring
from
whi
ch a
re
susp
ende
d af
ter
the
pods
ope
n; e
ach
pod
cont
ains
up
to
15 se
eds.
Dec-
Apr
il Cl
imb
the
tree
col
lect
pod
s be
fore
se
eds
are
rele
ased
. U
se o
f ba
mbo
o po
le w
ith s
cyth
e to
cut
bra
nche
s w
ith
ripe
pods
.
Ort
hodo
x 49
,000
/ kg;
60
,000
-63
,000
/ kg
Sun
dryi
ng
of
pods
to
op
en
then
ex
trac
t th
e se
eds
man
ually
. Dr
y th
e se
eds
unde
r the
sha
de to
re
duce
moi
stur
e co
nten
t up
to 7
%
Acac
ia m
angi
um W
illd.
m
angi
um
The
frui
t is d
ark
brow
n, c
rinkl
ed a
nd
soile
d po
d; it
par
tially
ope
ns w
hen
ripe,
th
e se
eds a
re sm
all 2
.5m
m x
4m
m w
ide
and
hang
by
oran
ge fl
eshy
funi
cles
.
Dec-
May
; Ju
ne-
Sept
embe
r
Clim
b th
e tr
ee &
han
dpic
k th
e fr
uit;
clip
the
frui
t fro
m th
e tr
ee u
sing
prun
ing
pole
whe
n th
e co
lor c
hang
e to
dar
k br
own
and
begi
ns to
cra
ck
open
.
Ort
hodo
x 13
0353
se
ed/k
g (D
ayan
, et
.Al,
2005
)
sun
dry
the
pods
for 6
da
ys th
en p
lace
the
pods
in
a sa
ck th
en b
eat i
t us
ing
a ba
mbo
o st
ick
(Sad
jad,
199
30 A
ir dr
y th
e se
eds u
nder
the
shad
e to
redu
ce M
C to
7%
(day
an, e
t.al 2
005)
Anon
a sq
uam
osa
Linn
At
is Fr
uits
are
bor
ne o
n th
ick
stal
ks, o
void
5-
8 cm
in d
iam
eter
, pal
e gr
een
or g
lauc
ous
whe
n m
atur
e; th
e ou
t- si
de is
roug
hene
d by
roun
ded
ends
of c
arpe
ls w
hich
are
lig
ht y
ello
wish
-gre
en w
hen
ripe.
See
ds
inde
finite
, sm
ooth
, bro
wni
sh, e
mbe
dded
in
ver
y so
ft, c
ream
y- w
hite
, sw
eet a
nd
juic
y fle
shly
mea
t.
June
and
Au
gust
Co
llect
the
seed
s fro
m
supe
rior m
othe
r tre
es.
48
50
seed
s per
ki
lo
(2.2
lbs)
Extr
act t
he se
eds f
rom
rip
e fr
uits
. Cle
an in
tap
wat
er a
nd a
llow
to d
ry.
Amhe
rstia
nob
ilis W
all
Amhe
rstia
Its
11-
12 c
m si
mila
r-sh
aped
. Fru
its
or se
ed- p
ods h
ave
woo
dy o
uter
cas
es.
Appe
ndix
Tab
le 3
. See
d Te
chno
logi
es fo
r Var
ious
Spe
cies
Sui
tabl
e fo
r Reh
abili
tatio
n of
Urb
an
69
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
FRU
IT
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
M
orph
olog
ical
Des
crip
tion
Cale
ndar
Met
hods
of C
olle
ctio
n T
ype
Seed
Cou
nt
Met
hod
of E
xtra
ctio
n
Antig
onon
lept
opus
/ Ca
dena
de
Amor
Da
rk s
eed
enca
sed
in p
aper
y, s
taw
-co
lore
d sh
eath
.
Arec
a ca
tech
u L.
Bu
nga
The
frui
ts m
atur
e 8-
10 m
onth
s af
ter
polli
natio
n. F
emal
e flo
wer
s do
not s
et
frui
ts b
ut o
nce
spad
ix p
rodu
ces
50-
400
frui
ts.
The
fru
its a
re f
ibro
us
drup
e an
d va
ry i
n siz
e an
d sh
ape.
Th
ey a
re g
reen
whe
n rip
e. T
he s
eed,
w
rong
ly
calle
d "n
ut",
is
ovoi
d or
el
lipso
idal
and
wei
ghs
10-2
0 g.
Th
e en
dosp
erm
, w
hich
is
the
edib
le
port
ion,
has
a h
ard
text
ure
and
pole
br
own
colo
r.
July
to
Dece
mbe
r, De
cem
ber
to M
ay
Clim
b th
e tr
ee a
nd
hand
pick
the
frui
ts
Aver
rhoa
bili
mbi
L.
Kam
ias
The
frui
t is
subc
ylin
dric
al,
broa
d,
roun
ded
and
long
itudi
nal i
n sh
ape
Thro
ugh
out
the
year
M
anua
l pi
ckin
g of
the
fru
its w
hen
they
turn
yel
low
ish g
reen
Se
eds
are
extr
acte
d fr
om
the
ripe
frui
ts.
They
are
th
orou
ghly
cle
anse
d w
ith
wat
er
to
rem
ove
the
slim
y co
verin
g an
d al
-lo
wed
to d
ry u
nder
room
co
nditi
ons
Barr
ingt
onia
asia
tica
(Lin
n.) K
urtz
. Bo
tong
pyra
mid
al, o
btus
e, a
ngul
ar, 8
to 1
2 by
8
to 1
4 cm
; th
ick
peric
arp,
bro
wn,
w
ith a
tou
gh c
orky
-fibr
ous
husk
, 1
se
ed
Bras
sica
rapa
/ Pe
acha
y Ba
guio
1,60
0/
poun
d
70
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
FRU
IT
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
M
orph
olog
ical
Des
crip
tion
Cale
ndar
Met
hods
of C
olle
ctio
n T
ype
Seed
Cou
nt
Met
hod
of E
xtra
ctio
n
Cana
rium
ova
tum
Pi
li Th
e fr
uit
is ov
oid,
4-5
cm
long
, 2-2
.5
cm w
ide,
ent
irely
sm
ooth
. The
rin
d is
gree
nish
whe
n yo
ung
and
turn
s bl
ack
whe
n rip
e. It
con
tain
s a
brow
n, h
ard-
shel
led
tria
ngul
ar
in
shap
e nu
t po
inte
d at
bo
th
ends
w
here
th
e ed
ible
fles
h is
embe
ddde
d.
June
to
Dece
mbe
r Th
e fu
lly r
ipe
frui
ts s
houl
d be
col
-le
cted
from
out
stan
ding
tree
s.
Reca
lci-
tran
t 50
-200
se
eds/
kg
New
ly
harv
este
d fr
uits
sh
ould
be
soak
ed i
n ta
p w
ater
from
24-
48
hour
s.
Unt
il th
en,
the
pulp
be
com
es s
oft a
nd c
an b
e re
adily
se
para
ted
from
th
e se
ed b
y ha
nd. S
eeds
th
at
float
sh
ould
be
di
scar
ded
beca
use
they
ar
e ei
ther
em
pty
or h
as
unde
velo
ped
embr
yo.
Cocu
s Nuc
ifera
/ Co
conu
t Th
e fr
uit
is a
larg
e, s
ingl
e -s
eede
d dr
upe
with
a h
ard
ston
y "s
hell"
and
a
fibro
us h
usk.
The
liq
uid
insid
e th
e sh
ell b
ecom
es s
olid
and
oily
to
form
th
e co
conu
t m
eat,
whi
ch i
s su
bse-
quen
tly d
ried
to m
ake
com
mer
cial
co
pra.
M
atur
e nu
ts c
an b
e pi
cked
by
hand
fr
om t
he t
ree
or c
olle
cted
fro
m t
he
grou
nd.
sin
gle-
seed
ed
Ficu
s ben
jam
ina
Bale
te
The
1 cm
in d
iam
eter
frui
t is
solit
ary,
ax
illar
y, s
talk
les
s, d
ark
purp
le a
nd
flesh
y w
hen
mat
ure
and
sphe
rical
Helli
coni
a ps
sitico
rum
/ Fa
lse b
ird o
f par
adise
Th
e fr
uit i
s a
trilo
cula
r dr
upe
and
has
an o
bcom
ic s
hape
with
abo
ut 2
.5 c
m
leng
th.
In
the
youn
g st
age,
th
e ep
icar
p ha
d a
gree
nish
col
or, s
moo
th
and
thin
. Th
e en
doca
rp
beco
mes
lig
nifie
d as
the
frui
t dev
elop
s.
Se
lect
ripe
and
you
ng fr
uits
.
Rem
ove
the
flesh
y pa
rt.
Lage
rstr
oem
ia in
dica
/ M
elen
dres
Th
e fr
uits
are
bro
wn
or b
lack
. Whe
n m
atur
e th
ey d
ry a
nd s
plit
rele
asin
g di
sh-s
hape
d se
eds.
71
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
FRU
IT
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
M
orph
olog
ical
Des
crip
tion
Cale
ndar
Met
hods
of C
olle
ctio
n T
ype
Seed
Cou
nt
Met
hod
of E
xtra
ctio
n
Lant
ana
cam
ara
L.
Lant
ana
The
frui
t is
an o
void
dru
pe 4
-6 m
m in
di
amet
er,
on
a th
icke
ned,
fr
eshl
y re
cept
able
, co
lore
d gr
een
initi
ally
, bu
t tu
rnin
g bl
ack
or p
urpl
e at
mat
ur-
ity.
The
seed
is
2-se
eded
, a
nutle
r, ab
out 1
.5 m
m lo
ng
Livi
ston
a ro
tund
ifolia
(L
am.)
Mar
t. Va
r.
luzo
nens
is Be
cc.
Anah
aw
The
frui
t is
1.5
cm in
dia
met
er,
glo-
bose
, fle
shy
and
yello
w w
ith a
har
d,
roun
d, b
row
n se
ed in
side
By
cl
imbi
ng
and
chip
ping
of
f th
e br
anch
let
usin
g an
ext
ensio
n pr
uner
or
a p
ole
with
a S
cyth
e
The
frui
ts a
re m
acer
ated
by
pu
ttin
g th
em
in
a ba
sin o
f w
ater
to
soft
en
the
pulp
. Re
mov
e de
-ca
yed
pulp
to e
xtra
ct th
e se
eds.
Im
med
iate
ly a
fter
de
- pu
lpin
g,
soak
th
e le
an s
eeds
in
wat
er t
o m
inim
ize
loss
of
m
ois-
ture
.
Mas
care
na la
geni
caul
is/
Cham
pagn
e
Al
low
see
dhea
ds t
o dr
y on
pla
nts,
re
mov
e an
d co
llect
seed
s.
Pick
the
see
ds f
rom
the
pl
ants
.
Mic
helia
cham
paca
Li
nn./
Ch
ampa
ca
Seed
s ar
e bl
acki
sh,
angu
lar
and
cove
red
with
thin
, pin
k-or
ange
pul
p.
Augu
st to
Se
ptem
ber
Colle
ct o
nly
fres
h se
eds.
Col
lect
ion
may
be
done
by
pluc
king
the
frui
t.
12,0
00/
kg
Allo
w u
nabl
e m
ish f
ruit
to
ripen
. Cl
ean
and
dry
the
seed
s bef
ore
sow
ing.
Mun
tingi
a ca
labu
ra Li
nn.
Datil
es
The
frui
t is
a be
rry
type
; gl
obos
e gr
een
whe
n st
ill im
mat
ure
but
turn
s to
yel
low
to
deep
red
whe
n rip
e an
d m
easu
res
1.0
to 1
.5 c
m in
dia
met
er,
smoo
th, f
ruit
soft
bro
wn,
pul
p so
me-
wha
t sw
eet
and
fille
d w
ith t
iny,
tan
se
eds.
All y
ear
roun
d
Clim
bing
of
the
tree
and
han
d-pi
ck
the
frui
ts.
