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First AidNotes…
Lectures...
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Content Page• Introduction (First Aid)
• Wounds
• Bleedings
• Fractures
• Burns
• Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation
• Shock
• Asthma Attack
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Introduction (First Aid)
• What is First Aid?
• Aims of First Aid
• The ABC of Life
• First Aid Priority
• 4 stages of consciousness
• Examination Techniques
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What is First Aid?• Initial help given to a casualty
before the arrival of professionals
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Aims of First Aid• To preserve life
• To promote recovery
• To prevent others injuries
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The ABC of Life
• Airway- Check the airways are open and clear, no obstructions
• Breathing- Look and see that the chest is rising and falling. Sound of breathing
• Circulation- Check for pulse
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First Aid Priority• Safety• Consciousness• Pulse & Respiration• Bleeding• Fractures• Poisoning• Shock• Disposal of casualty
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4 stages of consciousness
• Fully Conscious
• Drowsiness
• Stupor
• Coma
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Examination Techniques• Hands- Check nails and palms for
anaemia
• Pulse- Check the rate, rhythm & volume
• Blood pressure- Hypotension is low, hypotension is high
• Head- Eyes, ears,lips and mouth
• Neck- check not broken or bruised
• Chest- Lungs and heart
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• Head- Eyes, ears,lips and mouth
• Neck- check not broken or bruised
• Chest- Lungs and heart
• Abdomen- Liver, spleen, kidneys
• Limps- Look, feel, move
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Wounds• Incised wound
• Laceration
• Abrasion(Graze)
• Contusion(Bruise)
• Puncture wound
• Gunshot wound
• Treatments
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Incised wound
• Straight Cut
• Profuse bleeding
• Caused by blade/ broken glass
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Laceration
• Rough tear by crushing on ripping forces
• Bleed less profusely than incised wound
• Often contaminated by germs
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Abrasion(Graze)
• Caused by sliding fall of friction burn
• Superficial wound
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Contusion(Bruise)
• Blunt blow
• Caused by hammer etc.
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Puncture wound
• Caused by nail and needle
• Small site of entry deep track of internal damage
• Risk of infection is high
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Gunshot wound
• Caused by bullet
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Treatments
• Remove any clothing from around the wound
• Clean the skin round the wound and irrigate the wound to remove any dirt
• Cover it with a clean dressing
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Dressing
When applying sterile dressing…
• Remove the wrapping
• Unfold the dressing pad, holding the bandage on each side of the pad. Put the pad directly on the wound.
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• Wind the short end of the bandage once around the limb and the dressing to secure the pad, leaving the tail hanging free
• To secure the bandage, tie the ends in a reef knot, tied over the pad to exert firm pressure on the wound
• Check the circulation to the extremity of the injured limb
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Bleedings
• Arterial bleeding
• Venous bleeding
• Capillary bleeding
• Treatment for bleeding
• Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding
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Arterial bleeding
• Bright red
• Spurts out
• Under high pressure
• Richly oxgenated
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Venous bleeding
• Dark red
• Gushing out
• Under lesser pressure than arterial bleeding
• Given up its oxygen
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Capillary bleeding
• Red in colour
• Oozing out
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Treatment for bleeding– Severe wounds
• Apply direct pressure to the wound in order to stop the flow of the blood
• Apply sterile dressing with firm pressure to control the bleeding
• If there is no fracture, try to raise the limb that has been wounded & support it
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Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding
• Pale, clammy skin
• Rapid and weak pulse
• Rapid, shallow breathing
• Tenderness in abdomen
• Any pain of discomfort
• Nausea and/or vomiting
• Shock
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Fractures
• What is a fracture?
• Types of fractures
• Signs
• Treatment
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What is a fracture?
• A closed, or simple, fracture is where the broken bone ends remain beneath the skin, whereas an open, or compound, fracture is where both ends of the bone protrude through the skin
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Types of fractures• Simple fracture
• Compound fracture
• Complicated fracture ( includes organs)
• Neck fracture
• Skull fracture
• Fractured ribs
• Greenstick Fracture(happen to small children )
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Signs
• Swelling
• Deformity or projecting bone ends
• Severe pain, made worse by movement
• Bruised
• Tenderness
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Treatment• Do not try to force the bones back
together again but seek medical assistance
• Treat all open wounds with a clean dressing
• Splint the fractured area in exactly the position that you find it in, pending removal to hospital or the arrival of expert medical aid
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• If the arm is fracture, splint it, and then set up a sling if the arm can be moved across the chest.
• Do not move the victim at all if you suspect a spinal injury
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Burns
• - - Type of burn
• First degree
• Second degree
• Third degree
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First degree
• Top layer of skin
• Skin turns red and then peels off
• Treatment: Rehydrating creams, Cool water at regular intervals
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Second degree
• Deeper damage to the skin, causing blisters. Shock.
• Treatment: Use antibacterial dressing, or leave wound undressed but kept scrupulously clean.
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Third degree
• Damage to all layers of skin
• Treatment: Requires specialist treatment
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Cardio- PulmonaryResuscitation
• What is CPR?
• Steps of CPR
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What is CPR?
• Used when the patient has stopped breathing and when there is no pulse
• Only be performed by someone who has had training in this method
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Steps of CPR• Tilt victim’s head backwards in
order to open the airway
• Pinch the victim’s nose with thumb and forefinger
• Take a deep breath, place your mouth tightly over the victim’s mouth and blow air from yours into their mouth
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• Stop blowing when the victim’s chest is expanded
• Lift your hand from the victim and watch for the chest to fall. Give the victim further quick breaths, taking a deep breath yourself between each one.
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• Carry on blowing into the victim’s lungs at a rate of 12 breaths per minute until the victim begins to breathe on his or her own.
• You can stop blowing at this stage.
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Shock
• What is shock?
• Signs
• Treatment
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What is shock?
• Rapid lowering of blood pressure owing to lack of circulating volume to vital body organs, such as the brain, heart, liver and kidneys.
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Signs
• Weak and giddy
• Nausea/ may vomit
• Thirst
• Rapid shallow breathing
• Weak Pulse
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Treatment• Lay casualty down
• Reassure the casualty
• Raise and support the leg
• Loosen tight clothing
• Keep casualty warm
• Check and record the casualty’s breathing, pulse, level of response
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Asthma attack–Treatment
• Reassure and calm casualty
• Find a position that the person finds comfortable
• Tell him/her to try taking slow, deep breaths
• Help to find the reliever(Blue)
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• Allow casualty to use it and it will take effect within minutes
• If attack eases within 5-10 minutes, encourage him/her to take another dose and breathe slowly and deeply
• Tell casualty to inform doctor if attack is very severe or first attack
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End of presentation!!
Hope you have learnt more
about First Aid !!!