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AutoCAD Tutorial: Calculate scale and
sheet size
By Ellen Finkelstein
This tutorial is unusual, because you don’t need AutoCAD to do it.
You draw full size in AutoCAD. But before lon, you !ay need to set the scale of te"t,
di!ensions, and other ob#ects that need to be the riht size after you $lot on a sheet of $a$er.
%n a lare drawin, such as a drawin of a house, you ob&iously need to scale down to fit it on
a sheet of $a$er. For s!all ob#ects, you !iht scale u$.
You can add te"t and di!ensions in $a$er s$ace and a&oid scalin. You can also use
annotati&e te"t and di!ensions, but you still need to choose a scale.
'et’s say you ha&e a drawin of a house. The drawin is ()* feet wide by (+ feet hih. -o!e
ty$ical scales for an architectural drawin of a house in the nited -tates are (/012(3 and
(/412(3.
Follow these ste$s5
(. Calculate the $lotted size of the width at (/012(3. ()*3 " (/0 2 067(/01.
+. Calculate the $lotted size of the heiht at the sa!e scale. (+3 " (/0 2 61.
6. Test this size on a size D sheet 8601"++19. %t’s too s!all. Test it on a size E sheet
8001"6019. %t would #ust fit, but allowin for a title block and !arin would !ake ittoo tiht.
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0. :ecalculate the width at (/412(3. ()*3 " (/4 2 +(7)/41.
*. :ecalculate the heiht at (/412(3. (+3 " (/4 2 (*1.
;. A size C sheet 8++1"()19 is close but you !iht ha&e $roble!s with the !arins. %f
you can !o&e so!e ob#ects in the drawin to !ake it slihtly narrower, you’ll do fine.<therwise, you’ll need a size D sheet.
). -o!eti!es, you need the scale factor, which is #ust how !any ti!es bier the full
size is co!$ared to the $lotted size. For a (/412(3 scale. !ulti$ly both sides of the
e=uation by 4 to et (1243. Then con&ert to inches. 41 " (+ 2 >;.
This is a List of building materials. Buildin !aterials are used in the construction industry
to create buildins and structures.
These cateories of !aterials and $roducts are used by A!erican architects and construction
$ro#ect !anaers to s$ecify the !aterials and !ethods used for buildin $ro#ects.
Catalos distributed by architectural $roduct su$$liers are ty$ically oranized into these
rou$s.
Material 8articles9 refer to: Category
Co!$ressed earth block , !ud brick , ra!!ed earth Cateory5A$$ro$riate technoloy
Concrete Cateory5Concrete
Con&eyor syste!s
• Ele&ator or ?lift?
• Escalator
Cateory5@ertical trans$ort
de&ices
Co!$osites Cateory5Co!$osite !aterials
Ther!al $rotection
• Buildin insulationCateory5Ther!al $rotection
oisture $rotection
• Buildin en&elo$e
• Confor!al coatin
• Da!$ 8structural9
• ousewra$
• ater$roofin
Cateory5oisture $rotection
Doors Cateory5Doors
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• -tile and rail, raised $anel, wood clad
• Access, slidin lass doors, ta!bour
• Foldin doors, arae door, storefront
• Door hardware
Cateory5Door furniture
Electrical syste!s and e=ui$!ent
• AC $ower $lus and sockets
• Circuit breaker
• Electrical connector
• Electrical wirin
• -witches
Cateory5Electrical syste!s
-urface finishin
• laster y$su! board
• Ce!ent render
• Cera!ic tile, =uarry tile, $a&ers, !osaic
• Dro$$ed ceilin, coffered ceilin
• Floorin wide $lank , terrazzo, car$et
• all co&erin, wall$a$er , acoustic
• aint, wood stain, fau" finishin
• -taff a ty$e of artificial stone
• ood finishin
Cateory5ood finishin
!aterials
Cateory5ood finishin
techni=ues
• also ?y$7board? or
?drywall?