Use
ba
mbo
o po
le
with
sc
ythe
to
cu
t th
e br
anch
lets
w
ith
frui
ts
Prob
ably
re
calc
i-tr
ant
26M
/kg
seed
s So
ak t
he fr
uits
in a
bas
in
of w
ater
to
soft
en a
nd
mac
erat
e it
over
a f
ine
mes
h to
se
para
te
the
pulp
from
the
tiny
seed
s.
72
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
FRU
IT
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
M
orph
olog
ical
Des
crip
tion
Cale
ndar
Met
hods
of C
olle
ctio
n T
ype
Seed
Cou
nt
Met
hod
of E
xtra
ctio
n
Mus
saen
da sp
s.
The
frui
t is
smal
l (to
3/4
"),
flesh
y,
som
e- w
hat e
long
ated
ber
ry.
Pong
amia
pin
nata
(Lin
n.)
Mer
r/ B
ani
Pod
is w
oody
, sm
ooth
, obl
ong
5-7
cm
long
, 5-
6 m
m t
hick
, be
aked
at
the
apex
, con
tain
s 1
seed
whi
ch is
3.5
-5
cm lo
ng.
April
to M
ay,
July
to
Sept
embe
r
By c
limbi
ng o
r by
usin
g a
light
pol
e w
ith a
hoo
k at
tach
ed to
its e
nd
In e
xtra
ctin
g th
e se
eds,
fr
uits
are
drie
d un
der t
he
sun
to le
t the
pod
s op
en.
Anot
her
met
hod
is by
us
ing
a ha
rd o
bjec
t or
kn
ife t
o op
en t
he p
ods
and
for
the
seed
s to
co
me
out.
Psid
ium
gua
java
Linn
/ Gu
ava
The
frui
t is
roun
ded,
ovo
id o
r ov
o-vo
id,
4-9
cm.
long
, gr
een
or y
ello
w-
gree
n w
hen
ripe,
co
ntai
ns
man
y se
eds
embe
dded
in
arom
atic
, pi
nk,
edib
le p
ulp.
Thro
ugho
ut
the
year
Allo
w t
ree
to r
ipen
on
the
tree
; or
pi
ck g
reen
mat
ure
frui
t an
d al
low
to
ripen
at r
oom
tem
p.
Extr
act
the
seed
fr
om
ripen
frui
ts.
Qui
squi
alis
indi
ca/
Drun
ken
sailo
r Co
here
nt a
t th
e ba
se,
open
ing
by
long
itudi
nal s
lit, m
any
seed
ed, s
eeds
ar
e pa
le b
row
n, s
light
ly r
ough
, w
ith
tuts
of l
ong,
dirt
y w
hite
hai
rs.
Roys
tone
a re
gia/
Ro
yal p
alm
Th
e fr
uit
is an
obl
ong
or g
lobo
se
drup
e, 1
-2 c
m lo
ng, a
nd d
eep
purp
le
whe
n rip
e.
Seed
can
be
colle
ct w
hen
the
frui
t is
com
plet
ely
ripe
or a
s so
on a
s it
falls
from
th
e gr
ound
.
Pa
lm s
eeds
are
enc
lose
d by
a
flesh
y or
fib
rous
fr
uit
wal
l th
at m
ust
be
rem
oved
prio
r to
stor
age
or
plan
ting.
It
can
be
clea
ned
by h
and
usin
g a
knife
to
away
the
fru
it tis
sue.
73
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
FRU
IT
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
M
orph
olog
ical
Des
crip
tion
Cale
ndar
Met
hods
of C
olle
ctio
n T
ype
Seed
Cou
nt
Met
hod
of E
xtra
ctio
n
Sam
anea
sam
an/
Rain
Tre
e It
is a
pod,
inde
hi- s
cent
, woo
dy, f
lat
to 2
5cm
long
, str
aigh
t or
curv
ed. 2
.5-
3.5c
m w
ide
and
alm
ost
1 cm
thi
ck
(Voz
zo,2
000;
Day
an, e
t.al.,
2003
). Th
e se
ed i
s ob
long
, gl
ossy
, da
rk b
row
n,
late
rally
com
pres
sed,
0.8
-1cm
lon
g;
0.7-
0.8c
m w
ide
and
0.4-
0.5c
m t
hick
(D
ayan
,200
5) .
It ha
s ve
ry h
ard
seed
co
at.
Augu
st-
Sept
embe
r
Colle
ctio
n fr
om
the
grou
nd
of
new
ly fa
llen
frui
ts.
Ort
hodo
x 4,
798/
kg
(Day
an, e
t.al.,
20
05);
4000
- 50
00/k
g (V
ozzo
, 20
00) 4
000-
7700
se
eds/
kg
(Hei
nsle
igh
&
Hollw
ay, 1
988)
Man
ual
extr
actio
n by
han
d an
d w
ashe
d in
run
ning
wat
er
to
rem
ove
the
stuc
king
su
bsta
nce,
th
en
dry
and
expo
se in
full
sunl
ight
(Voz
zo,
2000
) Sun
dry
the
pods
for
2-3d
ays,
ex
trac
t th
e se
eds
man
ually
th
en
air
dry
the
seed
s fo
r tw
o w
eeks
to a
ttai
n 7-
8% M
C (D
ayan
et.
al.,
2006
)
Sara
ca d
eclin
ata
Sara
ca
Its f
latt
ened
and
val
ved
frui
ts,
with
de
hisc
ing
pod
and
cont
aini
ng
1-8
seed
s eac
h, tw
ist o
r coi
l upo
n dr
ying
,
Tabu
bea
rose
a/
Pink
teco
ma
Frui
t is
linea
r, de
hisc
ent
cont
aini
ng
man
y w
inge
d se
eds.
42,0
00
seed
s/kg
Tam
arin
dus i
ndica
L.
Sam
palo
k Th
e fr
uit
is 6-
15 c
m l
ong,
2-3
cm
w
ide,
som
etim
es r
ound
or
flatt
ened
. Th
e po
d do
es n
ot sp
lit w
hen
mat
ure
June
to
Oct
ober
Mat
ure
frui
ts a
re c
olle
cted
fro
m
heal
thy
mot
her t
rees
Se
eds
are
extr
acte
d by
mac
-er
atin
g an
d ea
ting
the
pulp
.
Vign
a ra
diat
a M
ungo
Harv
estin
g is
done
by
prim
ing
or
hand
pic
king
as
the
pods
mat
ure.
O
n a
sizea
ble
oper
atio
n, h
arve
stin
g ca
n be
don
e by
a c
ontin
ued
har-
vest
er- t
resh
er m
achi
ne.
Mun
go p
ods
are
first
drie
d in
th
e su
n un
til t
hey
are
britt
le
befo
re t
hres
hing
by
foot
or
by b
eatin
g th
e po
ds i
nsid
e th
e ju
te s
ack
or w
ith a
me-
chan
ical
thre
sher
if a
vaila
ble.
Zizy
phus
juju
ba (L
.) La
m a
nd M
ill.
Man
sani
tas
The
frui
t is
smoo
th, s
hiny
, fle
shy
and
ovoi
d or
su
bglo
bose
be
rry.
Li
ght
gree
n to
yel
low
whi
ch m
easu
res
1.5
to 2
cm
in
diam
eter
, w
ith a
bon
y irr
egul
ar fu
rrow
ed st
one/
seed
insid
e
Nov
embe
r to
Fe
brua
ry
Use
bam
boo
pole
with
scyt
he to
cut
br
anch
lets
with
ripe
frui
t O
rtho
dox
15,0
00
By e
atin
g th
e pu
lpy
part
of
the
frui
t. Th
e ex
trac
ted
seed
s ar
e w
ashe
d in
runn
ing
wat
er
to c
lean
thor
ough
ly.
74
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
Appe
ndix
Tab
le 3
. See
d Te
chno
logi
es c
ontin
ued…
.
PLAN
T N
AME
FRU
IT
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
Med
ia
Germ
inat
ion
Trea
tmen
t St
erili
zatio
n M
etho
d of
Sow
ing
Antig
onon
lept
opus
/ Ca
dena
de
Amor
so
il m
ix c
onsis
ting
of 2
par
ts lo
am to
1
part
pea
t mos
s to
1 pa
rt sa
nd
Pre
soak
seed
s for
12
hour
s
Seed
s sh
ould
be
show
ing
a w
ell d
rain
ed s
oil m
ix a
nd
bare
ly c
over
ed. P
lant
3/4
" dep
th
Arec
a ca
tech
u L.
Bu
nga
Pr
epar
e ra
ised
nurs
ery-
bed
s an
d di
rect
ly s
ow t
he
seed
s in
shal
low
hol
es 1
0-20
cm
apa
rt.
Aver
rhoa
bili
mbi
L.
Kam
ias
Fine
rive
r san
d, g
arde
n so
il
Seed
s ar
e so
wn
in s
eed
boxe
s or
sha
llow
pot
s co
n-ta
inin
g fin
e riv
er s
and
or a
mix
ture
of t
wo
part
s fin
e sa
nd a
nd o
ne p
art
gard
en s
oil.
The
y ar
e pl
ante
d ab
out 2
cm
bet
wee
n ro
ws a
nd 1
cm
bet
wee
n se
eds i
n a
row
at
abou
t 0.
5 cm
dee
p. T
he b
ed is
leve
led
to
cove
r the
seed
s and
wat
ered
to sa
tura
tion.
Barr
ingt
onia
asia
tica
(Lin
n.) K
urtz
. Bo
tong
Bras
sica
rapa
/ Pe
acha
y Ba
guio
Soak
in h
ot w
ater
925
-30m
in.,
then
qu
ickl
y co
oled
and
drie
d.
In
see
dbed
, so
w t
he s
eeds
dire
ctly
in
row
s 2
feet
ap
art.
Cana
rium
ova
tum
Pi
li
Fine
sand
and
ord
inar
y ga
rden
soil
If ex
trac
ted
are
to b
e pl
ante
d in
an
othe
r pl
ace,
th
ey
shou
ld
be
cont
aine
d in
moi
st ju
te sa
cks d
urin
g tr
ansp
ort
and
shou
ld
be
sow
n im
med
iate
ly u
pon
arriv
al.
Se
eds
shou
ld b
e la
id f
lat
in p
re-
pare
d sh
allo
w
tren
ches
15-
18cm
bet
wee
n ro
ws
and
8-10
cm b
e-tw
een
seed
s in
a r
ow.
Com
plet
ely
cove
r th
e se
eds
with
app
roxi
mat
ely
1 cm
thi
ck o
f th
e ge
rmin
atin
g m
edia
.
Cocu
s Nuc
ifera
/ Co
conu
t
Soak
the
seed
nut
s in
wat
er fo
r tw
o w
eeks
bef
ore
sow
ing.
no
t req
uire
d Se
ednu
ts a
re b
urie
d tw
o-th
ird o
f th
eir
leng
th i
n co
arse
soi
l to
redu
ce t
he lo
ss o
f nu
t w
ater
thr
ough
ev
apo-
ratio
n.
75
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
FRU
IT
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
Med
ia
Germ
inat
ion
Trea
tmen
t St
erili
zatio
n M
etho
d of
Sow
ing
Helli
coni
a ps
sitico
rum
/ Fa
lse b
ird o
f par
adise
St
erili
ze
the
se
eds
in
10%
so
dium
hyp
ochl
orite
for
fiv
e m
inut
es; t
hen
was
h in
dist
illed
w
ater
.
Livi
ston
a ro
tund
ifolia
(L
am.)
Mar
t. Va
r.
Luzo
nens
is Be
cc.
Anah
aw
So
w f
resh
ly d
epul
ped
seed
s ev
enly
on
prev
ious
ly p
repa
red
seed
beds
. Pre
ss t
he
seed
s lig
htly
in t
he s
eed
beds
and
cov
er
them
with
Soi
l
Mich
elia
cham
paca
Lin
n./
Cham
paca
Ord
inar
y ga
rden
soil
The
red
pulp
ar
ound
th
e se
ed
shou
ld b
e re
mov
ed b
efor
e so
win
g be
caus
e de
-pul
ped
got
signi
fican
tly
high
er p
erce
ntag
e of
ger
min
atio
n co
mpa
red
to se
ed so
wn
with
pul
p.
not r
equi
red
Sow
as s
oon
as p
ossib
le.
