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Question #1: How does the environment influence:- Food choices- Food taboos- Housing styles
And, what are the differences among folk cultures?
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Folk Culture: Influences of Physical Environment
• Environmental conditions can limit the variety of human actions anywhere
• Two necessities of daily
life- food and shelter- demonstrate the influence of cultural values and environment on the development of unique folk culture.
• Different societies prefer different foods and styles of house construction
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Food Preferences►Food Diversity in
Transylvania Food customs affected by
availability of products►Food habits encouraged by
cultural traditions
In Transylvania, food preferences distinguish groups:• Romanians: sour bran soups • Saxons: simmered fatty pork
in water• Jews: preferred soups made
from beets and sorrel• Armenians: soup based on
churut and vegetables• Hungarians: added smoked
bacon to the soup
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Hog Production and Food Cultures
Fig. 4-6: Annual hog production is influenced by religious taboos against pork consumption in Islam and other religions. The highest production is in China, which is largely Buddhist.
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Food Taboos
►People refuse to eat particular plants or animals that are thought to embody negative forces in the environment. protect an endangered
animal Conserve natural resources
• Taboo: Restriction on behavior
imposed by social custom
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Folk Housing
• The house is a product of both cultural traditions and natural conditions Reflection of cultural
heritage, current fashion, functional needs, and the impact of the environment
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House Types in Western China
Fig. 4-8: Four communities in western China all have distinctive house types.
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Question #2: What role do art, sacred spaces & housing play in folk culture?
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Himalayan Folk Cultural Regions
Fig. 4-5: Cultural geographers have identified four distinct culture regions based on predominant religions in the Himalaya Mountains.
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Sacred Places
• Java Front door often faces
south Direction of the South Sea
Goddess» Holds the key to
earth
• Fiji East wall of house sacred
• Madagascar Main door on west
» Most important direction
►Thailand Yuan and Shan Sleep with head towards
east Staircases must not face
west►Direction of death
and evil spirits
►Laos Beds perpendicular to the
center ridgepole in house Head =noble, high value Feet= low value
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Home Locations in Southeast Asia
Fig. 4-7: Houses and sleeping positions are oriented according to local customs among the Lao in northern Laos (left) and the Yuan and Shan in northern Thailand (right).
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Tidewater
“I” house
Folk Housing
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Saltbox Cape Cod
Front Gable and Wing Two-Chimeny
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Diffusion of House Types in U.S.
Fig. 4-9: Distinct house types originated in three main source areas in the U.S. and then diffused into the interior as migrants moved west.
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Diffusion of New England House Types
Fig. 4-10: Four main New England house types of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries diffused westward as settlers migrated.
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• Question #3: Why and how is there a rapid diffusion of pop culture? Give examples for – Food/Beverage– Clothing
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Popular Culture: Regional Variations
Americans choose particular beverages or snacks in part on the basis of local preference for what is produced, grown, or imported locally.
– Bourbon• Consumption concentrated in
Upper South– Tequila
• Heavily concentrated in the Southwest along the border with Mexico
– Pork rinds• Preferred in South• Hogs raised there
– Other examples• popcorn/ and potato chips in
North• Corn and potatoes grown
there
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Regional Variations• Cultural backgrounds also
affect the amount and types of alcohol and snack foods consumed– Relates partially to
• Religious backgrounds • Income• Advertising
– Religious Backgrounds• Southeast
– Baptists• Utah
– Mormons
– Location• Texans prefer tortilla chips
– Mexican-Americans• Westerners prefer multigrain
chips– Concern for nutritional value
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Alcohol Preferences in the U.S.
Fig. 4-12: Per capita consumption of rum (top) and Canadian whiskey (bottom) show different distributions and histories of diffusion.
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Wine Production per Year
Wine is typically produced in hilly areas that have cold wet winters and long hot dry summers.
Fig. 4-13: The distribution of wine production shows the joint impact of the physical environment and social customs.
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Rapid Diffusion of Clothing Styles
• Individual clothing habits reflect:– Availability of income– Social forms
• Job characteristics
• MDCs– clothing habits reflect
occupations– higher incomes
• Improved communications have allowed the rapid diffusion of clothing styles from one region of earth to another– Speed is essential– Increasing awareness of
global clothing styles• Increased travel
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Question #4: Discuss how the style of housing post-WWII reflected TIME and not PLACE
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U.S. House Types, 1945–1990
Fig. 4-11: Several variations of the “modern style” were dominant from the 1940s into the 1970s. Since then, “neo-eclectic” styles have become the dominant type of house construction in the U.S.
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Question #5: How has the electronic diffusion of pop culture changed? How does it impact society?
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Diffusion of TV, 1954–1999
Fig. 4-14: Television has diffused widely since the 1950s, but some areas still have low numbers of TVs per population.
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Distribution of Internet Hosts
Fig. 4-15: The U.S. had two-thirds of the world’s internet hosts in 2002. Diffusion of internet service is likely to follow the pattern of TV diffusion, but the rate of this diffusion may differ.
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Question #6: What are the biggest differences between folk and pop culture?