• Cateory5:oofs
• Cateory5Ceilins
• Cateory5Floors
• Cateory5alls
• ouse $aintin
Fire su$$ression e=ui$!ent Cateory5Fire su$$ression
Furnishins Cateory5Furniture
@AC 8eatin, &entilation and air conditionin9 Cateory5@AC
asonry, !ortar 8!asonry9, rout Cateory5asonry
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• Adobe, brick and brickwork , lass brick , terra cotta
• Artificial stone
• Cinder block or concrete block
• -tone dry stacked or !ortar set
• rbanite broken7u$ concrete
• Cateory5Bricks
• also: ?Concrete asonry
nits? 8C9
• Cateory5-tone
etals
• -tructural steel5 %7bea! colu!n
• :ebar
• ire ro$e and cables
• etal #oist, deckin, fra!in, trusses
• etal fabrications
o -tairway, ladder , railin, ratin, -trut
channel, roofin 8includin co$$er 9
• Decorati&e !etal
Cateory5etals
?<$enins? include Doors indows Cateory5Doors
lastics Cateory5lastics
lu!bin fi"tures and e=ui$!ent Cateory5lu!bin
Buildin safety Cateory5-afety codes
-ecurity syste!s Cateory5-ecurity
-$ecialties Cateory5Architectural desin
Teleco!!unications e=ui$!ent Cateory5Teleco!!unications
ood, car$entry
• :ouh car$entry 8unfinished9
o ea&y ti!bers, lo ho!e, ti!ber fra!in or
?$ost and bea!?
o Enineered wood, di!ensional lu!ber
-tud, #oist, rafter
Cateory5ood
Cateory5woodworkin
See also: 'ist of woods
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Treated lu!ber wood deckin
o -heathin, subfloorin, anellin
lywood, shi$la$, tonue androo&e
<riented strand board
o arallel strand lu!ber or ? para-lam?
o Glue7la!inate or ? glue-lam?
• Finish car$entry or ?architectural woodwork ?
o @eneer , $lastic la!inate, wood $anel
o Case7buildin $roducts
illwork , bookcase, cabinets
o <rna!ental woodwork
o Tri!, !oldin or ?!ouldin?
Chair rail, baseboard, casin, sill
indows
• Case!ent, double hun, bay window
• Curtainwall, skyliht, dor!er
List of Exterior Wall Materials
Exterior Wall AlternativesBy Huan :odriuez
Ads:
• House Wall Insulation
• Exterior Wall Panels
• Exterior Windows
• External Wall Cladding
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• Roong Repair Materials
E"terior walls can be finished with a wide array of !aterials and techni=ues. E"terior wall
finishes can $roduce sinificant sa&ins for the contractor as well as for the buildin
occu$ant. There are !ulti$le alternati&es for you to choose fro!, de$endin on the ty$e of
construction and s$ecial needs re=uired in that $ro#ect.
1. Walls on Wildfre Zones
By andersbknudsen
hen an e"terior wall inites the fire can s$read to the roof, windows, doors and other
buildin co!$onents resultin in substantial da!ae or total loss of the structure. The
resistance of e"terior walls to burnin and decay is directly related to the !aterial used and
the a!ount of fire inition co!$onents in the surroundin areas.
Ads
ater$roof e!brane www.&eeya.co!Crack :esistance,Co!$etiti&e rice ih Iuality,
ide :ane,%n=uiry
Alu!inu! all anels E"terior tradekey.co!/Jinhe7Alu!inu!%!$ort Custo!ized Curtain
all fro! China.Contact Kow Get To$ DealL
Cochrane Clear@u Fencin www.clear&u.co!/Anti7cut , Anti7cli!b ih security
fence.Contact s Today L
2. Gypsum Area Separation Walls
By Sailorbill
Gypsum area separation walls are lihtweiht, non7load bearin y$su! $artition that
$ro&ides fire7rated ca$acity ty$ically used between ad#acent walls on townhouse construction.
3. Exterior Wood Walls
By Stockerre
Finishin e"terior wood is hihly de$endent on !oisture content, ty$e of wood, surface
$re$aration, a$$lication !ethod and finishin syste! used. %t
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4. Insulated inyl Sidin!
By DaveF 3138
%nsulated &inyl sidins will offer you a good and low-cost alternatie that you !ust consider
when $lannin your ne"t construction $ro#ect.
". #ilt$%p Walls
Courtesy of J. Rodriguez
Tilt7$ wall construction is one of the fastest rowin industries in the nited -tates. At least
(, buildins enclosin !ore than ;* !illion s=uare feet are constructed annually.