Mun
tingi
a ca
labu
ra
Linn
. Da
tiles
Air d
ry b
efor
e so
win
g th
e se
eds.
Fin
e sa
nd in
tra
ys c
an b
e us
ed in
ge
rmi-
natin
g da
tiles
seed
s.
Pre-
trea
tmen
t not
requ
ired
not r
equi
red
Broa
dcas
t th
e se
eds
in t
he s
owin
g m
e-di
um,
cove
r th
e se
eds
thin
ly w
ith t
he
med
ium
,
Pong
amia
pin
nata
(L
inn.
) Mer
r Ba
ni
So
w th
e se
eds
in d
rills
3 cm
dee
p an
d 15
cm
wid
e w
ith a
dist
ance
of 4
cm
Psid
ium
gua
java
Li
nn/G
uava
eq
ual m
ixtu
re o
f san
d an
d to
p so
il Bo
il fo
r 5 m
inut
es o
r soa
k fo
r tw
o w
eeks
.
Sow
the
seed
s an
d lig
htly
cov
er w
ith s
oil
0.5-
1.0
cm d
eep.
Roys
tone
a re
gia/
Ro
yal p
alm
A
1:1
mix
ture
of p
eat a
nd sa
nd.
Soak
see
d in
wat
er fo
r 1
to 7
day
s.
It is
advi
sabl
e to
cha
nge
the
wat
er
daily
. Sc
arifi
catio
n by
soa
king
the
se
ed i
n di
lute
d H2
SO4
for
30-4
0 m
in.
So
w in
6 c
m. p
ot fi
lled
with
ger
min
atio
n m
edia
with
a l
ayer
of
drai
nage
at
the
bott
om o
f th
e po
t. Do
not
wat
er t
oo
muc
h, th
e se
eds c
ould
rot.
You
can
cove
r th
e po
t with
a p
ane
or sa
chet
of
76
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
FRU
IT
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
Med
ia
Germ
inat
ion
Trea
tmen
t St
erili
zatio
n M
etho
d of
Sow
ing
Sam
anea
sam
an/
Rain
Tre
e 1:
1:1
top
soil,
sand
and
drie
d or
gani
c m
atte
r
Nic
or
cutt
ing
of t
he s
eedc
oat
and
soak
in
tap
wat
er o
vern
ight
or
in
0.02
%
fung
icid
e so
lutio
n (s
mal
l vo
lum
e of
see
ds).
Soak
the
seed
s in
co
n. H
2SO
4 fo
r 30
min
utes
the
n w
ash
in ru
nnin
g w
ater
, the
n so
ak in
ta
p w
ater
ov
erni
ght
or
0.
02%
fung
icid
e.
Ster
ilize
the
med
ium
for
fou
r ho
urs
at 8
0-90
C in
ste
rilizi
ng
pad.
Let
the
med
ium
coo
l off
then
pla
ce in
tra
ys f
or s
owin
g of
seed
s.
Seed
s ar
e so
wn
in g
reen
hous
e be
ds w
ith
sand
, or
in b
ags
with
san
d or
dire
ctly
in
the
soil
(Voz
zo, 2
000)
. See
ds a
re s
own
in
tray
s w
ith 1
:1:1
top
soil
sand
and
drie
d or
gani
c m
atte
r or
in
tray
s w
ith m
ois-
tene
d pa
per t
owel
(Day
an e
t. al
., 20
05)
Tabu
bea
rose
a/
Pink
teco
ma
de
sicca
tion
to 7
1% M
C
Tam
arin
dus i
ndic
a L.
Sa
mpa
lok
Sand
y so
il or
fine
sand
Se
eds
can
be s
own
in s
eed-
boxe
s or
in
seed
- be
ds w
ith s
andy
soi
l or
fine
sand
ab
out o
ne c
m d
eep
and
a di
stan
ce o
f 2.3
cm
Zizy
phus
juju
ba (L
.) La
m a
nd M
ill.
Man
sani
tas
1:1:
1 O
GS, d
ried
OM
and
coi
r dus
t in
tray
s Cr
acki
ng o
f th
e st
one
and
soak
ing
in ta
p w
ater
ove
rnig
ht
Dr
ill
the
seed
s in
see
d be
d or
in t
rays
w
ith th
e so
win
g m
ediu
m
77
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
Appe
ndix
Tab
le 4
. Nur
sery
Tec
hniq
ues a
nd o
ther
Cul
tura
l Man
agem
ent P
ract
ices
of S
peci
es
Su
itabl
e fo
r Reh
abili
tatio
n of
Urb
an A
reas
.
PLAN
T N
AME
PRIC
KIN
G
POTT
ING
IN
OCU
LATI
ON
Sc
ient
ific
Nam
e /C
omm
on
Nam
e M
etho
d Ti
me
Cont
aine
r size
M
ediu
m/R
atio
M
icro
-or
gani
sm
Dosa
ge
Acac
ia a
uricu
lifor
mis/
Au
ri Li
ft th
e se
edlin
gs fr
om th
e po
ttin
g m
ediu
m w
hen
a pa
ir o
f fa
lse
leav
es (
simila
r to
ipi
l-ipi
l) is
al-
read
y fo
rmed
2-
3 w
eeks
af
ter
emer
genc
e or
whe
n f
ew l
ater
al
root
s a
rises
. Pr
icki
ng o
f ge
rmi-
nant
s sh
ould
be
do
ne
in
the
shad
ed a
reas
to
prev
ent d
ryin
g of
seed
lings
.
Anyt
ime
of
the
day
in a
sh
aded
ar
ea.
4x6
poly
ethy
lene
bag
w
ith h
oles
St
erili
zed
med
ium
of
the
sam
e ra
tio 1
:1:1
O
GS;
5x6
plas
tic b
ag
with
7:2
:1 t
op s
oil,
sand
an
d or
gani
c Fe
rtili
zer
VAM
m
ycor
rhiza
; Rh
izobi
al
inoc
ulat
ion
Myc
ovam
&
Rhizo
bium
5g (
1 fu
ll so
ftdr
ink
cap)
pla
ced
halfw
ay
in
the
bag
with
th
e m
ediu
m;
5cc
per
germ
inan
ts (
2 le
aves
) pr
epar
ed b
y m
ixin
g 15
g in
oc.
to 1
li
wat
er;
5g
capi
tu-
late
d &
rhizo
bial
Inoc
ulan
ts
Acac
ia m
angi
um W
illd.
/ M
angi
um
Pric
k th
e ge
rmin
ant
whe
n a
pair
of le
aves
are
alre
ady
deve
lope
d.
3 w
eeks
af
ter
emer
genc
e.
4x6
plas
tic b
ag
1:1:
1 O
GS c
oir d
ust
and
drie
d or
gani
c M
atte
r
Myc
ovam
an
d Rh
izo
bial
inoc
u-la
nts
5 g
and
1 pe
llet i
nocu
lant
s pl
ace
in t
he c
ente
r of
the
bag
hal
fway
w
ith t
he p
ottin
g m
ixtu
re b
efor
e tr
ansf
errin
g
Anon
a sq
uam
osa
Lin
n./ A
tis
Antig
onon
lept
opus
/ Ca
dena
de
amor
2 pa
rts l
oam
: 1 p
art
peat
mos
s: 1
par
t
sand
Arec
a ca
tech
u L
./Bu
nga
Bam
busa
blu
mea
na/
Kaua
yan
tinik
8"
x12"
x .0
03 p
last
ic b
ag
sand
y lo
am
soil
Cana
rium
ova
tum
Eng
l./
Pili
Care
fully
upr
oot a
nd tr
ansp
lant
ge
rmin
ated
seed
s.
6"
x 8
" pol
yeth
ylen
e ba
gs
1:1:
1 ra
tio sa
nd,
gard
en so
il, a
nd
com
post
78
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
PRIC
KIN
G
POTT
ING
IN
OCU
LATI
ON
Sc
ient
ific
Nam
e /
Com
mon
Nam
e M
etho
d Ti
me
Cont
aine
r size
M
ediu
m/R
atio
M
icro
-or
gani
sm
Dosa
ge
Cocu
s nuc
ifera
/ Coc
onut
41
cmx4
1cm
po
lyba
g fo
r sm
all
seed
nu
ts
46cm
x4
6cm
pol
ybag
if se
ed n
ut
is til
ted
clay
loam
to s
ilty
clay
lo
am
Livi
ston
a ro
tund
ifolia
(L
am.)
Mar
t. va
r lu
zone
nsis
Becc
./
Anah
aw
4" x
6" p
olye
thyl
ene
bags
1:
1:1
top
soil
saw
-du
st a
nd sa
nd
Mic
helia
cham
paca
/ Ch
ampa
ca
4"x6
" pol
yeth
ylen
e ba
g
Mus
saen
da sp
s.
Helli
coni
a ps
sitta
coru
m/
False
bird
of p
arad
ise
eq
ual p
arts
of l
oam
an
d th
orou
ghly
de
caye
d m
anur
e an
d a
bit o
f san
d
Psid
ium
gua
java
, L/
Gu
ava
cl
ay lo
am so
il m
ixed
w
ith c
ompo
st
Bras
sica
rapa
/ Pe
acha
y Ba
guio
Th
in
seed
lings
12
-20
inch
es
betw
een
plan
ts w
ith in
the
row
.
Mun
tingi
a ca
labu
ra
Linn
./Da
tiles
St
art
pric
king
th
e ge
rmin
ants
w
hen
the
first
true
leaf
app
ears
4 x
6" p
last
ic b
ag
Ord
inar
y so
il +
drie
d hu
mus
+ c
ocon
ut
coir
dust
at 1
:1:1
Ra
tio
Inoc
ulat
e w
ith m
y-co
rrhi
za a
nd
caps
ulat
ed
Rhizo
bium
5g o
f myc
orrh
iza a
nd c
apsu
late
d Rh
izobi
um c
an b
e ap
plie
d in
the
ce
nter
of
half
fille
d pl
astic
bag
w
ith t
he p
ottin
g m
ediu
m b
efor
e tr
ansp
lant
ing.
79
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
PRIC
KIN
G
POTT
ING
IN
OCU
LATI
ON
Sc
ient
ific
Nam
e /
Com
mon
Nam
e M
etho
d Ti
me
Cont
aine
r size
M
ediu
m/R
atio
M
icro
-or
gani
sm
Dosa
ge
Roys
tone
a re
gia/
Ro
yal P
alm
Sam
anea
sam
an/
Rain
Tre
e or
Aca
cia
In sh
aded
are
a, u
sing
poin
ted
stic
k An
ytim
e of
the
day
in sh
aded
ar
ea
4"x6
" pla
stic
bag
1:
1:1
OGS
, san
d an
d dr
ied
OM
M
ycov
am
5g m
ycov
am is
inoc
ulat
ed in
hal
f fil
led
poly
bag
the
n fil
l th
e ba
g w
ith p
ottin
g M
ediu
m
Spha
snet
icola
trilo
bata
(L
.C. R
ich)
pru
ski
Wed
elia
Tabu
bea
rose
a/
Pink
teco
ma
Vetiv
era
zizan
ioid
es
Vetiv
er g
rass
Pr
opag
atio
n by
roo
t di
visio
n or
lip
s th
at a
re u
sual
ly ri
pped
off
the
mai
n cl
umps
and
pot
ted.
Ste
m
cutt
ing
with
2 n
odes
at
30-5
0 cm
cu
ttin
g to
enc
oura
ge ti
llery
and
40
cm g
ivin
g be
st r
esul
ts.
Rato
onin
g or
cut
ting
to t
he g
roun
d an
d le
ft
to sp
rout
.
