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Rosalyn Kilcollins
Coastal Training Program Coordinator
Apalachicola National
Estuarine Research Reserve
Florida Waterfronts Program Managers Meeting
May 24, 2012 - Crystal River, FL
Green Infrastructure and
Coastal Community Resilience
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Issues in Southeast
Lost more forests, farms
and open space to sprawl
Populations are projected
to grow 46% in Gulf states
34% of all NA endangered
or threatened fish species
USFWS
EPA
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HOUSING STARTS IN SE
Between 1995 and 2004 – Nearly 3.5
million new homes built in EPA Region 4
Between 2005 and 2014 – Nearly 6.7
million additional new homes could be
built
Source ~ U.S Census Bureau and National Association of Home Builders
The projected number is a conservative estimate calculated by using
the average rate of increase in housing starts between 1995 and
2004.
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Land Consumption
1990 Future
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Watershed changes
Center for Watershed Protection
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Development Impacts on
the Water Cycle
55%
50% 15%
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Watershed Changes What’s going on upstream?
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Impervious Surfaces
Materials like cement, asphalt, roofing and compacted soil that prevent percolation of runoff into the ground.
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Impervious Cover Influences
Habitat Quality
Loss of Habitat
Variety Loss of Stream Buffer Smothering of Habitat
by Sediment Deposits Center for Watershed Protection
Impervious cover changes the natural
stream environment, resulting in:
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0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
Percent Impervious Cover in Watershed
Nu
mb
er
an
d D
ivers
ity o
f
Aq
uatic L
ife
As the amount of impervious cover increases, the
number and diversity of aquatic species decreases.
Impervious Cover Influences
Aquatic Life
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“More than thirty Scientific studies have documented that stream, lake, and wetland quality declines sharply when impervious cover in watersheds exceeds 10 percent.”
Center for Watershed Protection
Water Quality & Imperviousness
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
WA
TE
RS
HE
D
IMP
ER
VIO
US
NE
SS
(%)
STREAM DEGRADATION
DEGRADED
PROTECTED
IMPACTED
ADAPTED FROM SCHUELER, ET. AL., 1992
Increased quantity
Decreased quality
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What can your community do? Plan for Growth:
Steer development to
areas that will:
(1)minimize Operating
& Maintenance
costs
(2)protect your natural
resources and
(3)protect local quality
of life.
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Planning Challenges
1. Integrating floodplain and watershed
protection into county, community and
site design planning
2. Integrating green infrastructure into all
planning processes
3. Making planning truly comprehensive
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Planning
Develop a vision for the future
Identify land to be conserved
Then determine where and how
development should occur
Most effective if all levels of planning in
an area are coordinated and reinforce
each other.
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Green Infrastructure is a tool to
achieve multiple planning objectives
Green infrastructure is an interconnected
network of natural areas and open spaces
that:
Maintains natural ecosystem values/functions
Reduces flooding and erosion
Mitigates storm damage
Sustains clean air and water
Provides a wide array of benefits to people & wildlife
Saves operation & maintenance costs
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Green Infrastructure Can Be: 1) Natural areas and features (wetlands, forests,
floodplains, riparian buffers, habitat)
2) Greenways, parks and open space
3) Working lands with conservation value
4) Protection of sources of drinking water – lakes, rivers,
streams, reservoirs, groundwater recharge zones
5) Other protected open spaces.
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Another Definition
of Green Infrastructure (relates to site specific measures)
Non-traditional approaches to watershed
management and stormwater control, such
as vegetated swales, rain gardens, green
roofs, porous concrete, and rain barrels.
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Green Infrastructure: Floodplains The highest and best use of floodplain land is for
the storage of flood waters.
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Green Infrastructure:
Headwater Streams
1st & 2nd order streams
Most total miles in
watershed
Sensitive to development
Habitat for more aquatic
organisms than large
rivers Alabama NRCS
The quality of water in the larger streams and lakes have a
close connection to the quality of the water coming from
their source -- primary headwater streams. (EPA-State of Ohio)
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Green Infrastructure:
Vegetated Buffers Especially important to
buffer wetlands and urban
waterways
1st line of defense against
impacts of impervious
surfaces Benefits of Buffers:
Flood control
Increase property value
Habitat for wildlife
Wetland protection
Pollutant reduction
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Benefits of
Riparian Forest Buffers
Riparian forests can reduce nutrient and sediment inputs to a water body by 30 – 90%.
Forests can absorb and store runoff 10 to 15 times higher than grass. The wider the buffer, the more effectively it reduces pollution.
(Chesapeake Bay Program)
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Value of Fresh Water Wetlands
Value of 1 acre/year at 2005 dollars:
• Flood retention $594
• Water quality $630
• Recreational fishing $539
• Commercial fishing $1,176
• Bird watching $1,832
(multiple academic studies)
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•23
• alternative surfaces
• “green” design
• mechanical BMPs
• education as a BMP
•Cluster design
•Pervious roadway
•Pervious driveways
•“no mow”
zone
Jordan Cove
Putting it all Together
•Rain gardens
•Engineered swales
•Bioretention
“circle”
•Naturalistic landscaping
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But does it work?