&. 'E (ramin!
!oto Courtsey of Darren "oore Darren#s !otos
sin either the co!$lete !ptimum "alue #ngineering system or a$$lyin it by
co!$onents, the buildin will be i!$ro&in its enery efficiency and its o&erall $erfor!ance.
Builders and Contractors startin to use this techni=ue might re$uire special training that
can result in a decrease framing speed.
). I*( Walls
By Roberri$c
%nsulated Concrete for!s are a new !ethod bein used by contractors to =ualify for enery
credit and other ty$es of ratins. any ho!e builders are usin the !ost ob&ious and
currently !ost $o$ular alternati&e5 %nsulatin Concrete For!s 8%CFs9.
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+. ,ouse Wrap Installation #ips
By eg Syverson
ouse wra$ is defined as all synthetic !aterials re$lacin sheathin $a$er. ouse wra$s are a
lihtweiht !aterial and wider than as$halt desins, allowin a faster installation $rocedure
by builders and contractors.
Ads
Decorati&e all anels www.alibaba.co!Choose fro! (M @erified -u$$liers. Contact
Directly Get 'i&e IuotesL
Concrete aturity -yste!s www.con7cure.co!ireless or ired7weN&e ot it <n7site trainin,hihest accuracy
-. *laddin! Alternatives
By "att Fro% &ondon
This solution i&es a buildin a new look, new life and will enerate sa&in on electricity
when ther!al and insulation issues are attended. <&ercladdin benefits are reatest when
dealin with high story buildings.
1. /ri0 Walls
Courtesy of S!aire roductions.
Brick is one of the !ost used !aterial on construction and housin industry. orkin with
bricks can be a little tricky and confusin. -o!e contractors ha&e failed to e"ecute so!e
si!$le ste$s and ha&e $aid the $rice with costly re$arations after the #ob has been co!$leted.
11. Insulated Wall anels
By 's!ley Balsa% Baz
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-tructural %nsulated anels 8-%Ns9 are used in floors, walls, and roofs $ro&idin an e"tre!ely
durable, stron and enery7efficient high performance material% -tructural %nsulated anels
8-%Ns9 are ty$ically !ade by a $lastic foa! riid insulation between two structural skin
surfaces such as oriented strand boards 8<-B9.
12. Supreme Steel (ramin!
By 'sse%bled C!e%ical (ea)ons 'lternatives
-u$re!e -teel Fra!in -yste! is a relati&ely new fra!in !aterial that $resents se&eral
benefits when installin drywall. -u$re!e -teel Fra!in -yste! recently was tested and
found in co!$liance with +; %BC code
Window Materials
The ter! Owindow !aterials’ refers to the fra!e, which is only a $art of the entire $roduct 7
window or door. owe&er, this is the !ain deno!inator when cateorizin window or door
rou$s. The fra!e !aterial is the !ost tanible feature, but not the sinle !ost i!$ortant to
define =uality. Factorin all features 7 a ood &inyl window, low browed as it is, would be a
better choice than a $oorly !ade wood window.
@iews and o$inions &ary as to which !aterial is best, and as with any other product it
uch depends on who you ask. $on your on7line research you !ay sure et
contradictin &iews, where all !anufacturers assert that their !aterial is su$erb to all others.
There is a belief that wood windows are best and the rest are in descendin order.
Cateorically it is not true, as it confuses N$riceN with N=ualityN. Generally s$eakin, wood
windows are !ost e"$ensi&e but necessary the best. Thouh the for! NbestN !ay differ fro!
one $erson to another, and fro! a technical / structural $oint of &iew to an interior desiner
&iew to enery efficiency fiures, there is no uni&ersal truth.
e would rank the i!$ortance of the fra!e !aterials third to the windowNs $ediree,
!eanin the $roduct !aker, and second to the installation, so we stronly suest not to #ude
or select a window based on fra!e !aterial only. %t is like buyin a car based on enine only.
inorin co!fort, build =uality, style and fit for re=uired use.
e ha&e no interest in $ro!otin one !aterial o&er the other, as all are within our offerin.
