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FOOD SOVEREIGNTY AND
BIODIVERSITY
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FOOD SOVEREIGNTY
FOOD SECURITY
• Most important driving force behind NGO moment
• Making people food secure: major discourse in ’80s & ’90s
• Many ways of tackling food security• Enlarged into livelihood security in
recent times
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FOOD SOVEREIGNTY
• 1996. World Food Summit in Rome• Large countries of the North made
very little commitment• Trade as a means of food security• Ground being readied for TNCs
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FOOD SOVEREIGNTY
• World food trade runs into hundreds of billion dollars
• Food & seed as new tools for imperialism
• Sends alarm bells around the world
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FOOD SOVEREIGNTY
• Discourse shifts to Food Sovereignty
• A term coined by Via Campasina• One’s right to produce one’s own
food in one’s own location• Community food sovereignty
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FOOD SOVEREIGNTY
• Denying food that is culturally appropriate is a political act
• In opposition, food sovereignty emphasises on the right to produce food at ones own location, appropriate to ecology and culture
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FOOD SOVEREIGNTY
• …implies ecological techniques and stewardship of agriculture, agricultural biodiversity, moving away from intensive agriculture, creation of rural employment and diverse food cultures.
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FOOD SOVEREIGNTY
• At the national and local levels it advocates Farmers' Control Regime that involves access to land, farmers’ control over seed and ending women's exclusion. Farmers’ control regime also means No Patents on Life as well as farmers’ access to markets
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FOOD SOVEREIGNTY
• At the global level it wants reform in global food trade which involves ensuring end to "dumping" and subsidies for intensive agriculture. Ensuring fair prices for farmers and protecting local markets. Preference for domestic food crops before export crops.
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CROPS OF TRUTH
BIODIVERSITYBASED PRODUCTION SYSTEM OF DECCAN,
INDIA
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Farmers’ Perceptions
• Moisture requirements
• High storability• No weeding
required• Tasty foods
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Farmers’ Perceptions
• Cooking quality• Commercial
value• High
productivity
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MOISTURE REQUIREMENT
• Pesari & Minumu are comparatively delicate and need the first few heavy showers of the monsoon. Therefore, they are sown during the first fortnight of the Mirgam
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MOISTURE REQUIREMENT
• Crops like lentils are sown on low-lying areas where there is extra moisture present in the soil.
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MOISTURE REQUIREMENT
Little Millet and Niger demand the least soil moisture; sown in the fifth or sixth fortnight, in Asaleru, almost 10 weeks after monsoon, especially if rains fail to arrive.
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DETERMINANTS
• High storability Foxtail millet, Kodo millet, Little millet• Tastiest foods
Pigeonpea daal, Pearl millet roti and Foxtail millet
• Suitable for particular soil typesPigeonpea
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STORABILITY, TASTE
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DETERMINANTS
• Most fertile soils needed
Chilli and Sunflower• High commercial value
Pigeonpea and Sesame• Highly productive[barkath]
Bishop’s weed
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MARKET & PRODUCTIVITY
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DETERMINANTS
• Soil types
Black soils : Sorghum, chickpea, mustard
Red soils, Pachajonna, pigeonpea and hibiscus.
Extent of soil type determines crop mix.
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DETERMINANTS
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DETERMINANTS
• Need to raise two or more crops during a yearTo optimise production farmers go for the best crop mix within their multiple cropping system. On black soils they grow green and black grams during the rainy Kharif and harvest them in about three months. A range of winter crops are planted in the same space.
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OPTIMISING PRODUCTION
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DETERMINANTS
• Crop durations Gareeb Jonna, an early maturing variety of sorghum is grown because it is harvested within three months of sowing. At this point of time there is hunger at home. All the dry fodder would be over and the cattle would begin to starve. Foxtail millet and Gareeb Jonna are grown to meet both these food and fodder needs.
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ANSWERING HUNGER
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DETERMINANTS
• Need for fodder Sorghum, pearl millet,
Cowpea, dollichos etc.• Need for cash Bishop’s Weed• Food security Kharif sorghum• Fuel wood Pigeonpea • Thatching/fencing material
• Need for fibre Amaranthus, Sunhemp
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FOOD & FIBRE
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DETERMINANTS
• Special foods for specific festivals
Pyalala Jonna (Popping Sorghum) which is used in Nagula Panchami
• Rejuvenating soil fertility and ‘strength’
Niger, horsegram• Need for oil
Safflower
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FOR SOIL & OIL
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DETERMINANTS
• Need to prepare land for the next crop
Sunhemp• Medicinal properties
Mustard, Traditional sugarcane, Korra• To ward off/reduce pest incidence
Marigold
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MEDICINE & PESTS
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DETERMINANTS
• Most prone to pest attackPigeonpea, field beans and Dolichos lablab
• Most labour involved [in processing]Little Millet and Foxtail millet
• No Weeding required
Niger and Sunhemp
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DETERMINANTS
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DIVERSITY & CULTURE
• Pyalala jonnaFor Nagula Panchami
• KorraluFor Peddala Amavasya
• ChickpeaFor Polelu for many festivals
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DIVERSITY & CULTURE
• GATLU, THE GERMINATION RITUAL
• SOONYAM PANDUGA, CHECKING THE GROWTH
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DIVERSITY & CULTURE
ENDLAGATTE
PUNNAM• To show how
many varieties are grown on my field; and to thank Goddess for these varieties
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SEED SELECTION
• Vaasana, the odour• Vanne, the colour • The grain
appearance• The size