•LID
•Traditional
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Open Space Planning
Planning Commission Land Trust Conservation Commission
The Players:
• promotes infiltration
• decreases runoff
• provides buffers
• filters pollutants
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Open Space Developments
• same number of housing units
• 10-50% less impervious surface
• up to 50% open space
• water resources protected
From Randall Arendt
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Cost comparison Developers’ Cost Savings
Remlick Farm Development in Virginia
Development Costs Conventional Better Site Design
Engineering $79,600 $39,800
Sewage & water $25,200 $13,200
Road construction $1,012,500 $487,500
(20,250 linear ft) (9,750 linear ft)
Land use (490 acres total area)
Developed 287 acres (59%) 69 acres (14%)
Undeveloped 203 acres (41%) 421 acres (86%)
(Center for Watershed Protection, Remlik Hall Farm)
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Promote Open Space Development
Smaller lots minimizes
impervious areas
Reduces construction
costs
Conserves natural areas
Provides community
recreational space
Promotes watershed
and floodplain protection
Provides green infrastructure
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The Cost of Open Space Management
Open Space Management Strategy
Annual Maintenance Costs
Natural Open Space
Only minimum maintenance, trash/debris cleanup
$75/acre
Lawns
Regular mowing
$240 to $270/acre
Passive Recreation
Trails, bike paths, etc.
$200/acre
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Green Infrastructure: Recreation Florida’s biggest industry - $45 billion (1998-99)
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Green Infrastructure
Saves Communities $$$$$ and
Adds to Property values
Near protected floodplains $10,400 increase
If forest conserved on site 6 to 15% increase
Near restored streams 3 to 13% increase
Near greenbelt buffer 32% increase
Near “greenway” park 33% increase
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Green Infrastructure:
Property Values Increase
• Increased purchase price of single family homes within 100 ft of open space
– Leon County (Tallahassee) - $14,400
– Alachua County (Gainesville) - $8,200
• Increased value of vacant land within 100 ft of open space in Leon County - $31,800
(Trust for Public Land study, 2004)
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Decreased Costs to Government
Fayetteville, Arkansas options:
• Increase tree canopy 27% to 40%
• Reduce storm water runoff by 31%
• Save $43 million on capital
improvement
(American Forest Foundation)
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Land Acquisition Acquire land
Purchase or donation by landowner
Managed by local government or by
third party
Conservation easements
Voluntary agreement between the
property owner and a third party
permanently restricting the use of the
land
Donated or purchased
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Incentives – Landowners
Conservation Easements
Increased ability to continue to work
the land and pass it on to future
generations
Charitable deduction from federal
income taxes
Deduction in estate taxes
Possible reduction in Florida property
tax (if land does not already have an
agricultural easement)
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Land Acquisition Transfer of development rights
Sale by a landowner to a developer of all or part
of the development density allowed by zoning
Sending zone - land retained as open space
Receiving zone – increased density for
development
Purchase of development rights Third party purchases development rights from a
landowner
Land retained as open space
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TDR in Florida
Communities with TDR programs – Charlotte, Hillsborough, Marion, and Polk counties; Fort Lauderdale and West Palm Beach
Example: Collier County 2004 – TDR program for Rural Fringe Mixed Use
District (RFMU) focused on large connected wetland systems and significant areas of habitat for listed species) – to date, 2,327 acres have development rights limited
(www.BeyondTakingsandGivings.com and www.colliergov.net)
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Federal Funding for Conservation
Examples: Land and Water Conservation Fund
The Forest Legacy Program
Wetlands Reserve Program
National Coastal Wetlands Conservation Grants
Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund
Coastal Zone Management Program
Farmland Protection Program
Transportation Efficiency Act for the 21st Century (TEA-
21)
(Local Greenprinting for Growth Workbook, Trust for Public Land)
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Florida Forever Provides $ for conservation purposes, with reduced funding
for 2012-13 (bonds backed by real-estate transfer tax)
Succeeded Preservation 2000
Since July 2001 has acquired more than 682,000 acres of
land with $2.85 billion and over 10 years achieved the
preservation of 1.75 million acres of land.
Provides funds for conservation of such features as
Habitat
Ecological greenways, priority recreational trails
Natural floodplains, fragile coastlines, priority wetlands
Significant groundwater recharge areas
Supported/guided by Florida Natural Areas Inventory
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Florida Communities Trust
Program of Florida DEP
Through Parks and Open Space and Stan Mayfield Working Waterfronts Florida Forever Grant Programs, FCT provides funding to local governments and eligible non-profit organizations to acquire land for parks, open space, greenways and projects supporting Florida's seafood harvesting and aquaculture industries
Since 1991, has awarded nearly $827 million to help
communities with local land acquisition efforts.