A word about $ediree 7 $urchasin a no7na!e window, or fro! what we call a Ncottae
industryN !aker, $resents a double eded risk. Kot only the $roduct will not $erfor! as a $ure7
bred would, but findin $arts for it will be difficult, if not i!$ossible. A window is not a short
ter! dis$osable adet, and if a sinle !inor co!$onent such as hardware fails and no $arts
in siht, the initial sa&ins are written off.
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(ier!lass
!ypical "erglass window sash# Wood grain lainate shown#
The !aterial known today as fiberlass was de&elo$ed in the (>6’s, as an insulation
!aterial. %t is used in !any industrial and co!!ercial a$$lications fro! boat and &ehicle
body co!$onents, construction co!$onents, safety and s$ort e=ui$!ent, hea&y duty
containers and others.
Fiberlass is a co!$osite structural !aterial that consists of fiber reinforce!ents 8ty$ically
lass9 that are bound toether in a resin !atri". Glass fiber has a hih tensile strenth, and
will not break, si!ilar to a reinforcin bar in a concrete !i". The resin acts like concrete, as it $erfor!s well in co!$ression. Toether, the lass fibers and resin are ood in both
co!$ression and tension, creatin a sturdy !aterial.
Fiberlass has a hih strenth7to7weiht ratio, resists war$in and is resistant to corrosion. %t
insulates fro! heat, cold and electricity, works well in e"tre!e te!$eratures, and easily yields
to be !ade into co!$le" sha$es. Bein a ther!oset !aterial, &ersus &inyl bein
ther!o$lastic, it is not affected by te!$erature chanes.
Fiberlass fenestration is bi in Euro$e and rowin in the -, while in Canada it is still
considered a no&elty. As such, few !anufactures offer this $roduct, costs are hih co!$ared
to traditional alternati&es such as &inyl and alu!inu!, but =uality should be hiher as well.
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%t is offered in li!ited rane of finishes and accessories, and it lends itself to hih7end
installation, #ust a ste$ below ood wood $roducts and abo&e entry le&el wood $roducts.
Fra!es are !echanically #oined, so if !ade correctly the sea!s are $erfect 7 unlike &inyl,
alu!inu! or low7end wood. Finishes include different in / out colours and te"tures, where the
o$tional wood7rain internal finish can be stained and looks !ore strikin than wood. %n
wood windows the tracks and seals are !ade of other !aterials, ty$ically &inyl, which stands
in stark contrast to the natural !aterial. %n fiberlass, e&erythin blends well toether, so the
final $roduct looks cleaner and unified.
'ike any other $roduct, two fiberlass windows !ade by different !anufacturers are not
necessarily of e=ual =uality. hen co!$arin look at the finishes and the #oints, which are a
telltale about o&erall =uality. Further, fiberlass AchillesN heal is !oisture, so !uch de$ends
on the resin for!ulation and coatin. A low end fiberlass $roduct !ay fail in the lon run if
not correctly $rotected aainst $enetratin !oisture.
Ty$ical cross section shows a sinle wall, about (/4P thick.
Characteristics5
• 'ittle coefficient of ther!al e"$ansion, si!ilar to lass.
• 'ow ther!al conducti&ity.
• Di!ensional stability.
• ih strenth7to7weiht ratio.
• Che!ically inert.
• Easily $aintable and re7$aintable with !ini!u! $re$aration.
• 'ow en&iron!ental i!$act !ade of readily a&ailable silica sand.
• Future recyclable ca$ability.
• :esistant to corrosion fro! che!icals.
• @ stable.
• Can be $ainted / coated with dark colours which are not reco!!ended for &inyl.
• nlike wood fra!ed windows, fiberlass does not rot or war$.
• Does not re=uire a ther!al break as found in alu!inu! windows.
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• Does not re=uire the stiffeners that !any &inyl fra!es re=uire.
• -tress on seals, caulks and #oints is !ini!ized, contributin to hiher efficiency
windows.
• Tiht and stable seals !aintain the resistance to air leakae and water $enetration.
• About 6 ti!es stroner than alu!inu! and > ti!es stroner than &inyl windows.
• Fra!e strenth increases the sizes that an be !ade in a sinle s$an, !akin lare
$icture windows $ossible and !ore enery efficient.
• ractically !aintenance free.
