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Fluid Mechanics
Ch-8
Buoyancy
Pressure
Flow
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Fluids
• Fluids flow and alter shape
• Which states of matter are fluid?
• Liquid• Gas• Plasma
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Gasses fill and conform to their container
• Chlorine gas Cl2
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Plasma’s conform to magnetic fields
• At PPPL they are experimenting on the fusion of hydrogen plasma
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Density
= m/V• “rho” = mass/volume
• Density of Steam = 0.598 kg/m3
• Density of Mercury = 13.6 x 103 kg/m3
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Buoyancy
• FB = Fg (of displaced fluid)
• = mog
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Archimedes Principle
• Fnet = mfg - mog
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Ships are rated as displacing tons of seawater
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Fluid Pressure
• P = F/A
• Force/unit area
• Pounds/in2 (Psi)• Or N/m2 (Pascals)
4000 N/m2
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• 107 Pascal
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Fluid Pressure
• P = F/A
• Force/unit area
• PSI (lbs/insquared)
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Pressure increases as area applied decreases
• F1/A1 = F2/A2
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Hydraulics at the Dentist
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Syringe hydraulic lift
• I raise a 10 N rock with a hydraulic piston that is 13 mm in radius using water connected to a 1.5 mm radius syringe. How much force is necessary for this lift to raise the rock?
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Pressure as a Function of Depth
• P = Po + gh
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Submarine Ballast Tanks
• The density of the whole device is adjusted by releasing compressed air
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WWIII Submarine section
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Buoyant force results from differing pressure at depth
FB=A(Po+gh2)-A(Po+gh1)
FB=g(h2-h1)A
FB=gV
FB=mfg That’s Archimedes
Principle
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The Coanda Effect
• Fluid adheres to surfaces
• Flowing fluids are directed by curved surfaces
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Bernouli’s Principle on Air foils
• Air flowing across and air foil flows faster across the top
• Pressure is lower of the air flows faster
• Fnet is upward
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Coanda Effect breaks down at high angles of attack
• The Coanda effect guides the air flow along the surface
• The air flow breaks free and turbulent flow results
• Stall occurs
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Coanda Develops First Jet engine aircraft, 1910
It crashes, he loses funding
Lost technologyfor 30 years
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