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Bill McKenzie
Flight Crew Procedure Development and Modification
757 Procedures Manager Training, Technical & StandardsBoeing Commercial Airplane Group
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OverviewOverview
Flight Crew Procedure Development and ModificationFlight Crew Procedure Development and Modification
• Flight Deck Design Support of Procedures
• FAA/JAA Pilot Coordination
• Crew Procedures and Checklists Development and Validation
• Maintenance of Procedures and Checklists
• Additional Support to Operators
• Flight Crew Training Manual Evolution
• Flight Deck Design Support of Procedures
• FAA/JAA Pilot Coordination
• Crew Procedures and Checklists Development and Validation
• Maintenance of Procedures and Checklists
• Additional Support to Operators
• Flight Crew Training Manual Evolution
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Flight Deck Design Support of ProceduresFlight Deck Design Support of Procedures
• Flight Deck Design Team
• Pilot design review meetings
• EICAS message audits
• Nomenclature Standardization Review Board
• Customer meetings– Formal reviews– Simulator sessions– Individual and group reviews
• Flight Deck Design Team
• Pilot design review meetings
• EICAS message audits
• Nomenclature Standardization Review Board
• Customer meetings– Formal reviews– Simulator sessions– Individual and group reviews
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FAA/JAA Pilot CoordinationFAA/JAA Pilot Coordination
• For new and variant airplanes:– Establish schedules for training initial cadres of
Boeing, FAA, JAA pilots– Develop training program “footprints”– Determine validation and training required in the
Engineering Simulator– Support lesson profile development– Determine training levels (A, B, C, D, E)
for variant airplanes
• For new and variant airplanes:– Establish schedules for training initial cadres of
Boeing, FAA, JAA pilots– Develop training program “footprints”– Determine validation and training required in the
Engineering Simulator– Support lesson profile development– Determine training levels (A, B, C, D, E)
for variant airplanes
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OverviewOverview
• Flight Deck Design Support of Procedures
• FAA/JAA Pilot Coordination
• Crew Procedures and Checklists Development and Validation
• Maintenance of Procedures and Checklists
• Additional Support to Operators
• Flight Crew Training Manual Evolution
• Flight Deck Design Support of Procedures
• FAA/JAA Pilot Coordination
• Crew Procedures and Checklists Development and Validation
• Maintenance of Procedures and Checklists
• Additional Support to Operators
• Flight Crew Training Manual Evolution
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Crew Procedures and Checklists Development and ValidationCrew Procedures and Checklists Development and Validation
• Establish operational philosophy
• Develop preliminary procedures
• Coordinate Engineering and pilot reviews
• Validate
• Training program “hands-on” experience
• Maintain procedures/checklists
• Customer support
• Establish operational philosophy
• Develop preliminary procedures
• Coordinate Engineering and pilot reviews
• Validate
• Training program “hands-on” experience
• Maintain procedures/checklists
• Customer support
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Key Elements of Boeing Flight Deck Design PhilosophyKey Elements of Boeing Flight Deck Design Philosophy
Flight deck design philosophy leads to the operatio nal philosophy of the procedures and checklists
• Apply automation as a tool to aid, not replace,the pilot
• Address fundamental human strengths, limitations, and individual differences—for both normal andnon-normal operations
• Use new technologies and functional capabilities only when:
– They result in clear and distinct operational or efficiency advantages, and
– There is no adverse effect on the human-machine interface
Flight deck design philosophy leads to the operatio nal philosophy of the procedures and checklists
• Apply automation as a tool to aid, not replace,the pilot
• Address fundamental human strengths, limitations, and individual differences—for both normal andnon-normal operations
• Use new technologies and functional capabilities only when:
– They result in clear and distinct operational or efficiency advantages, and
– There is no adverse effect on the human-machine interface
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Key Elements of Boeing Flight Deck Design Philosophy (Cont’d)Key Elements of Boeing Flight Deck Design Philosophy (Cont’d)
Flight deck design philosophy leads to the operational philosophy of the procedures and checklists
• The pilot is the final authority for the operation ofthe airplane
• Both crew members are ultimately responsible for the safe conduct of the flight
• Flight crew tasks, in order of priority, are: safet y, passenger comfort, and efficiency
• Design for crew operations based on pilots’ past training and operational experience
• Design systems to be error-tolerant
• The hierarchy of design alternatives is: simplicity , redundancy, and automation
Flight deck design philosophy leads to the operational philosophy of the procedures and checklists
• The pilot is the final authority for the operation ofthe airplane
• Both crew members are ultimately responsible for the safe conduct of the flight
• Flight crew tasks, in order of priority, are: safet y, passenger comfort, and efficiency
• Design for crew operations based on pilots’ past training and operational experience
• Design systems to be error-tolerant
• The hierarchy of design alternatives is: simplicity , redundancy, and automation
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Key QuestionsKey Questions
Crew Procedures Validation ProcessCrew Procedures Validation Process
• Why are the procedures validated?