&hat ma'es our fiberglass different:
• The looks. The rounded and entle fra!e contours show sa!e details as wood fra!es,
where other fiberlass windows look !ore like their &inyl cousins.
• The sihtline, also called dayliht o$enin or lass o$enin is wider. The fra!e weiht
or thickness 7 is lihter than wood or &inyl windows. A ty$ical &inyl window fra!e
weiht is a$$ro"i!ately 6.+*P to 6.;+*P, while our window fra!e is a$$ro"i!ately
+.*P.
hat this !eans for you is that on a +P wide window, the lass o$enin on a &inyl
windows will be (6.*P, while on our fiberlass window you will et an additional (.*Pof lass, width and heiht.
%t !ay not !atter on a lare window, but with s!aller ones found in older ho!es, the
difference can be $ara!ount.
• <ur fiberlass %nfinity window line uses a s$ecially for!ulated and $atented ltre"
!aterial, that is !ore resilient and as such lends itself to !ore refined details on the
window fra!e.
• <rdinary window surface is finished as it co!es throuh the die, or $ainted &ia
$i!ented #ell. <ur ltre" $rofiles are Tecton coated 7 three layers of acrylic bonded
$rotecti&e coats. The Tecton $rocess allows hih bondin of the finishin layer,
s!oother so no dust or $ollution $articles !ay adhere to it and is !oisture resistance
and lasts for decades. The $rocess was de&elo$ed fro! si!ilar used in the auto!oti&e
industry, !ade to withstand all weather conditions ad yet not lose its luster.
• e offer two standard inside finishes 7 stone white and off white as well as fi&e
outside finishes at the sa!e $rice. <$tional wood rain inside is a&ailable at a s!all
$re!iu!.
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Fiberlass rod
@inyl rod, at sa!e size
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Hardware fnishes
$ron%e &ierra o' white White
&atin nic(el &atin taupe $rass
Frame fnishes - inside
&ierra o' white &tone white
:eal wood 7left, stainable wood rain finish, riht.
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-tron corner key holds the fra!e sections.
Frame fnishes - outside
Cashere $ron%e $rown
)rey White &ierra o' white
Summary
Appearance *eat
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!heral e+ciency High
Mechanical strengthHigh
Clai to fae
Material of the future
Maintenance*one
&er,ice Expensi,e
Cost Expensi,e
-ptions Liited
Cottage industry factor *one
$ragging rights High
Recycling .es
Resources Renewa"le
&hapes .es/ though no round
Longe,ity High
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Aluminum
Aluinu window cross section 0 note the theral "rea(#
Alu!inu! needs little introduction. %t is the !ost abundant !ineral in the earthNs crust. There
is e&idence of its use fro! as early as 6 B.C., but it was not until (444 that an econo!ically
feasible $rocess was de&elo$ed for !odern, co!!ercial $roduction. Today, it is used
$ractically e&erywhere 7 fro! industrial to household $roducts, in a&iation, !arine and
!ilitary uses. %t is the latter that brouht alu!inu! to the buildin industry. After + the
!anufacturin industry looked for new a&enues for their !aterials, and found a $erfect !atch
with the buildin boo! of the ti!e.
For a brief $eriod 8fro! the !id *Ns to the early 4Ns9, alu!inu! fenestration reined
su$re!e. 'ooks were =uestionable at best, ha&in a N!ilitary issueN a$$earance, but as the
nu!bers rew and $rices dro$$ed it beco!e the standard of that era.
a&in an e"cellent strenth7to7weiht ratio, corrosion resistance and bein easily for!ed
into co!$le" sha$es and $rofiles, it is an easy !aterial to work with. %t does not rot or defor!,
so it’s life is &irtually unli!ited and needs no !aintenance sa&e for $eriodical cleanin.
Costs 7 alu!inu! windows are the chea$est in the fenestration fa!ily. Ke&ertheless, a oodalu!inu! window could be !ore e"$ensi&e than a $oor &inyl one. owe&er, these days it is
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hardly used for low7rise residential buildins. %t is still the standard fare in hih7rises and
co!!ercial or architectural a$$lications. <ur take on that is the hih7rise buildin code was
based on alu!inu! $roducts durin the transition fro! steel, and will re=uire a real $ush to
establish a si!ilar code for &inyl. <nce that ha$$ens, we fir!ly belie&e that the use of
alu!inu! will further decline.
