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Flowers Quiz Next Time
• Open Lab
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Flowering Plants
The Angiosperms
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Flowers
A) Pollen grains
* microscopic, the size of dust particles
* produced in great numbers (every single flower can contain 5.5 million)
*Various shapes - spherical, oval, spiked,
* patterns are individual and can be linked with a specific species of plant
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Flowers *Pollen grains may survive for tens of
thousands of years, and you can chart the history of plants in a certain area by looking at the pollen grains present
B) Flower Structure
1) Male
*pollen - flower’s male cells (sperm)
*stamens (produce pollen) - male organs
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Flowers
2) Female (pistil)
*ovary - contains eggs (ovules)
*style - thin pillar leading up from the ovary
*stigma - sensitive pad at the top of the style; “landing pad” for pollen
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Flowers
3) Perfect Flowers - have both male and female parts
Imperfect Flowers - the organ of only one sex is present
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Stamen
Pistil
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PollinationC. Fertilization
1) The process of pollination
Step 1 - pollen grain lands on stigma
Step 2 - interaction between stigma and pollen grain forms a “pollen tube” which grows down to the ovary
Step 3 - pollen grains travel down the tube and fertilize the eggs; fertilization time varies greatly. Fertilization in a geranium takes a few hours while in an orchid it takes a few months
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Pollination
2) Specifics of Pollination
* The stigma will not react to pollen from another species.
* Unique shape of pollen grains works like a lock and key with the stigma, there is also a biochemical recognition
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PollinationD. Traveling Pollen
If a flowering plant is to reproduce sexually it must make sure that its pollen reaches the stigma of another flower.
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How does the pollen get there?
1) Methods of Dispersal
a) wind
*the smallest pollen grains can be carried by wind ex. Grasses, Oak
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Methods of Pollination
* Plants that rely on wind for dispersal produce small flowers
* stigmas are large and elaborate to intercept flying pollen
* wind transport is not accurate, so many pollen grains produced will not reach the stigma of another flower.
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More Pollinationb)Animal Messengers
*Plants must advertise to attract the attention of messengers
* flowers are large and colorful to attract messengers who collect pollen and deliver it directly to another flower
* flowers give messenger benefits ex. Nectar, pollen
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Pollinationc) Directing the Insects
* flowers tailor their advertisement to match insect senses
* smell - insects attracted by flower perfume (ex. Moths)
* vision - insects see in UV spectrum. Many flowers have “runway” markings only in the UV spectrum
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After PollinationA) Angiosperms -
1) Plants that produce flowers
2) Angiosperms protect their seeds by forming a fruit
B) After Pollination
1) once the egg inside the ovary is fertilized by the male pollen then the ovule begins to develop into a seed
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After Pollination
2) The seed contains the embryo (fertilized egg) and a food supply for the embryo
3) The ovary enlarges into a fruit with the seeds (ovules) inside.
4) When the seeds are mature the fruit ripens and the flower falls away.
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After Pollination
C) Types of Fruits
1. Simple - one fruit develops from each flower
a. Fleshy
* pome - ex. Apple, pear
*drupe - ex. Olive, peach, avocado
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II. After Pollination Cont.
a) Fleshy cont.
* berries - ex. tomato, strawberry
b) Dry
ex. Pecan, acorn, peapod
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After Pollination
2) Aggregate - many fruits develop from 1 flower ex. Grapes, raspberries
3)Multiple - one fruit develops from each flower in a cluster
ex. pineapple
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Seed Dispersal
Plants use different methods to spread (disperse) their seeds. Each seed is specially adapted to its specific method of dispersal
1) Independent dispersal - plants use own resources to spread seeds
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Seed Dispersal Cont.
2) Wind - wind is used to spread seeds ex. dandelions and milkweed
Adaptations - lightweight and aerodynamic
3) Water - water is used to spread seeds ex. coconuts
Adaptations - waterproof, force resistant
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Seed Dispersal
4) Animals - animals eat fruit, swallow seeds, and defecate seeds away from the parent plant ex. Apples, strawberries, etc.
Adaptations - edible, tasty, seeds must survive the acidic stomach
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The birds and the bees…..
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Reproduction!!
• Link
• Video
• Video
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Flower Dissection
• Work with your shoulder partner or table of three
• Each person complete their own lab– There will be questions on the quiz over this lab
so please participate