• Who uses crew procedures?
• How are the procedures developed?
• How are the procedures validated?
• When are procedures validated?
• Who validates procedures and where?
• Why are the procedures validated?
• Who uses crew procedures?
• How are the procedures developed?
• How are the procedures validated?
• When are procedures validated?
• Who validates procedures and where?
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Why Are Procedures Validated?Why Are Procedures Validated?
• Procedures are validated to assure:– The procedure steps work with the
airplane systems as built– Indications to the crew consistently lead
to correct crew action– The procedures accommodate
certification requirements
• Procedures are validated to assure:– The procedure steps work with the
airplane systems as built– Indications to the crew consistently lead
to correct crew action– The procedures accommodate
certification requirements
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Who Uses Crew Procedures?Who Uses Crew Procedures?
Flight Training/Flight PublicationsFlight Training/Flight Publications
• Part 121 training program
• 7X7 Ops Manual and Flight Crew Training Manual
• Checklists
• Simulator Design
System Design Engineers and DERsSystem Design Engineers and DERs
• Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and Fault Hazard Assessment
• Detailed test procedures
• FAR 25.1585 operating procedure (Airplane Flight Manual and Summary Cert Document)
• FAR 25.1523 minimum flight crew (workload)
Certification AuthoritiesCertification Authorities
• Airplane flight test engineers and pilots
• Engineering simulator evaluation
• System design validation
Flight TestFlight Test
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How Are Procedures Developed?How Are Procedures Developed?
Engineering testing
Flight testing
Customer procedures
Flight TechnicalFlight TechnicalSystemdesign engineersand DERs
Previous Boeing airplane procedures
FARs
Boeing engineering and training pilots
Customer airlines
Boeing engineering and training pilots
Electronic checklist & EFB design compatibility
Previous Boeing airplane procedures
AirplaneFlightManual
7X7Operations
Manual
(includesprocedures
and checklists)
7X7Operations
Manual
(includesprocedures
and checklists)
Flight Deck CrewOperations GroupFlight Deck CrewOperations Group
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How Are Procedures Validated?How Are Procedures Validated?
7X7Procedures
and Checklists
7X7Procedures
and Checklists
SystemsIntegration LabSystemsIntegration Lab
EngineeringSimulators
EngineeringSimulators
Flight ControlsTest RigFlight ControlsTest Rig
Selected subset
Selected subset
All normal and non-normal procedures
(including AFM procedures) Airplane
Selected subset
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Objective: Validate all procedures prior to flight testObjective: Validate all procedures prior to flight test
When Are Procedures Validated?When Are Procedures Validated?