Ther!ally, alu!inu! is an e"cellent conductor, which is not a ood thin in this industry. %t
re=uires a ther!al break which in essence is a &inyl $rofile inserted in between two alu!inu!
sections, which !ay affect itNs o&erall strenth.
hile it is offered in $re7$ainted finishes, it does not take brush $aintin well, so you !ay
better stick to the oriinal colour.
Ty$ical cross section is a bo"7like sinle wall, a$$ro"i!ately (/(;P thick. %n residential
windows there are two $arts connected with a !iddle &inyl section actin as a ther!al break.
Characteristics1
• ih e"$ansion rate.
• ih ther!al conducti&ity 7 re=uires ther!al break.
• Di!ensional stability.
• ih strenth7to7weiht ratio.
• 'ow en&iron!ental i!$act .
• Future recyclable ca$ability.
• :esistant to corrosion fro! che!icals.
• @ stable.
• Can be $ainted / coated with dark colours which is not reco!!ended for &inyl.
• nlike wood fra!ed windows, alu!inu! does not rot or war$.
• Does not re=uire the stiffeners that are needed for &inyl windows.
• About 6 ti!es stroner than &inyl.
• ractically !aintenance free.
Summary:Appearance Poor
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!heral e+ciency Poor
Mechanical strengthHigh
Clai to fae2ound e,erywhere
Maintenance*one
&er,ice Cheap
Cost Cheap
-ptions Many
Cottage industry factor High
$ragging rights *one
Recycling .es
Resources A"undant
&hapes .es
Longe,ity High
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inyl
3inyl window cross section 0 note the sti'eners#
?lastic windows QP
@inyl has been the world’s !ost &ersatile $lastic since its in&ention in the early (>+s. Fro!
its first use as olf balls and shoe heels, &inyl is found today in al!ost all industrial
a$$lications. Rnown as $oly&inyl chloride, or @C, it offers e"cellent resistance to che!icals
and corrosion, and as u@C, it withstands the da!ain effect of the @ enery of the sun.
Bein easy to sha$e into co!$le" $rofiles, offerin su$erior ther!al characteristics and
ha&in ood strenth to weiht ratio, &inyl has beco!e the de7facto !aterial for the
fenestration industry. %t can be easily !achined and welded, can be e"truded in colours or
$ainted, and all that in a $rice fa&orably co!$etin with traditional !aterials such as steel,
alu!inu! and wood.
A &inyl $roduct is $ractically indestructible and will outlast any other !aterial used in the
industry. %t needs no !aintenance and can be easily cleaned to look like new. e fully aree
that the $rettiness is last on the &inyl attribute list, but itNs hih functionality !akes u$ for that.
@inyl has e&ol&ed fro! bein an al!ost unthinkable window !aterial into holdina$$ro"i!ately 4S of todayNs !arket. e belie&e that no other !aterial co!es close to this.
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Kot far back 7 in the early >’s it was nearly i!$ossible to con&ince a ho!eowner to use
O$lastic windows’. %t is the iad of the fenestration industry 7 ca!e for! nowhere and took the
!arket in a stor!.
The !aterial is an oil by7$roduct, so it’s $rice !ay be affected by oil $rice fluctuation.
owe&er, co!$ared to other fenestration !aterials that are enery intensi&e, &inyl has low
e!bodied enery, so its !anufacturin $rocess consu!es little enery. %t can be recycled,
thouh if du!$ed in a landfill it will take !uch loner to disinterate than wood.
@inyl is an e"cellent insulator, both for hot and cold. %t is stable, and is easy to $roduce and
!achine. As such, &inyl co!$onents are found in al!ost any window or door, e&en in wood
or fiberlass. e belie&e that 8ood9 &inyl windows offer the best insulation &alues, ha&in
!ost weather stri$$in lines co!bined with air ca&ities 7 honeyco!b like fra!e.
To dress down &inyl, !anufacturers of other !aterials $oint to it’s weakest characteristics 7softness, co!$arati&e !echanical weakness and hih e"$ansion / contraction rates. All are
correct, but i!!aterial 7 at least in a hih7end &inyl window5
• -oftness 7 &inyl can take !ore abuse than any other !aterial. -cratches can be easily
re!o&ed usin a razor blade and so!e s!oothin. This is not the case with other
!aterials, where a dent or a scratch are there to stay.
