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First, some philosophy
• I see, I hear, I feel…
• Who is I - Do you mean my brain sees, hears, and feels or do you mean something else?
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First, some philosophy
• Brains and Minds - Are they the same thing?
• If not, what is the difference? What is a good analogy?
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Philosophy of Mind
• Monism -
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Philosophy of Mind
• Monism - mind and brain (body and soul) are not different things
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Philosophy of Mind
• Monism - mind and brain (body and soul) are not different things
• Dualism -
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Philosophy of Mind
• Monism - mind and brain (body and soul) are not different things
• Dualism - mind and brain are fundamentally different
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Philosophy of Mind
• What might constitute evidence for or against either of these two alternatives?
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What are Brains Made Of?
• About one trillion neurons (1,000,000,000,000)
• Assorted other cells called “glial cells”
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Neurons Have Three Parts (Usually)
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Neurons Relay Signals From Other Neurons to Other Neurons
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Neurons are Cells with Electrically Charged Membranes
membranechannels
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Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals
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- at rest, charges balance each other
Axon
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Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals
- when stimulated, membrane briefly lets charges switch sides
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Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals
- “depolarization” opens channels nearby that allow more charges to switch
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Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals
- Chain-reaction, called an action potential, propagates along the axon.
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Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals
- Chain-reaction, called an action potential, propagates along the axon.
+ + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals
- Chain-reaction, called an action potential, propagates along the axon.
+ + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals
- Chain-reaction, called an action potential, propagates along the axon.
+ + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals
• Action potential can travel very fast - on the order of 100 meters per second (360 km/hr !)
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Signals Jump from Neuron to Neuron Across Synapses
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Signals Jump from Neuron to Neuron Across Synapses
Neurotransmitter molecules carry signal across synapse
What does this have to do with cognition ?
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Signals Jump from Neuron to Neuron Across Synapses
Neurotransmitter molecules carry signal across synapse
The synapse is the site ofaction of the vast majorityof psychoactive drugs!
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Optic Nerve
VisualCortex
Neurons are linked Together to Form “Pathways”
eye
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Neurons are Linked Together to Form “Pathways”
• Different regions are specialized for different functions
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Neurons are Linked Together to Form “Pathways”
• Different regions are specialized for different functions
• Regions are reciprocally connected
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Philosophy of Mind
• The Hard Problem - How does the movement of sodium and potassium ions across a membrane generate an experience?
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Sensation
• What is sensation?
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Sensation
• What is sensation?
• Sensation is acquiring information about the outside world.
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Perception
• What is perception?
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Perception
• What is perception?
• Perception is interpreting information about the outside world.
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The Senses
• Name the “senses”
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The Senses
• Vision
• Hearing
• Taste
• Smell
• Touch
“Conscious Senses”
•Temperature•Balance•Body Position
“Subconscious Senses (sometimes)”
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The Senses
• All of these senses are really just systems that extract information about how you and the rest of the universe are interacting
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The Senses
• All of these senses are really just systems that extract information about how you and the rest of the universe are interacting
What IS sensory information?
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Information is Contained in Energy
• Hearing is the perception of vibrations in the air
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Information is Contained in Energy
• Hearing is the perception of vibrations in the air
• Vision is the perception of electromagnetic radiation
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Information is Contained in Energy
• Hearing is the perception of vibrations in the air
• Vision is the perception of electromagnetic radiation
• Taste and smell are the perceptions of chemicals
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Information is Contained in Energy
• Hearing is the perception of vibrations in the air
• Vision is the perception of electromagnetic radiation
• Taste and smell are the perceptions of chemicals
• Touch is the perception of force on your skin
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Sensation Starts with “Receptors”
• Receptors transduce incoming signals into neural signals to be sent along axons to the brain
• transduction - converting one type of energy into another type of energy (e.g. mechanical sound energy into electrochemical neural signals)
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Next Time: Hearing