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Fluid Mechanics
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Component Head LossThe Minor Loss Coefficient, K:-
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Combined Head Loss Equation(Total head loss)=(Pipe head Loss)+(Component head loss)
+=
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ExampleIf oil (ν = 4 × 10-5 m2/s; S = 0.9) flows from the upper to the lower reservoir at a rate of 0.028 m3/s in the 15 cm smooth pipe, what is the elevation of the oil surface in the upper reservoir?
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SolutionMinor head loss coefficients:- entrance = Ke = 0.5 bend = Kb = 0.19outlet = KE = 1.0
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The flow is turbulent Assume e=0
Head Loss:-
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WhereHp=ht=0V1=v2=0P1=P2=Patm=0
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Non-Round ConduitsIf the conduit is not a pipe it is a square, triangle or any other shapes we replace the diameter by the hydraulic diameter.
For Example and rectangular tube with L(Length) and W(wide) the hydraulic diameter will be:-
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Example
Air (T = 20°C and p = 101 kPa absolute) flows at a rate of 2.5 m3/s in a horizontal, commercial steel, HVAC duct. (Note that HVAC is an acronym for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning.) What is the pressure drop in inches of water per 50 m of duct?
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Solution
The flow is turbulent
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Pumps
a centrifugal pump is a machine that uses a rotating set of blades situated within a housing to add energy to a flowing fluid.
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Pump Curve
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ExampleA pump is to be used to transfer crude oil (! = 2 × 10!4 lbf-s/ft2, 1 = 0*86) from the lower tank to the upper tank at a flow rate of 100 gpm. The loss coefficient for the check valve is 5.0. The loss coefficients for the elbow and the inlet are0.9 and 0.5, respectively. The 2-in. pipe is made from commercial steel (e = 0*002in.) and is 40 ft long. The elevation distance between the liquid surfaces in the tanks is 10 ft. The pump efficiency is 80%. Find the power required to operate the pump.
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Solution
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Pipes in ParallelThe Losses is equal in both branches as the energy different in point (1) and point (2) is equal according to Energy equation.
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ExampleA piping system consists of parallel pipes as shown in the following diagram. One pipe has an internal diameter of 0.5 m and is 1000 m long. The other pipe has an internal diameter of 1 m and is 1500 m long. Both pipes are made of cast iron(e = 0.26 mm). The pipes are transporting water at 20C (ρ= 1000 kg/m3, v= 10^-6 m2/s). The total flow rate is 4 m3/s. Find the flow rate in each pipeand the pressure drop in the system. There is no elevation change. Neglect minor losses.
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Solution
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Take
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