7"
x15"
an
d 10
"x20
" pl
astic
bag
s 4"
x6"
plas
tic
bags
w
as
foun
d to
be
m
ore
econ
omic
al
M
ycov
am
25g
of c
hipp
ed r
oots
of
mai
ze
with
myc
ovam
(Glo
mus
spp.
)
Zizy
phus
juju
ba (L
.) La
m a
nd M
ill.
Man
sani
tas
Star
t pr
icki
ng
whe
n a
pair
of
leav
es is
alre
ady
form
ed
Anyt
ime
of
the
day
in
sh
ad
ed
area
4"x6
" pla
stic
bag
1:
1:1
OGS
, dr
ied
OM
or
coi
r du
st
Myc
ovam
5g
myc
ovam
in
half
fille
d m
e-di
um,
then
add
the
rem
aini
ng
half
of
th
e m
ediu
m
befo
re
tran
s-pl
antin
g
80
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
FERT
ILIZ
ATIO
N/A
MEN
DMEN
TS
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
Grad
ing
Re-p
ottin
g Ro
ot
pr
unin
g Sp
acin
g Ba
sis
Form
Acac
ia a
uricu
lifor
mis/
Au
ri Vi
goro
us
seed
-lin
gs a
re f
irst
to
be tr
ansp
lant
ed
Repo
ttin
g sh
ould
be
done
im
med
iate
ly
for
repl
acem
ents
to
cope
up
the
rest
in
term
s of
gro
wth
&
surv
ival
W
hen
leav
es s
tart
to
ove
r-la
p, p
rovi
de s
pace
bet
wee
n se
edlin
gs b
y pl
acin
g w
ood
or a
ny m
ater
ial
whi
ch w
ill
not
affe
ct
the
grow
th
of
seed
lings
If po
ssib
le a
pplic
atio
n of
fer
tilize
r is
not
rec
omm
ende
d sin
ce it
mak
e th
e st
em a
nd l
eave
s su
ccul
ent
and
thi
s pr
edisp
osed
the
seed
lings
to th
e at
tack
of
pes
ts a
nd d
iseas
es. H
ow- e
ver i
f the
an
alys
is of
pot
ting
med
ium
lac
k th
e es
sent
ial
nutr
ient
s fo
r de
velo
pmen
t, so
il am
endm
ent
like
fert
ilize
r ap
plic
a-tio
n is
nece
ssar
y by
spr
ayin
g or
by
inco
rpor
atio
n in
the
soil.
If N
PK is
lack
ing
one
time
appl
icat
ion
of
com
plet
e fe
rtili
zer i
s en
ough
.
Acac
ia m
angi
um W
illd.
/ M
angi
um
Tr
ansp
lant
th
e se
edlin
g ca
refu
lly in
4"
x6"
bag
with
the
m
ediu
m a
nd i
nocu
-la
nts
Nut
rient
N
PK
Anon
a sq
uam
osa
Lin
n./
Atis
4-
6 cm
apa
rt
Antig
onon
lept
opus
/ Ca
dena
de
amor
12-1
5 ft
(3.6
- 4.7
m]
15-
20 ft
(4.
7-6m
) Fe
rtili
ze
wee
kly
durin
g th
e gr
owin
g se
ason
. N
PK
Arec
a ca
tech
u L
./Bu
nga
Tran
spla
nt
the
heal
thy
robu
st
seed
lings
2.7
x 2.
7m
10
0 g
N,
40 g
P20
5 an
d 14
0 g
K2O
per
pal
m a
nnu-
ally
in
tw
o ap
plic
atio
ns,
e..g
. fr
om S
ept.
to O
ct.
and
Mar
to A
pril
Bam
busa
blu
mea
na/
Kaua
yan
tinik
di
stan
ce o
f 25-
50 c
m b
etw
een
row
s
TRAN
SPLA
NTI
NG
& O
THER
PRA
CTIC
ES
Appe
ndix
Tab
le 4
. Nur
sery
Tec
hniq
ues c
ontin
ued
…...
81
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
FERT
ILIZ
ATIO
N/A
MEN
DMEN
TS
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
Grad
ing
Re-p
ottin
g Ro
ot
pr
unin
g Sp
acin
g Ba
sis
Form
Cana
rium
ova
tum
Eng
l./
Pili
Som
e le
aves
of
the
seed
- lin
gs m
ay b
e cu
t-of
f pr
ior
to p
lant
ing
Cocu
s nuc
ifera
/ Coc
onut
th
e ea
rlie
st
ge
rmin
ato
rs
occu
py
the
first
ro
w.
Whe
n so
win
g,
the
seed
nut
sho
uld
be
laid
up
right
or
sli
ghtly
til
ted
with
its
ste
m-
end
abov
e th
e gr
ound
.
40
cm
apa
rt o
r 25
-40
seed
-lin
gs/r
ow
co
rn c
ob a
s s
oil
fille
r/am
elio
rant
Livi
ston
a ro
tund
ifolia
(L
am.)
Mar
t. va
r lu
zone
nsis
Becc
./
Anah
aw
Mic
helia
cham
paca
/ Ch
ampa
ca
Se
edlin
gs a
re t
rans
-pl
ante
d w
hen
they
ha
ve
2 pa
irs
of
leav
es.
Mus
saen
da sp
s.
Enric
h th
e so
il or
gani
c m
atte
r su
ch
as
wel
l ro
tted
co
mpo
st,
spha
gnum
pea
t or c
hoir.
Helli
coni
a ps
sitta
coru
m/
False
bird
of p
arad
ise
Re
pott
ing
shou
ld b
e do
ne in
Feb
ruar
y
36
"-60
"
TRAN
SPLA
NTI
NG
& O
THER
PRA
CTIC
ES
Psid
ium
gua
java
L/
Guav
a
2-
3 cm
apa
rt
82
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
TRAN
SPLA
NTI
NG
& O
THER
PRA
CTIC
ES
FERT
ILIZ
ATIO
N/A
MEN
DMEN
TS
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
Grad
ing
Re-p
ottin
g Ro
ot
pr
unin
g Sp
acin
g Ba
sis
Form
Bras
sica
rapa
/ Pe
acha
y Ba
guio
Tran
spla
nt m
ay b
e pr
otec
ted
wit
h pl
astic
ro
w
cone
s.
The
tran
spla
nt
shou
ld b
e se
t in
the
so
il to
a d
epth
of
the
first
pa
ir of
le
aves
.
6"
-12"
apa
rt
Co
mpo
sted
m
anur
e an
d co
ver c
rops
resid
ue .
Mun
tingi
a ca
labu
ra
Linn
./Da
tiles
As
m
uch
as
poss
ible
, se
lect
ge
rmin
ants
of t
he
sam
e siz
e. A
void
Pr
icki
ng
unhe
alth
y
ge
rmin
ants
Roys
tone
a re
gia/
Ro
yal P
alm
Repo
t in
an
8 cm
po
t w
hen
the
first
le
aves
dev
elop
ed a
lit
tle.
Plac
e th
e po
t at
the
edg
e of
the
w
indo
w e
xpos
ed to
su
n.
Sam
anea
sam
an/
Rain
Tre
e or
Aca
cia
Sele
ct g
erm
inan
ts
of v
igor
ous
grow
th a
nd a
void
tr
ansp
lant
ing
un
heal
thy
seed
-lin
gs.
Prov
ide
enou
gh sp
ace
be
twee
n se
edlin
gs to
avo
id
Ove
rlapp
ing
of le
aves
and
to
pro
vide
aer
atio
n.
83
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
TRAN
SPLA
NTI
NG
& O
THER
PRA
CTIC
ES
FERT
ILIZ
ATIO
N/A
MEN
DMEN
TS
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
Grad
ing
Re-p
ottin
g Ro
ot
pru
ning
Sp
acin
g Ba
sis
Form
Spha
snet
icola
trilo
bata
(L
.C. R
ich)
pru
ski
Wed
elia
Cutt
ings
roo
t re
adily
in
five
to s
even
day
s un
der
moi
st c
ondi
tions
. It
can
be e
asily
est
ablis
hed
by
sprig
ging
by
hand
or w
ith
a hy
drau
lic s
eede
r; pl
ant-
ing
root
ed o
r un
root
ed
cutt
ings
, or f
rom
nur
sery
-gr
own
plan
ts.
Gr
owth
can
be
cont
rolle
d by
car
e-fu
lly m
anag
ing
nitr
ogen
fer
tilize
r an
d irr
igat
ion.
Wat
er a
nd f
ertil
ize
only
eno
ugh
to p
rovi
de a
dequ
ate
grow
th a
nd c
olor
.
Tabu
bea
rose
a/
Pink
teco
ma
Tree
s w
ithst
and
a lit
tle
amou
nt
of
prun
ing
but
not p
olla
rdin
g.
Vetiv
era
zizan
ioid
es
Vetiv
er g
rass
Slip
s w
ith
2-3
tille
rs a
re p
lant
ed
in a
fur
row
15-
20
cm
deep
. Tw
o ro
w s
yste
m p
lant
-in
g in
soi
l be
d at
6"
bet
wee
n ro
ws
Appl
y w
hen
need
ed
NPK
6gm
s nug
get
Koke
i (N
PKM
g)
Zizy
phus
juju
ba (L
.) La
m a
nd M
ill.
Man
sani
tas
Pl
ace
the
bag
aft
er a
noth
er
in ro
ws s
o as
not
to to
pple
do
wn
the
bag
to p
reve
nt
inju
ry to
the
new
ly tr
ans-
plan
ted
seed
lings
.
84
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
Appe
ndix
Tab
le 5
. Pes
t and
Dis
ease
Con
trol
Str
ateg
ies i
n th
e N
urse
ry a
nd P
lant
atio
n fo
r Spe
cies
Sui
tabl
e fo
r Urb
an R
ehab
ilita
tion
PLAN
T N
AME
SEED
N
UR
SER
Y
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Com
mon
N
ame
Pest
s an
d
Di
seas
es
Caus
al P
atho
gen
Cont
rol M
easu
re(s
) Pe
sts
and
Dise
ases
Ca
usal
Pat
ho-
gen
Cont
rol M
easu
re(s
)
Acac
ia a
uricu
lifor
mis
Auri
*See
d di
seas
es
*Las
iodi
plod
ia
th
eo-
brom
ae
*Col
leto
trich
um
loeo
-sp
oroi
des
*Mac
roph
oma
pha
se-
olin
a *A
sper
gillu
s
flore
s/ni
ger
Afte
r pr
e-tr
eatm
ent,
soak
the
se
eds
in
0.
02%
fu
ngic
ide
solu
tion
over
nigh
t
Pow
dery
m
ildew
O
idiu
m sp
p.
Obs
erve
sa
nita
tion;
Sp
ray
Dith
ane
M-4
5 or
Cap
tan
emul
-sio
n ev
ery
2 w
eeks
; pr
oper
di
spos
al o
f in
fect
ed l
eave
s to
pr
even
t spr
eadi
ng o
f dise
ase.
Acac
ia m
angi
um W
illd.
M
angi
um
*See
d di
seas
es
* Pe
stal
otia
sp
* Fu
sariu
m
mon
ili-
form
e *
Aspe
rgill
us
flavu
s/ni
ger
Soak
pr
etre
ated
se
eds
in
fung
icid
e so
lutio
n at
2.5
g/li
of
wat
er
Pow
dery
m
ildew
O
idiu
m sp
. Av
oid
over
crow
ding
in
th
e nu
rser
y,
spra
y an
y co
ntac
t fu
ngic
ide
once
in
fect
ion
is ob
serv
ed.
Anon
a sq
uam
osa
Linn
. At
is
Antig
onon
lept
opus
/ Ca
dena
de
amor
N
o se
riou
s in
sect
or
dise
ase
prob
lem
.
Arec
a ca
tech
u L.
Bun
ga
Aver
rhoa
bili
mbi
L.
Kam
ias
Bras
sica
rapa
/ Pec
hay
Ba-
guio
*Pes
ts
1. H
ymen
opte
ra
a. H
arve
ster
ant
Pogo
myr
mx
ru
gasu
s
Pour
boi
ling
wat
er t
hat
con-
tain
s ci
trus
ext
ract
aro
und
the
ant h
ill to
kill
pop
ulat
ion
insid
e.