• echanical weakness 7 as all &inyl windows are !ade with air ca&ities. The walls in
between the ca&ities reinforced the section sa!e as a honeyco!b structure. Further,
any decent window !anufacturer reinforces the sections with a steel section dri&en
throuh the ca&ity. %t is trans$arent to the ho!eowner, but uses the strenth of steel
with the look and war!th of &inyl.
%n retrofit a$$lication the &inyl softness is a blessin 7 houses shift, so the &inyl
absorbs !ost of to $rotect the lass, which is the riid $art.
• E"$ansion rate 7 it !ay !ake a difference if a sinle window s$an will e"tend to say
ten feet. %n reality, such is rare in residential a$$lications the e"$ansion in real life has
no effect on the final $roduct $erfor!ance. Further, windows are lazed usin settin
blocks 7 neo$rene s$acers, which absorb any such stress. The sa!e settin blocks areused in any window, so this is not a $rocess $eculiar to &inyl only.
The only setback of &inyl windows is their a$$earance bulky by nature. To o&erco!e that,
newer windows are now !ade fro! toned down $rofiles, allowin a softer looks.
@inyl can be e"truded in any colour. owe&er, in !ost a$$lications the outside is either co7
e"truded or $ainted in different colour.
Ty$ical cross section is bo"y, where the C-A s$ecifies an outside wall of .;P and internal
wall .0P. The standard is &oluntary and is followed only by hih end !anufacturers, whereat low end you !ay find lower or inconsistent &alues.
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#e inyl *urse
The low costs, $o$ularity, and ease of $roduction are &inyl’s biest curse. The industrye&ol&es at a fast rate, so !achinery beco!e obsolete fast. Buyin a basic, non auto!ated
$roduction line 8welder, router and !iter saw is all that is9 costs less than a used car, and a
chea$ one at that. Add to that the rate of !icro !anufacturers oin under, where their
!achinery is resold for $eanuts, so e&ery !an and his uncle can han u$ a shinle and
beco!e !anufacturers, sort of. ThatNs what we call cottae industry.
Further, one can buy &inyl $rofiles fro! $ublic !olds, !eanin worn obsolete !olds used to
their ca$acity, where $recision and $roduct finishes are a far cry fro! sa!e used by real
!anufacturers. sin such $rofiles &ia si!ilarly obsolete, none calibrated !achines,
co!bined with no7na!e hardware and no7na!e lass, result in seriously cri$$led windows.
owe&er 7 $roduct is chea$. Considerin that no7na!e hardware would last for few years
only and re$lace!ent $arts cannot be found the $roduct beco!es useless.
As with any other $roduct, only !ore so, you et what you $ay for. There is little brand
reconition in this industry, so it is easy to be !isled by Ubuy direct fro! !anufacturerP hy$e.
%t is wise to adhere to the bier na!es, where the $roduct !ay by !ore e"$ensi&e, but
su$erior in e&ery other way. %t is always wise to scrutinize the seller and the $roduct, or else
one !ay et stuck with a $oorly functionin $roduct so!eti!es worse than the one #ust
re$laced. This issue is $eculiar to the &inyl window industry as other $roducts wood andfiberlass ha&e no cottae industry factor.
inyl 5yts
Bein the !ost $o$ular !aterial, it is sold by !ost window co!$anies. e are a!azed by the
creati&ity of the sales $itches we hear5
• @irin &inyl 7 no e"truder uses recycled &inyl in windows. :ecycled &inyl is used to
!ake sho$$in bas and fleece $ants, not windows.
• owder &s. ranules 7 the raw !aterial is offered in both for!s. There is no ad&antae
of one for!ulation aainst the other.
• 'ead in !aterial at least in Korth A!erica, lead is not used in &inyl windows. %t
used to be found in low7end &inyl $roducts, as colour stabilizer, but was lon re$laces
by Titaniu! Dio"ide 8Ti<+9.
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• @a$our 7 there is so!e &a$our e!itted by &inyl. owe&er, it is hardly !easured by
, and as &inyl is $ractically e&erywhere there is no ad&antae of one for!ulation
o&er the other. @inyl is found e&erywhere and co!!ercially a&ailable @C is stable.
e ha&e only once encountered a $erson where this was a $ercei&ed issue.