1992
M J J A S O N D
Paper Review
Engineering Cabs
SIL
FCTR
Airplane
1993
J F M A M J J A S O N D
1994
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
1995
Major milestone/constraints
5/156/1
1/3 8/7
MTask
Procedures selected by pilots & regulators
2/1
MEL procedures
4/31 8/7
completed
Selected procedures
Cert demo 5/12/1 5/1
CAB 2 Procedure refinement
1000 cycle
10/11/15
Cabavil
4/17
Cert
6/1
1 stfit
2/1
PrelimOPS man
11/15
SIL avail
2/1 4/1
Drafting 3 - Engineeringapproval
2/1
1st draft procedure
10/20
CAB 1electronic and paper review
7/1
10/12 9/2
Drafting 2 - info release
7/1
Event
Activity
5/15
Del
Flight control, hyd, and otherselected procedures
1992
M J J A S O N D
Paper Review
Engineering Cabs
SIL
FCTR
Airplane
1993
J F M A M J J A S O N D
1994
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
1995
Major milestone/constraints
5/156/1
1/3 8/7
MTask
Procedures selected by pilots & regulators
2/1
MEL procedures
4/31 8/7
completed
Selected procedures
Cert demo 5/12/1 5/1
CAB 2 Procedure refinement
1000 cycle
10/11/15
Cabavil
4/17
Cert
6/1
1 stfit
2/1
PrelimOPS man
11/15
SIL avail
2/1 4/1
Drafting 3 - Engineeringapproval
2/1
1st draft procedure
10/20
CAB 1electronic and paper review
7/1
10/12 9/2
Drafting 2 - info release
7/1
Event
Activity
5/15
Del
Flight control, hyd, and otherselected procedures
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Training Program ExperienceTraining Program Experience
• Boeing and Regulatory Agency students give feedback to procedure developers
• Flight Training Instructors and initial customer students give feedback to procedure developers
• Procedures refined and simplified
• Boeing and Regulatory Agency students give feedback to procedure developers
• Flight Training Instructors and initial customer students give feedback to procedure developers
• Procedures refined and simplified
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OverviewOverview
• Flight Deck Design Support of Procedures
• FAA/JAA Pilot Coordination
• Crew Procedures and Checklists Development and Validation
• Maintenance of Procedures and Checklists
• Additional Support to Operators
• Flight Crew Training Manual Evolution
• Flight Deck Design Support of Procedures
• FAA/JAA Pilot Coordination
• Crew Procedures and Checklists Development and Validation
• Maintenance of Procedures and Checklists
• Additional Support to Operators
• Flight Crew Training Manual Evolution
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Maintenance of Procedures and ChecklistsMaintenance of Procedures and Checklists
• Main Sources of Procedure Changes– Airline/Operator Input– Boeing Engineering– Boeing Flight Test– Engine Manufacturers– Flight Training– Incidents or Accidents– Commonality Reviews
• Main Sources of Procedure Changes– Airline/Operator Input– Boeing Engineering– Boeing Flight Test– Engine Manufacturers– Flight Training– Incidents or Accidents– Commonality Reviews
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Maintenance of Procedures and ChecklistsMaintenance of Procedures and Checklists
• Changes via the “Procedure Change Process” (CS-3)
• Procedures Manager normally Initiates
• Technical Review Board– Engineering– Publications Group– Flight Test Pilots– Training Department
• Flight Operations Review Board (FORB)– Management Approval
• Changes via the “Procedure Change Process” (CS-3)
• Procedures Manager normally Initiates
• Technical Review Board– Engineering– Publications Group– Flight Test Pilots– Training Department
• Flight Operations Review Board (FORB)– Management Approval
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Maintenance of Procedures and ChecklistsMaintenance of Procedures and Checklists
Results of procedure changes:
• New or modified procedure incorporated in next scheduled Operations Manual Revision
• “If the FORB determines an unacceptable delay would be imposed by waiting for the scheduled revision period, an Operations Manual Bulletin will be considered.”