85
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
SEED
N
UR
SER
Y
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Com
mon
N
ame
Pest
s an
d
Di
seas
es
Caus
al P
atho
gen
Cont
rol M
easu
re(s
) Pe
sts
and
Dise
ases
Ca
usal
Path
ogen
Co
ntro
l Mea
sure
(s)
Bras
sica
rapa
/ Pec
hay
Ba-
guio
2. D
ipte
ra
a. C
abba
ge m
aggo
t *
Dise
ases
Da
mpi
ng -o
ff
Delia
radi
cum
Py
thiu
m sp
Rh
izoct
onia
sol
ani
Inse
ctic
ide
trea
tmen
t is
mor
e ef
fect
ive
whe
n ap
plie
d be
fore
seed
ing
beca
use
cabb
age
mag
gots
an
d a
stan
d es
tabl
ishm
ent
pest
. Al
l re
sidue
s fr
om
the
prev
ious
cro
ps s
houl
d be
pl
owed
bef
ore
plan
ting.
Cana
rium
ova
tum
/Pili
Coco
s nuc
ifera
/ Co
conu
t *P
est
1. R
at
U
se e
ither
trun
k ba
ndin
g or
ba
iting
. *
Dise
ases
1.
Lea
f spo
t 2.
Bac
teria
l lea
f st
ripe
Pest
aloz
zia
palm
arum
He
lmin
tho
spor
ium
spp.
Adeq
uate
ap
plic
atio
n of
m
uria
te
of
pota
sh
or
sodi
um
chlo
ride
,mak
es
the
palm
s re
sista
nt t
o le
af
spot
. To
pr
even
t th
e sp
read
of
th
e di
seas
e,
isola
te
or
disp
ose
seed
-lin
gs
whi
ch
exhi
bit
ad-
vanc
ed sy
mpt
oms.
Sp
ray
phys
an a
t th
e ra
te
of 0
.5 t
bsp/
liter
of
wat
er
wee
kly
to b
iwee
kly
until
in
fect
ion
subs
ides
.
Helli
coni
a ps
sitta
coru
m/
False
bird
of p
arad
ise
86
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
SEED
N
URS
ERY
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Com
mon
N
ame
Pest
s an
d
Di
seas
es
Caus
al P
atho
gen
Cont
rol M
easu
re(s
) Pe
sts
and
Dise
ases
Ca
usal
Path
ogen
Co
ntro
l
Mea
sure
(s)
Livi
ston
ia ro
tund
ifolia
(Lam
.) M
art.
Var l
uzon
ensis
Bec
c.
Anah
aw
Lage
rstr
oem
ia in
dica
M
elen
dres
Mun
tingi
a ca
labu
ra Li
nn.
Datil
es
Pong
amia
pin
nata
(Lin
n.)
Mer
r/ B
ani
Psid
ium
gua
java
/Gua
va
Roys
tone
a re
gia/
Roy
al p
alm
Sam
anea
sam
an/R
ain
tree
Se
ed d
iseas
es
Fusa
rium
sola
ni,
Lasio
dipl
odia
theo
brom
ae
Soak
see
ds i
n fu
ngic
idal
sol
utio
n fo
r 2 h
ours
prio
r to
sow
ing.
Spha
gnet
icola
trilo
bata
(L.C
. Ri
ch.)
Prus
ki/W
edel
ia
Tam
arin
dus i
ndica
L.
Sam
palo
k
Vign
a ra
diat
a L.
/Mun
go
Seed
dec
ay
Avoi
d th
ick
seed
ing;
mai
ntai
n pr
oper
soil
moi
stur
e: p
rote
ct
seed
s w
ith
seed
-pro
tect
ant
chem
ical
s su
ch a
s O
rtho
cide
50
, Ara
san
SF, V
itava
x, D
emo-
san
at th
e ra
te o
f 185
g/ c
avan
of
see
ds.
87
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
PLAN
TATI
ON
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Com
mon
Nam
e Pe
sts
and
Dise
ases
Ca
usal
Pat
hoge
n Co
ntro
l Mea
sure
(s)
Acac
ia a
uricu
lifor
mis/
Auri
Pow
dery
mild
ew
Oid
ium
spp.
O
bser
ve s
anita
tion;
Spr
ay D
ithan
e M
-45
or C
apta
n em
ulsio
n ev
ery
2 w
eeks
; pr
oper
disp
osal
of
infe
cted
leav
es t
o pr
even
t sp
read
ing
of d
iseas
es.
Acac
ia m
angi
um W
illd.
/Man
gium
Di
ebac
k Ro
ot ro
t Pe
sts:
pi
nhol
e bo
rer;
carp
ente
r an
ts;
scal
e in
sect
s;
mea
ly
bug;
le
af
Cera
mby
cid
*Col
leto
trich
um
* Fu
sariu
m sp
*
Pest
alot
ia sp
Ph
ellin
us n
oxio
res
Avoi
d tr
ee in
jury
; if i
njur
ed, a
pply
fung
icid
e in
affe
cted
are
as
Sele
ct g
ood
plan
tatio
n sit
e; p
lant
res
istan
t tr
ees;
est
ablis
h m
ixed
pla
ntat
ion;
avo
id w
ound
ing
the
root
s.
Appl
y co
ntac
t ins
ectic
ide
to p
reve
nt sp
read
of i
nfes
tatio
n.
Anon
a sq
uam
osa
Linn
./At
is M
oth
bore
r, in
flore
scen
ce
rot,
pink
di
seas
e,
rhizo
cton
ia
thre
ad
blig
ht
Re
mov
e in
fect
ed p
arts
and
spra
ying
the
tree
s with
app
ropr
iate
fu
ngic
ides
Antig
onon
lept
opus
/Cad
ena
de a
mor
Re
gula
r sp
rayi
ng w
ith B
orde
aux
mix
ture
is
reco
mm
ende
d
durin
g br
eaks
in th
e ra
iny
seas
on
Arec
a ca
tech
u L.
/Bun
ga
Frui
t rot
Ph
ytop
thor
a pa
lmiv
ora
The
dam
aged
por
tion
shou
ld b
e pr
uned
and
bur
ned
Aver
rhoa
bili
mbi
L./K
amia
s
Cera
mby
oid
bore
r (P
tero
loph
ia b
igib
erra
N
ewm
an)
Aphi
ds,
scal
e in
sect
s
Appe
ndix
Tab
le 5
. Pes
t and
Dis
ease
Con
trol
con
tinue
d …
...
88
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
PLAN
TATI
ON
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Com
mon
Nam
e Pe
sts
and
Dise
ases
Ca
usal
Pat
hoge
n Co
ntro
l Mea
sure
(s)
Bras
sica
rapa
/Pec
hay
Bagu
io
1. C
oleo
pter
a a.
Str
iped
flea
bee
tle
Phyl
lotr
eta
strio
lata
b.
Pot
ato
flea
beet
le
Epitr
ix cu
cum
eris
c. W
este
rn b
lack
flea
bet
tle
Phyl
lotr
eta
pusil
la
d. W
este
rn st
riped
flea
bee
tle
Phyl
lotr
eta
ram
osa
e. D
arlin
g be
etle
Bla
pstin
us sp
. f.
Rove
Bee
tle
Sta
phyl
inid
s sp.
2.
Ort
hote
ra
a. c
ricke
t Sc
hist
ocer
a sp
. b.
Spu
r-he
aded
gra
ssho
pper
c.
Des
ert (
mig
rato
ry)
gr
assh
oppe
r 3.
Dip
tera
a.
leaf
min
er
* D
iseas
es
Fung
al D
iseas
es
a. D
owny
mild
ew
b. S
chle
rost
inia
Rot
Mel
anop
lus s
angu
inne
pes
Lirio
myz
a sp
. Pe
rono
spor
a pa
rasit
ica
Schl
erot
inia
min
a Sc
hler
otin
ia
Met
hom
yl, d
iazin
on a
nd p
yret
hroi
ds a
re fr
eque
ntly
use
trea
t-m
ent
for
the
cont
rol
of f
lea
beet
les.
Con
trol
wee
ds,
whi
ch
wou
ld a
ct a
s hos
t for
flea
bee
tles.
Pl
acin
g ba
its a
roun
d th
e pe
rimet
er o
f th
e fie
ld w
ill p
rovi
de
som
e co
ntro
l whe
n be
etle
s mig
rate
into
the
field
. Ba
its s
uch
as p
erm
ethr
on a
nd C
arba
ryl c
an b
e us
ed to
con
trol
cr
icke
ts.
Avoi
d pl
antin
g ne
ar c
otto
n, a
lfalfa
and
oth
er h
ost
feed
s,
be
caus
e le
af m
iner
s will
mig
rate
from
thes
e fie
lds.
C
ontr
ol w
eeds
F
ield
s sho
uld
be
irrig
ated
with
car
e, to
avo
id c
ondi
tions
Cana
rium
ova
tum
/Pili
*P
ests
1. t
wig
bor
er (
Nip
hono
clea
cap
ito
Pasc
.I 2.
gr
ay
mea
ly
bugs
(F
erris
ia
virg
ata
ck II
)
In
sect
pes
ts s
eem
not
to b
e a
serio
us p
robl
em. T
he a
ttac
k ca
n be
con
trol
led
by sp
rayi
ng w
ith in
sect
icid
e.
89
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
PLAN
TATI
ON
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Com
mon
Nam
e Pe
sts
and
Dise
ases
Ca
usal
Pat
hoge
n Co
ntro
l Mea
sure
(s)
Coco
s nuc
ifera
/ Coc
onut
*
Pest
s 1.
Rhi
noce
ros b
eetle
(O
ryct
es rh
inoc
eros
).
2. C
ocon
ut s
pike
mot
h (T
irath
aba
rufiv
ena
) 3.
Asia
tic p
alm
wee
vil
( Rhy
ncho
phor
ous s
chac
h)
4. sl
ug c
atte
rpill
ars
5. B
ud ro
t 6.
Soc
orro
Wilt
7.
Ste
m B
leed
ing
Phyt
opth
ora
palm
ivor
a Ce
rato
stom
ella
(T
hiel
avio
psis)
Par
adox
a
Cut a
nd b
urn
crow
n- le
ss p
alm
s. P
our
1% c
hlor
dane
on
new
ly-
cut
coco
nut
stum
ps t
o di
scou
rage
bre
edin
g of
oth
er p
ests
. In
ca
se o
f se
vere
out
brea
ks,
spra
y w
ith t
riazo
phos
, di
azin
on,
azin
phos
- eth
yl a
nd d
imet
hoat
e at
0.0
5%. C
olle
ct a
nd k
ill la
rvae
an
d co
coon
s. If
ear
ly s
ympt
oms
of th
e di
seas
e ar
e sp
otte
d an
d th
ere
is so
me
hope
of
reco
very
, re
mov
e th
e in
fect
ed t
issue
pl
us s
ome
heal
thy
tissu
es b
orde
ring
the
infe
cted
less
ion.
Cut
th
e in
fect
ed t
ree
and
thor
ough
ly b
urn
the
crow
n to
elim
inat
e so
urce
s of
infe
ctio
n. C
ut a
nd b
urn
dise
ased
pal
ms
imm
edia
tely
to
red
uce
sour
ces
of in
fect
ion.
Sea
rch
for
dise
ase
-res
istan
t or
tole
rant
coc
onut
cul
tivar
s/hy
brid
s. C
hise
l ou
t th
e in
fect
ed
tissu
es in
clud
ing
abou
t 5c
m o
f the
hea
lthy
port
ion.
Helli
coni
a ps
sitta
coru
m/
False
bird
of p
arad
ise
**Di
seas
es
1. le
af sp
ots
2. ro
ot ro
t & st
em ro
t
Cerc
ospo
ra H
elm
inth
ospo
-riu
m
plan
t in
wel
l-dra
ined
soi
l Spr
ay w
ith f
ungi
cide
. Ke
ep t
he s
oil
wel
l-dra
ined
.