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Private Funding for Conservation The Conservation Fund
The Nature Conservancy
The Trust for Public Land
Local, regional, and statewide
land trusts
Foundations (examples) National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
Knight Foundation
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Local Funding Options - Florida
Ad valorem or property taxes
Local government sales taxes
Small county sales taxes
Tourist impact fees (designated areas
of critical concern)
General obligation bonds
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Examples of Local Funding
for Conservation
Since 1994, 56 of 69 (81%) ballot measures
passed in Florida communities creating $2.3
billion in funding for land conservation.
(Trust for Public Land)
Examples in 2006
Charlotte County – bond ($77 M)
Collier County – increase cap on property tax -
$123M
Martin County - .5 cent sales tax increase - $30 M
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Local Development Taxes
and Other Incentives
Development Impact Fees
A charge or assessment imposed by a
political subdivision against new development
Used for cost of growth-related infrastructure and
services directly related to the new development
such as roads, infrastructure, schools, libraries,
and sometimes parks and recreation
Development Incentives: Offered to
developers applying for development permits.
Examples include: zoning upgrades, expedited
permitting, reduced stormwater requirements and
increases in floor area ratios
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Other Development Standards
• Exceed statutory minimums
• Tree and vegetation protection
• Wetlands
• Floodplains
• Building codes
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Green Infrastructure and
Community Resilience
Reduce flooding
Improve water quality
Enable valuable natural processes,
such as sequestering carbon
Expand interconnected resource
networks and help protect coastal
communities from storm surge and
erosion
Incorporate sea level rise and climate
change into strategic land and habitat
planning
Green and blue infrastructure programs can:
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FEMA Flood Insurance Program
Community Rating System
• Voluntary Program
• Reduces Flood
Insurance premiums
• Reduces Flood
losses
• Includes BMPs
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CRS Best Practices Include:
• Open Space Preservation
• Higher regulatory standards - protect natural areas
• Erosion and Sediment control and water quality requirements for projects affecting stormwater
• Floodplain management planning
• Outreach and education
• Can reduce flood insurance rates up to 45%
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FEMA Community Rating System
• Gulf Shores, AL pays $680 per policy.
They save $35 per policy because of
CRS for a total savings of $293,787.
• If they went to the highest level
(Class 1), they could save $299/per
policy or $2,547,049.
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Strengthen Building Codes
Adopt building codes which strengthen
requirements for design, including stricter
roofing and reinforcement standards (2002
Florida building code an improvement)
Consider
• LEED certification
• Fortified certification
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Gulf of Mexico
Alliance
Coastal
Community
Resilience
Team
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Coastal Resilience Index
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Community leaders get together and use the tool to guide discussion about their community’s resilience to coastal hazards.
• Self-assessment
• Identify community strengths
• Identify weaknesses
• Generate dialog across the community
• Uses information that is readily available
• Has eight pages and includes six sections
• Asks mainly “yes” or “no” questions
• Designed to take less than three hours to complete and
is facilitated by a neutral, trained party.
Index Details
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The Index focuses on 6 areas: Critical Infrastructure and facilities
Transportation issues
Community plans and agreements
Mitigation measures
Business plans
Social systems
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Index Purposes
A tool for communities to examine how prepared they
are for storms and storm recovery.
Simple, inexpensive method for community leaders
to perform a self-assessment of their
Community’s resilience to coastal hazards
Identifies weaknesses a community may want to
address prior to the next hazard event
Guides discussion within a community, not intended
for comparison between communities
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Gulf Coast NERRs CTPs:
• Will use Index to work closely with five coastal
communities and bring training and technical
assistance to these communities based on
needs identified through the Index exercises.
• Continue to use Index as an opener to
discussing Climate Communication and
Adaptation
www.Gulfalliancetraining.org
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Resources and Tools for
Resilience and SLR Community Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Tool (CRVAT)
CanVis
StormSmart Coasts Network: http://stormsmartcoasts.org/
StormSmartConnect.org
Coastal Resilience Index Critical Facilities Tool:
http://csc-s-web-q.csc.noaa.gov/criticalfacilities/
Sea-Level Rise Visualization Tool: http://gom.usgs.gov/slr/slr.html
MS-AL Sea Grant http://masgc.org/gulfstorms/index.htm
Gulf Coast CTPs Regional Project: http://gulfalliancetraining.org
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Questions?
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•59
CREDITS • National NEMO Network
• Center for Watershed Protection
• Southeast Watershed Forum
• Apalachicola National Estuarine
Research Reserve
• Gulf of Mexico Coastal Training
Some text adapted from material developed by the University of
Connecticut, with modifications and additions by Timothy Lawrence
and Anne Baird, Ohio State University Extension