Results of procedure changes:
• New or modified procedure incorporated in next scheduled Operations Manual Revision
• “If the FORB determines an unacceptable delay would be imposed by waiting for the scheduled revision period, an Operations Manual Bulletin will be considered.”
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Operations Manual BulletinOperations Manual Bulletin
• Authorized only to:– Address safety-related procedural
changes– To match the delivery of airplanes with
unique configuration features not previously covered in the Operations Manual
• Authorized only to:– Address safety-related procedural
changes– To match the delivery of airplanes with
unique configuration features not previously covered in the Operations Manual
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Operations Manual Bulletin Operations Manual Bulletin
• Requirement Normally Identified by:– Airplane Certification– Engineering Model Chief Pilot– Flight Deck– Flight Operations Engineering– Flight Technical Publications– Regulatory Agencies– Training, Technical & Standards
• Target Flow Time:– 5 to 10 Days
• Requirement Normally Identified by:– Airplane Certification– Engineering Model Chief Pilot– Flight Deck– Flight Operations Engineering– Flight Technical Publications– Regulatory Agencies– Training, Technical & Standards
• Target Flow Time:– 5 to 10 Days
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OverviewOverview
• Flight Deck Design Support of Procedures
• FAA/JAA Pilot Coordination
• Crew Procedures and Checklists Development and Validation
• Maintenance of Procedures and Checklists
• Additional Support to Operators
• Flight Crew Training Manual Evolution
• Flight Deck Design Support of Procedures
• FAA/JAA Pilot Coordination
• Crew Procedures and Checklists Development and Validation
• Maintenance of Procedures and Checklists
• Additional Support to Operators
• Flight Crew Training Manual Evolution
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Additional Support to OperatorsAdditional Support to Operators
• Respond to procedural questions
• Regulatory Support
• Technical reviews of customer unique procedures
• Respond to procedural questions
• Regulatory Support
• Technical reviews of customer unique procedures
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No Technical ObjectionNo Technical Objection
• An NTO is offered, upon request, to a Customer’s Procedure if:– Technically Accurate– Same in effect as the Boeing Procedure– No significant compromise to Safety
• An NTO is offered, upon request, to a Customer’s Procedure if:– Technically Accurate– Same in effect as the Boeing Procedure– No significant compromise to Safety
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OverviewOverview
• Flight Deck Design Support of Procedures
• FAA/JAA Pilot Coordination
• Crew Procedures and Checklists Development and Validation
• Maintenance of Procedures and Checklists
• Additional Support to Operators
• Flight Crew Training Manual Evolution
• Flight Deck Design Support of Procedures
• FAA/JAA Pilot Coordination
• Crew Procedures and Checklists Development and Validation
• Maintenance of Procedures and Checklists
• Additional Support to Operators
• Flight Crew Training Manual Evolution
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Flight Crew Training Manual (FCTM) EvolutionFlight Crew Training Manual (FCTM) Evolution
• Provides amplification of Ops Manual procedures and training information
• Customer feedback resulted in “Phase of Flight” format
• Added two new Sections:ManeuversNon-Normal Operations
• Moving toward greater commonality/standardization
• Provides amplification of Ops Manual procedures and training information
• Customer feedback resulted in “Phase of Flight” format
• Added two new Sections:ManeuversNon-Normal Operations
• Moving toward greater commonality/standardization
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SummarySummary
Boeing Training, Technical & StandardsBoeing Training, Technical & Standards
• To minimize the effort required by each airline’s flight technical group, Flight Training, Technical & Standards is involved from the beginning of each program in:
– Flight deck design development
– Flight training program development
– Flight Crew procedures and checklists development and validation
– Flight Crew Training Manual development and validation
• To minimize the effort required by each airline’s flight technical group, Flight Training, Technical & Standards is involved from the beginning of each program in:
– Flight deck design development
– Flight training program development
– Flight Crew procedures and checklists development and validation
– Flight Crew Training Manual development and validation
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Questions?