Livi
ston
ia ro
tund
ifolia
(Lam
.) M
art.
var
luzo
nens
is Be
cc./
Anah
aw
shoo
t bor
er
Lage
rstr
oem
ia in
dica
/Mel
endr
es
*Dise
ase
1. P
owde
ry m
ildew
2.
Soo
ty M
old
Cerc
ospo
ra
It is
the
resu
lt of
a f
ungu
s gr
owin
g on
hon
eyde
w e
xcre
tives
mad
e by
in
sect
s suc
h as
aph
ids
Appl
y fu
ngic
ide
whe
n th
e di
seas
es a
re f
irst
notic
ed.
Plan
t di
seas
e-re
sista
nt v
arie
ty. U
se a
phid
s-re
sista
nt c
ultiv
ars.
Mun
tingi
a ca
labu
ra Li
nn./
Datil
es
Twig
di
e ba
ck,
folia
ge
leaf
sp
ot
and
leaf
def
olia
tor
Unk
now
n
Pong
amia
pin
nata
(Lin
n.) M
err/
Bani
Larg
e bl
oth
min
es
appe
ar o
n th
e su
rfac
e of
the
lea
flets
. Ac
roce
rops
an
thra
curis
Mey
rick
Cons
tant
insp
ectio
n of
the
pla
ntat
ion,
esp
ecia
lly d
urin
g ra
iny
seas
ons,
may
hel
p re
mov
e th
e eg
gs o
n th
e su
rfac
e of
th
e le
aves
. Th
e eg
gs sh
ould
be
rem
oved
and
des
troy
ed.
90
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
PLAN
TATI
ON
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Com
mon
Nam
e Pe
sts
and
Dise
ases
Ca
usal
Pat
hoge
n Co
ntro
l Mea
sure
(s)
Psid
ium
gua
java
/Gua
va
* Pe
sts
1. O
rient
al f
ruit
fly
2. A
phid
s 3.
Gre
en S
cale
Inse
cts
4. C
omm
on w
hite
mea
ly b
ug
5. M
oth
6. S
pott
ing
Dauc
us d
orsa
lis (H
ende
l) Ap
hys g
osyp
ili (G
love
r) Co
cus v
iridi
s (Gr
een)
Pl
anoc
ous l
ilacin
us C
kll
Zuez
era
coffe
a N
ien
Gloe
ospo
rium
psid
i G. D
el.
Bagg
ing
the
frui
t. Ha
rves
t at
the
ear
liest
pos
sible
. Col
lect
the
in
fest
ed fr
uits
into
a k
eros
ene
can
with
a th
in la
yer
of s
and
at
the
bott
om a
nd d
estr
oy th
e la
rvae
/pup
a.
Spra
y w
ith a
ppro
pria
te in
sect
icid
e (li
ke m
alat
hion
) w
hen
nec-
essa
ry.
Use
of
ento
mog
enou
s fu
ngi,
effe
ctiv
e es
peci
ally
dur
ing
rain
y se
ason
. Se
ldom
nee
ds re
med
ial a
ctio
n If
dest
roye
d ea
rly e
noug
h, th
e in
fest
ed s
tem
may
be
save
d by
in
sert
ing
a co
conu
t lea
f mid
rib in
to th
e fu
nnel
and
pus
hing
it a
s fa
r as
it
wou
ld g
o to
spl
ash
and
kill
the
cate
rpill
ar i
nsid
e. I
f in
fect
ed t
wig
s th
at h
ave
not
brok
en o
ff sh
ould
be
brok
en a
nd
the
pupa
spea
red.
N
o co
ntro
l m
easu
re h
as e
ver
been
rec
omm
ende
d al
thou
gh
spra
y of
fung
icid
es c
an b
e re
com
men
ded.
Roys
tone
a re
gia/
Roya
l pal
m
* Di
seas
es
1.Ga
node
rma
butt
rot
* Pe
sts
1. P
alm
leaf
skel
eton
izer
2. R
oyal
Pal
m b
ug
3. g
iant
pal
m w
eevi
l 4.
scal
es
91
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
PLAN
TATI
ON
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Com
mon
Nam
e Pe
sts
and
Dise
ases
Ca
usal
Pat
hoge
n Co
ntro
l Mea
sure
(s)
Sam
anea
sam
an/ R
ain
tree
Spha
gnet
icola
trilo
bata
(L.C
. Ric
h.) P
rusk
i/ W
edel
ia
Chew
ing
inse
cts,
mite
s an
d le
af-
hopp
ers.
Lea
f spo
ts a
nd ro
ot ro
t.
Chem
ical
pes
t co
ntro
ls ar
e on
ly r
ecom
men
ded
for
seve
re
infe
stat
ion.
Tam
arin
dus i
ndica
L./S
ampa
lok
Soot
y m
old,
aph
ids,
sca
le in
sect
s,
mite
s sh
ooth
ole
bore
rs,
toy
beat
les,
le
af-fe
edin
g ca
terp
illar
s, ba
gwor
ms,
mea
ly b
ugs
Aoni
diel
la o
rient
alis
new
stan
d Dr
osich
a at
ebbi
ngi
gree
n He
mib
erle
sia la
tani
ae
signo
ret
Laci
fer l
acca
ker
r. Am
blyr
hinu
s por
icolli
s sc
hoen
herr
Ca
ryed
on g
onag
ra
Myl
loce
rus d
iscol
or
Bohe
man
Inse
ct-p
est
of t
amar
ind
may
be
cont
rolle
d by
spr
ayin
g th
e in
fest
ed t
rees
with
com
mon
ins
ectic
ides
suc
h as
Sev
in o
r M
alat
hion
at
the
reco
mm
ende
d do
sage
. If
dam
age
is se
rious
, in
sect
s re
late
d to
soo
ty m
old
fung
i sho
uld
be c
ontr
olle
d fir
st.
Spra
ying
org
anic
pho
spho
rous
. Ch
emic
al is
effe
ctiv
e in
era
di-
catin
g th
ese
inse
cts.
Em
ulsio
n of
MEP
Sum
ithio
n (1
000
times
) Th
iom
eton
(100
0 to
200
0 tim
es) i
s use
d to
con
trol
thes
e su
cker
in
sect
s./
Vign
a ra
diat
a L.
/Mun
go
*Pes
ts
1. B
ean
fly (
Oph
iom
yia
phas
eoli)
Ty
ron
2. B
ean
leaf
rol
ler
(Lam
pros
ema
indi
cata
) 3.
Co
ffee
leaf
fo
lder
(H
omon
a co
ffear
ia)
4.
Corn
ea
rwor
m
(Hel
icov
erpa
am
iger
a)
Ap
ply
0.5
kg/h
a of
Cab
ofur
an in
the
row
s im
med
iate
ly a
fter
pl
antin
g. D
o no
t rep
eat g
ranu
lar a
pplic
atio
n. T
he s
pray
reco
m-
men
datio
n fo
r the
bea
n fly
may
be
follo
wed
thro
ugh
the
vege
-ta
tive
and
repr
oduc
tive
stag
es. T
he s
pray
reco
mm
enda
tion
for
the
bean
fly
may
be
follo
wed
. Sp
ray
the
leav
es w
ith 4
-5 tb
sp. o
f Di
azin
on o
r 2-
3 tb
sp. E
ndo-
sulfa
n or
Mon
ocro
toph
us o
r 5-
10 t
bsp.
Era
dex
per
20 li
ters
of
wat
er a
s soo
n as
the
dam
age
is ob
serv
ed .
92
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
PLAN
TATI
ON
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Com
mon
Nam
e Pe
sts
and
Dise
ases
Ca
usal
Pat
hoge
n Co
ntro
l Mea
sure
(s)
Vign
a ra
diat
a L.
/Mun
go
* Di
seas
es
1. P
owde
ry m
ildew
2.
Cer
cosp
ora
Leaf
spot
3.
Mos
saic
4.
Bea
n I
ycae
nid
Cato
chry
sops
cn
ejus
5.
Lea
f hop
per E
mpo
asca
sp.
6. C
omm
on c
ut w
orm
Spo
dop-
tera
litu
ra
7. C
orn
sem
i-loo
per C
hrys
odei
xis-
chal
cite
s 8.
W
hite
gr
ubs
Leuc
opho
lis
irrot
ata
Fung
i Vi
rus
The
dise
ase
can
con
trol
led
by sp
rayi
ng b
enom
yl fu
ngic
ide
such
as
Ben
late
, tw
o tim
es in
the
gro
win
g se
ason
14
days
apa
rt a
t 1/
2 tb
sp.
per
liter
of
wat
er o
r Th
ioph
anat
e m
ethy
l fun
gici
de
like
Fung
itox
at 1
tbsp
. per
lite
r of w
ater
Ap
ply
Benl
ate
fung
icid
es.
Use
1/2
tbs
p. B
enla
te p
er l
iiter
of
wat
er.
Nev
er u
se in
fect
ed s
eeds
for
plan
ting;
hav
e a
good
inse
ct a
nd
wee
d co
ntro
l pro
gram
. Sp
ray
reco
mm
enda
tions
on
the
bean
fly
may
be
follo
wed
. Sp
ray
reco
mm
enda
tion
on th
e be
an fl
y m
ay b
e fo
llow
ed. S
pray
re
com
men
datio
n fo
r ear
wor
m m
ay b
e fo
llow
ed.
Spra
y re
com
men
datio
ns o
n ea
rwor
m m
ay b
e fo
llow
ed.
Thor
ough
pre
para
tion
of th
e fie
ld b
efor
e pl
antin
g.
Zizy
phus
juju
ba (L
.) La
m a
nd M
ill./
M
ansa
nita
s Th
e fr
uit
is su
scep
tible
to
inse
ct
pest
s su
ch
as
frui
t fli
es,
frui
t w
orm
s and
som
e le
af d
efol
iato
rs
Frui
t flie
s Lep
idop
tero
n In
sect
s Ap
ply
any
inse
ctic
ide
that
can
pre
vent
flie
s and
leaf
def
olia
tors
93
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
Appe
ndix
Tab
le 6
. Fie
ld P
lant
atio
n Cu
ltura
l Man
agem
ent T
echn
ique
s of S
peci
es S
uita
ble
for U
rban
Reh
abili
tatio
n.
PLAN
T N
AME
SITE
PRE
PARA
TIO
N
PLAN
TATI
ON
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Com
mon
Nam
e Cl
earin
g St
akin
g Ho
le si
ze
Spac
ing
Plan
ting
Proc
edur
es
Acac
ia a
uricu
lifor
mis/
Au
ri
Sp
aces
in b
etw
een
for
legu
min
ous
shru
bs li
ke p
igeo
n pe
a,
cree
pers
like
man
i-man
i and
pas
ture
cro
ps li
ke st
ylos
anth
es.
Acac
ia m
angi
um W
illd.
M
angi
um
Larg
e en
ough
to
acco
mm
odat
e th
e se
edlin
gs in
4x6
pl
astic
bag
s and
so
il am
endm
ents
to
be
adde
d
Anon
a sq
uam
osa
Linn
. At
is In
med
ium
to la
rge
scal
e op
erat
ion,
the
land
is p
repa
red
by
plow
ing
it de
eply
an
d ha
rrow
ing
it a
few
tim
es to
att
ain
the
desir
ed so
il til
th.
4-6
m a
part
Th
e pl
ants
are
usu
ally
spa
ced
4-6
m a
part
fol
low
ing
eith
er
the
tria
ngul
ar o
r squ
are
plan
ting.
The
leav
es o
f the
pla
ntin
g m
ater
ial
are
prun
ed i
n ha
lves
, to
red
uce
tran
spla
ntin
g sh
ock.
Th
e ba
ll of
soi
l th
at g
oes
with
the
ro
ot
syst
em
shou
ld b
e le
vele
d w
ith t
he g
roun
d or
a f
ew c
entim
eter
s be
low
the
gro
und
leve
l The
pla
nts
are
wat
ered
rig
ht a
fter
pr
ovid
ing
with
mul
ch.
Antig
onon
Lept
opus
Ca
dena
de
amor
P
lant
3/4
" de
pth
in a
wel
l d
rain
ed s
oil
mix
and
bar
ely
cove
red.
Arec
a ca
tech
u L.
/Bun
ga
Prep
are
the
land
w
ell
by
plow
ing
repe
ated
ly.
Prov
ide
wat
er c
hann
els
and
drai
nage
s.
2.7
x 2.
7 m
(a
bout
) 13
00
plan
ts/h
a
Rem
ove
the
bags
com
plet
ely
befo
re p
lant
ing
the
seed
lings
in
the
hole
. Pla
ce g
reen
leav
es o
r ap
ply
catt
le m
anur
e, e
tc.
arou
nd th
e ba
se o
f the
pal
m o
r in
tren
ches
nea
r the
bas
e.
94
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
SITE
PRE
PARA
TIO
N
PLAN
TATI
ON
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
Clea
ring
Stak
ing
Hole
size
Sp
acin
g Pl
antin
g Pr
oced
ures
Aver
rhoa
bili
mbi
L.
Kam
ias
For
back
yard
pl
antin
g cu
lti-
vate
the
are
a th
orou
ghly
to
rem
ove
the
exist
ing
wee
ds
that
may
com
pete
with
the
pl
ants
. D
ig h
oles
dee
p an
d w
ide
enou
gh
to
acco
mm
o-da
te t
he b
all o
f soi
l tha
t go
es
with
the
pla
ntin
g m
ater
ials.
Fo
r or
char
d pl
anta
tion
plow
th
e so
il de
ep
enou
gh
to
elim
inat
e w
eeds
. Ha
rrow
the
so
il tw
o to
thr
ee t
imes
to
atta
in th
e de
sired
soil
tilth
.
Layo
utin
g an
d st
akin
g of
the
sit
e
5
- 7 m
apa
rt
Afte
r ca
refu
l rem
oval
from
the
cont
aine
rs, p
lant
s ar
e se
t in
the
dug
hole
s.
The
extr
a sp
ace
in t
he h
oles
are
fill
ed u
p w
ith t
opso
il, p
ress
ed f
irmly
aro
und
the
root
s.
The
plan
ts
are
wat
ered
imm
edia
tely
aft
er p
lant
ing.
Barr
ingt
onia
asia
tica
(Lin
n.) K
urtz
. Bo
tong
Dept
h of
hol
e m
ust
acco
mm
odat
e ne
w
plan
t roo
ts
2 x
4 m
Bras
sica
rapa
/ Pe
chay
bag
uio
Prio
r to
plan
ting
field
may
be
deep
ly ti
lled.
Cana
rium
ova
tum
Eng
l./
Pili
Area
s to
be
pl
ante
d ar
e cl
eare
d by
plo
win
g or
bru
sh-
ing.
ju
st w
ide
and
deep
en
ough
to
acco
m-
mod
ate
the
Seed
-lin
gs
10 m
apa
rt
For
each
hill
, tw
o se
edlin
gs a
re p
lant
ed 3
0-40
cm
apa
rt
since
the
re is
a 5
0% c
hanc
e th
at h
alf o
f the
see
dlin
gs m
ay
turn
out
to b
e m
ale.
Cocu
s nuc
ifera
/ Co
conu
t If
the
land
has
bee
n cl
eare
d,
no s
peci
al a
dvan
ced
prep
ara-
tion
is ne
cess
ary.
45
cm
dee
p an
d 45
cm
wid
e 9m
Se
edlin
gs s
houl
d be
pla
nted
at
the
cent
er o
f th
e pl
antin
g ho
le in
suc
h a
way
that
the
top
of th
e se
ed n
ut's
husk
is v
ey
light
ly c
over
ed w
ith s
oil.
The
soil
arou
nd th
e ba
se s
houl
d be
pr
esse
d fir
mly
. It
shou
ld n
eith
er c
over
the
see
dlin
g co
llar
nor g
et in
to th
e le
af a
xils.
95
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
SITE
PRE
PARA
TIO
N
PLAN
TATI
ON
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
Clea
ring
Stak
ing
Hole
size
Sp
acin
g Pl
antin
g Pr
oced
ures
Ficu
s ben
jam
ina
Bale
te
2 x
2 m
Helli
coni
a ps
sitta
coru
m/
False
bird
of p
arad
ise
The
rhizo
me
shou
ld b
e pl
aced
with
the
top
(le
f/st
em/n
ew
shoo
t/bu
ds p
oint
ing
upw
ards
no
mor
e th
an 3
-4 c
m u
nder
th
e so
il. N
ew sh
oots
or
larg
e bu
ds sh
ould
be
abov
e th
e so
il.
Lage
rsto
emia
indi
ca/
Mel
endr
es
at l
east
tw
o tim
es
wid
er th
an th
e ro
ot
ball.
Se
t th
e pl
ant
no d
eepe
r th
an it
orig
inal
ly g
rew
in t
he c
on-
tain
er o
n fie
ld. T
hen
back
fill w
ith th
e so
il re
mov
ed fr
om th
e ho
le a
fter
bre
akin
g ap
art c
lods
.
Livi
ston
a ro
tund
ifolia
(L
am.)
Mar
t. va
r lu
zone
nsis
Becc
./
Anah
aw
Und
erbr
ush
abou
t 1
m s
trip
of
veg
etat
ion
of t
he s
elec
ted
site
whe
re th
e se
ed- l
ings
are
to
be
plan
ted
Put
stak
es f
or e
ase
in th
e ho
ling
prep
a-ra
tion
The
size
of th
e ho
le
depe
nds
on
the
size
of b
ags
used
in
the
nurs
ery
2 x
2 m
O
utpl
antin
g sh
ould
be
done
at
the
onse
t of
the
rai
ny s
ea-
son.
Th
e p
last
ic b
ags
of t
he p
otte
d se
edlin
gs m
ust
be
rem
oved
car
eful
ly. M
ulch
ing
mat
eria
ls sh
ould
be
plac
ed a
t th
e ba
se o
f th
e pl
ants
whi
le p
ulve
rized
top
soil
shou
ld b
e pl
aced
aro
und
the
root
sys
tem
to a
llow
goo
d an
chor
age
of
the
seed
lings
.
Mich
elia
cham
paca
/ ch
ampa
ca
15
-20
ft
(4.7
-6.0
m)
Mun
tingi
a ca
labu
ra Li
nn
Datil
es
Tr
ench
es a
re d
ug a
t 1m
x 0
.5 m
x 0
.3 m
. To
p so
il pl
us f
arm
m
anur
e ar
e fil
led
up
in
tren
ches
be
fore
pla
ntin
g.
Out
plan
ting
is us
ually
don
e on
the
ons
et o
f ra
iny
seas
on.
Rem
ove
the
bag
com
plet
ely
befo
re p
lant
ing
the
seed
lings
Mus
saen
da sp
s.
Set
the
plan
t at
the
sam
e le
vel a
s it
grow
in t
he c
onta
iner
, ca
refu
lly b
ackf
ill t
he p
lant
ing
hole
and
wat
er t
horo
ughl
y.
Appl
y a
3/4"
cov
erin
g of
org
anic
mul
ch, k
eepi
ng a
3-4
" aw
ay
from
the
stem
.
96
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
SITE
PRE
PARA
TIO
N
PLAN
TATI
ON
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
Clea
ring
Stak
ing
Hole
size
Sp
acin
g Pl
antin
g Pr
oced
ures
Psid
ium
guaj
ava
L./
Guav
a Pl
ow t
he a
rea
once
or
twic
e fo
llow
ed b
y se
vera
l har
row
ing
to
com
plet
ely
pulv
erize
th
e so
il.
Stak
e th
e fie
ld
durin
g dr
y se
ason
5-7
m
Seed
lings
abo
ut 2
5cm
hei
ght a
re u
sed
for o
utpl
antin
g.
Pong
amia
pin
nata
(L
inn.
) Mer
r. Ba
ni
5
x 5
m
Roys
tone
a re
gia/
Ro
yal p
alm
In
stal
latio
n sit
e sh
ould
be
wel
l dr
aine
d, s
tand
ing
wat
er s
houl
d no
t ap
pear
at
the
bott
om o
f th
e pl
antin
g ho
le.
Stak
e
the
Roya
l Pa
lm
for
supp
ort
until
it
is es
tab-
lishe
d.
Hole
sh
ould
be
w
ide
enou
gh
to
easil
y ac
cept
th
e ro
otba
ll an
d pr
o-vi
de a
t le
ast
sev-
eral
inch
es o
f ne
w
grow
th
from
th
e ba
ll.
15-2
0 ft
(4
.7-6
m)
Low
er t
he t
ree
and
allo
w t
he r
oot
ball
to r
emai
n tw
o or
th
ree
inch
es a
bove
the
gro
und.
Whe
n ba
ckfil
led
with
soi
l. W
ater
thor
ough
ly a
nd g
ener
ously
mul
ch a
roun
d th
e tr
ee.
Sam
anea
sam
an (J
acq.
) W
illd.
/ Ra
in T
ree
or A
caci
a
St
akes
w
ill
be
inst
alle
d in
be
-tw
een
dist
ance
for
ea
se i
n sit
e pr
epa-
ratio
n or
in h
olin
g.
Hole
s sh
ould
be
la
rge
enou
gh
to
acco
mm
odat
e th
e se
edlin
gs
plan
ted
in 4
x6 p
last
ic b
ag.
2x2
Tota
lly re
mov
e th
e pl
astic
bag
and
car
eful
ly p
lant
the
seed
-lin
gs P
rovi
de m
ulch
ing
mat
eria
ls to
cov
er t
he n
ewly
out
-pl
ante
d se
edlin
gs t
o pr
even
t dr
ying
up
and
max
imize
soi
l m
oist
ure
need
ed b
y th
e se
edlin
gs.
Tam
arin
dus i
ndica
L.
Sam
palo
k Pl
owin
g on
ce a
nd h
arro
win
g se
vera
l tim
es u
ntil
the
desir
ed
soil
tilth
is a
ttai
ned.
Sett
ing
the
stak
es
follo
win
g th
e de
-sir
ed
dist
ance
of
Pl
antin
g
Digg
ing
hole
s at
th
e po
siti
ons
occu
pied
by
th
e st
akes
5 x
5 m
Pl
ant
durin
g th
e ra
iny
seas
on t
o re
duce
the
nee
d fo
r fr
e-qu
ent w
ater
ing.
If w
ater
is a
vaila
ble
for
irrig
atio
n, p
lant
ing
may
be
done
any
time
of t
he y
ear,
even
dur
ing
dry
seas
on.
Part
ial
shad
e sh
ould
be
prov
ided
to
new
ly t
rans
plan
ted
tam
arin
d, p
artic
ular
ly,
if pl
antin
g is
done
dur
ing
the
dry
seas
on.
97
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
SITE
PRE
PARA
TIO
N
PLAN
TATI
ON
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
Clea
ring
Stak
ing
Hole
size
Sp
acin
g Pl
antin
g Pr
oced
ures
Vign
a ra
diat
a/
Mun
go
Whe
n us
ing
trac
tor,
one
plow
ing
and
one
harr
owin
g of
fo
ur p
assin
gs m
ay b
e e
noug
h.
With
the
use
of a
nim
al p
ower
, tw
o pl
owin
gs
may
be
re
-qu
ired
and
at le
ast t
wo
harr
o-
win
gs w
ith o
ne h
arro
win
g of
fo
ur p
assin
g's a
fter
plo
win
g.
Wid
er ro
w
spac
ing
is re
com
men
- de
d fo
r the
w
et se
ason
. Sh
allo
w
furr
ows a
re
mad
e 50
cm
apa
rt
depe
ndin
g on
the
impl
emen
ts
used
and
th
e se
ason
.
Mun
go i
s pl
ante
d ei
ther
by
the
row
dril
l m
etho
d, h
ill o
r br
oadc
ast m
etho
d.
98
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
PLAN
TATI
ON
CA
RE A
ND
MAI
NTE
NAN
CE
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
Tim
ing
Soil
Amen
dmen
ts
Ho
le si
ze S
paci
ng P
lant
ing
Proc
edur
es
Acac
ia a
uricu
lifor
mis/
Au
ri
Appl
y 30
g co
mpl
ete
(NPK
). Co
ver
the
seed
lings
fu
lly w
ith t
op s
oil.
Put
6 cm
. mul
chin
g m
ater
ial
to c
onse
rve
soil
moi
stur
e.
Acac
ia m
angi
um W
illd.
M
angi
um
Plan
t du
ring
the
star
t of
ra
iny
seas
on
Appl
y 30
g co
mpl
ete
(NPK
). Co
ver
the
seed
lings
fu
lly w
ith to
p so
il. P
ut 6
cm
mul
chin
g m
ater
ial t
o co
nser
ve so
il M
oist
ure
Mak
e pe
riodi
c ob
ser-
vat
ion
on p
est
or d
iseas
e oc
curr
ence
, w
eeds
/vin
es th
at m
ay c
reep
on
the
stem
of t
he se
edlin
g.
Anon
a sq
uam
osa
Linn
. At
is an
ytim
e of
the
yea
r bu
t th
e be
st
time
is at
the
ons
et o
f th
e ra
iny
seas
on
It pr
efer
s sli
ghtly
aci
dic
and
soil
cond
ition
s w
ith
pH o
f 5.5
- 6.
5 Cl
ose
mon
itorin
g of
the
occu
rren
ce o
f pes
ts a
nd d
iseas
es. W
ater
th
e se
edlin
gs re
gula
rly.
Antig
onon
Lept
opus
Ca
dena
de
amor
W
ater
regu
larly
, 1 p
er w
eek
in h
ot se
ason
.
Arec
a ca
tech
u L.
Bu
nga
Perf
orm
hoe
ing
and
wee
ding
tw
ice
a ye
ar. D
rain
sur
plus
wat
er
durin
g he
avy
rain
fall
and
irrig
ate
durin
g dr
y se
ason
.
Aver
rhoa
bili
mbi
L.
Kam
ias
At th
e on
set o
f the
rain
y se
ason
Ap
ply
com
post
or
man
ure
to p
rom
ote
vege
ta-
tive
grow
th. O
rgan
ic f
ertil
izers
su
ch a
s am
mo-
nium
sul
fate
, may
also
be
appl
ied
at 1
00—
200
g/tr
ee/y
ear.
Barr
ingt
onia
asia
tica
(Lin
n.) K
urtz
./Bo
tong
St
art o
f the
rain
y se
ason
By b
rush
ing
arou
nd th
e pl
ants
for a
yea
r. Pl
ants
mus
t be
pr
otec
ted
from
wild
fire
s
Appe
ndix
Tab
le 6
. Fie
ld P
lant
atio
n co
ntin
ued…
….
99
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
PLAN
TATI
ON
CA
RE A
ND
MAI
NTE
NAN
CE
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
Tim
ing
Soil
Amen
dmen
ts
Ho
le si
ze S
paci
ng P
lant
ing
Proc
edur
es
Bras
sica
rapa
/ Pe
chay
bag
uio
Ap
ply
50 p
ound
s of
N a
t pla
ntin
g an
d sid
edre
ss
addi
tiona
l N
at
dim
inish
ing
rate
as
the
plan
t ne
ars h
arve
st.
Onc
e th
e pl
ant i
s est
ablis
hed,
furr
ow o
r drip
irrig
atio
n is
reco
mm
ende
d.
Cana
rium
ova
tum
Eng
l./
Pili
anyt
ime
of th
e ye
ar a
s lo
ng a
s s
uffic
ient
w
ater
is a
vaila
ble
Initi
al a
pplic
atio
n of
com
plet
e fe
rtili
zer
(14-
14-
14)
is re
com
men
ded
durin
g ou
t- p
lant
ing
at a
do
sage
of
20 g
per
pla
nt.
Subs
eque
nt a
pplic
a-tio
n 30
-60g
per
pla
nt p
er a
pplic
atio
n. T
here
sh
all b
e tw
o ap
plic
atio
n in
a y
ear,
done
at
the
star
t and
tow
ard
the
end
of ra
iny
seas
on.
A ne
wly
est
ablis
hed
pili
plan
tatio
n sh
ould
be
mai
n-ta
ined
wee
d- f
ree
by
brus
hing
. Rin
g w
eedi
ng a
t le
ast
twic
e a
year
may
be
done
.
Cocu
s nuc
ifera
/ Co
conu
t at
the
star
t of t
he ra
iny
seas
on
Judi
ciou
s ap
plic
atio
n of
fer
tilize
rs in
crea
ses
nut
and
copr
a yi
eld.
The
thre
e m
ost
need
ed fe
rtili
z-er
s fo
r co
conu
t pr
oduc
tion
at a
ll gr
owth
sta
ges
are
N-C
l-S.
Chec
k w
eed
grow
th w
ithin
a c
ircle
of a
bout
1-2
m ra
dius
by
mul
chin
g th
e ar
ea w
ith d
ried
wee
ds o
r an
y or
gani
c m
ulch
es.
Ficu
s ben
jam
ina
Bale
te
Plan
t dur
ing
rain
y se
ason
Helli
coni
a ps
sitta
coru
m/
False
bird
of p
arad
ise
Re
quire
s m
inim
al fe
rtili
zer,
may
be
quar
terly
or
once
a m
onth
. T
hey
are
very
sus
cept
ible
to e
xces
sive
fert
iliza
tion
with
th
e bi
g pr
oble
m o
f bro
wni
ng e
dges
on
the
Leav
es
Lage
rsto
emia
indi
ca/
Mel
endr
es
So
il am
endm
ents
is n
ot n
eces
sary
whe
n pl
ant-
ing
in in
divi
dual
hol
e .
flow
erin
g of
pla
nts
will
be
enha
nced
if p
lant
s ar
e w
a-te
red
durin
g dr
y pe
riods
that
occ
ur d
urin
g th
e flo
wer
ing
seas
on.
Livi
ston
a ro
tund
ifolia
(L
am.)
Mar
t. va
r lu
zone
nsis
Becc
. An
ahaw
Ons
et o
f the
rain
y se
ason
Ri
ng w
eedi
ng s
houl
d be
don
e as
oft
en a
s ne
cess
ary
to
allo
w n
orm
al g
row
th a
nd d
evel
opm
ent
of p
lant
s. R
e-pl
ace
dead
seed
- lin
gs a
s soo
n as
pos
sible
.
100
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
PLAN
TATI
ON
CA
RE A
ND
MAI
NTE
NAN
CE
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
Tim
ing
Soil
Amen
dmen
ts
Ho
le si
ze S
paci
ng P
lant
ing
Proc
edur
es
Mich
elia
cham
paca
/ ch
ampa
ca
durin
g ra
iny
seas
on
Mun
tingi
a ca
labu
ra Li
nn
Datil
es
co
mpl
ete
fert
ilize
r (1
4-14
-14)
at
50g/
pla
nt i
s ap
plie
d du
ring
outp
lant
ing.
U
se th
e av
aila
ble
mul
chin
g m
ater
ial i
n th
e ar
ea s
uch
as
drie
d le
aves
, gra
sses
etc
. If
poss
ible
the
mat
eria
l sho
uld
be 6
cm
thic
k to
real
ly c
onse
rve
the
soil
moi
stur
e.
Mus
saen
da sp
s.
Fo
liar
appl
icat
ion
3-4
times
/yea
r us
ing
nutr
i-tio
nal
spra
y co
ntai
ning
all
the
ess
entia
l tr
ace
elem
ents
esp
ecia
lly M
anga
nese
and
Zin
c.
it is
best
to
prun
e M
ussa
enda
aft
er b
loom
ing
to g
et a
bu
shy
plan
t.
Psid
ium
gua
java
L./
Guav
a at
the
onse
t of t
he ra
iny
seas
on
Inco
rpor
ate
orga
nic
mat
ter i
nto
the
soil.
Sh
allo
w c
ultiv
atio
n ar
ound
the
bas
e of
the
pla
nt i
s re
com
men
ded
to p
reve
nt ro
ot in
jury
.
Pong
amia
pin
nata
(L
inn.
) Mer
r./Ba
ni
Roys
tone
a re
gia/
Ro
yal p
alm
Tr
ansp
lant
in t
he
war
mer
mon
th o
f the
ye
ar.
Folia
r sp
ray
of s
olub
le m
acro
nutr
ient
s su
ch a
s po
tass
ium
and
Man
gane
se d
urin
g th
e fir
st fo
ur
to si
x m
onth
s aft
er in
stal
latio
n.
Roya
l Pa
lms
grow
qui
te r
apid
ly w
hen
give
n ab
unda
nt
wat
er a
nd f
ertil
izer
in f
ull s
un o
r da
pple
d sh
ade.
The
y w
ithst
and
stro
ng w
inds
and
sal
t sp
ray
very
wel
l bu
t so
me
folia
ge i
njur
y w
ill b
e ev
iden
t on
Roy
al P
alm
lo-
cate
d ne
xt to
the
ocea
n.
Sam
anea
sam
an
(Jacq
.) W
illd.
/ Ra
in T
ree
or A
caci
a
Plan
t on
the
onse
t of t
he r
ainy
seas
on
Drie
d or
gani
c m
atte
r or
far
m m
anur
e is
adde
d to
top
soil.
Vi
sit t
he o
utpl
ante
d se
edlin
gs p
erio
dica
lly a
nd m
onito
r th
e pe
sts
and
dise
ases
occ
urre
nce.
App
ly a
ny e
nviro
n-m
ent
frie
ndly
pes
ticid
es o
nce
pest
s an
d di
seas
es a
re
obse
rved
to p
reve
nt o
utbr
eak
in p
lant
atio
n.
101
Compendium of Rehabilitation Strategies for Damaged Urban Areas
PLAN
T N
AME
PLAN
TATI
ON
CA
RE A
ND
MAI
NTE
NAN
CE
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
/Co
mm
on N
ame
Tim
ing
Soil
Amen
dmen
ts
Ho
le si
ze S
paci
ng P
lant
ing
Proc
edur
es
Tam
arin
dus i
ndica
L.
Sam
palo
k Pl
ant d
urin
g th
e ra
iny
seas
on
W
eed
the
plan
ts p
erio
dica
lly. P
rovi
de s
take
s or
tem
po-
rary
fen
ce a
roun
d th
e pl
anta
tion
or a
roun
d in
divi
dual
pl
ants
. Co
nduc
t th
inni
ng a
nd p
runi
ng p
artic
ular
ly o
n tr
ees
with
ove
rlapp
ing
crow
n.
Gath
er a
ny o
ccur
renc
e of
pes
ts a
nd d
iseas
es to
pre
vent
any
out
brea
k of
infe
s-ta
tion.
Vign
a ra
diat
a/
Mun
go
Mun
go c
an b
e gr
own
durin
g th
e w
et a
nd
the
dry
seas
ons.
Bes
t re
sults
are
ex-
pect
ed d
urin
g th
e dr
y se
ason
if
supp
le-
men
tary
irrig
atio
n is
avai
labl
e.
The
yiel
d of
mun
go m
ay b
e in
crea
sed
whe
n m
ulch
ed w
ith ri
ce st
raw
. A
wel
l pre
pare
d se
edbe
d w
ould
giv
e m
ungo
see
d- li
ngs
a go
od s
tart
aga
inst
wee
ds. M
ungo
ger
min
ates
fast
but
du
ring
the
first
thr
ee w
eeks
the
gro
wth
of
the
plan
t is
slow
tha
t th
e w
eeds
may
cat
ch u
p. C
ultiv
atio
n is
done
to
sup
pres
s w
eed
grow
th.
Then
hill
ing
up i
s us
ually
do
ne w
hen
the
crop
clo
ses
in, w
hich
is a
bout
the
four
th
wee
k.
102