• @inyl e"truders and brands 7 the larer window !anufacturers, a half a dozen or so,
e"trude their own $rofiles. <ther lare scale !anufacturers buy fro! dedicated hih
end e"truders 7 :oyal and @ision co!e to !ind, where the !olds used are desined
and owned by window !anufacturers.
Add to that other Ne"oticN o&erseas e"truders who try to differentiate their brands, such
as :ehau of Ger!any. Thy do use their own for!ulation and !olds, but it is not to say
that they are better or worse than the others. Touted as Ger!an, the brand indeed is ,
but it is e"truded here.
At the botto! you !ay find s!aller and less controlled e"truders, and off7shore
e"trusion which are used wholesale by the !icro !anufacturers.The cottae industry buys fro! less controlled e"truders, and use uncontrolled dies.
&hat ma'es our inyl (and windows) different:
• <ur !ain $roduct line is sourced fro! Gentek and <ran the !ost inno&ati&e, =uality
sensiti&e and larest !anufactures in Canada, sellin fro! coast to coast. The
!anufacturin $rocess is tihtly controlled raw !aterial for!ulation and e"trusion,
!akin own lass and to$7end industry standard hardware. The windows offered
always include the latest in fenestration technoloy, relyin on e"tensi&e in7house
:D. -trict IC eli!inates later day sur$rises. The warranty offered is for real, the
best in the !arket $lace, where we ha&e access to ser&ice $arts for $roducts !ade
decades ao.
• Both !anufacturers carry se&eral $roduct lines 7 low and hih end. e carry the to$
line in both cases 7 the :eency and the Glenarry, to our o$inion the best in the &inyl
!enaerie,
• -$ecifically standard fare on all windows now offered5
o rofiles are !icro finished s!oother and less $rone to dust and $ollution
build u$.
o E"trusion walls are thicker and hea&ier than s$ecified by the C-A, and offer
!ore inside ca&ities than the ordinary window.
o ositi&e drainae syste! throuh all $rofiles ensures that any tra$$ed
hu!idity is drawn out.
o Fra!es are $ut toether usin KC !achinery and !ulti$oint welders, so all
fra!es and #oints are true.
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o Cuttin ede low e / aron lazin, -u$er-$acer 8war! ede non !etallic
s$acer9 are standard.
o Ther!al lass units are double sealed, and are wet lazed 8lued to fra!e, as
with co!!ercial rade lass9
o Kon7destructible a"i! Elite hardware.
o All sections loner than 6’ are steel reinforced, and all !eetin rails on double
hun / double sliders are steel reinforced.
Summary:
Appearance $ul(y
!heral e+ciency High
Mechanical strengthLow/ needs reinforceent
Clai to faeCheapest
Maintenance*one
&er,ice Cheap
Cost Cheap
-ptions Many
Cottage industry factor High
$ragging rights *one
Recycling .es
Resources Liited
&hapes .es
Longe,ity High
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Wood
Wood window clad with aluinu#
The !ost desired $roduct, with the ulti!ate look, fro! hu!ble to e"otic s$ecies, and allowin
for indefinite desin &ariations, $atterns, and o$tions.
A ood wood window is an e"cellent $roduct in both a$$earance and features, will last and $erfor! for a &ery lon ti!e, but it co!es at a $rice. %t could be easily three or !ore ti!es the
$rice of a co!$arable &inyl window, and it needs constant !aintenance.
A chea$ wood window is a disaster in waitin, as !any frustrated ho!e owners ha&e noticed
that when the chea$ builder’s window enter their second decade and cru!ble. To be fair 7
ho!e owners !uch contribute to wood windows early failure, as such windows need !uch
u$kee$ and !aintenance, which is hardly e&er done.
ood windows are not for e&erybody, and are considered lu"ury to$7end $roducts. E&en the
best wood window still re=uires onoin !aintenance and constant $aintin, so the cost of the
window does not end at the $urchase $rice. -i!ilar to buyin a lu"ury car 7 the ser&ice and
$arts carry lu"urious $rice ta as well, so costs do not end with $urchase.
a&in the natural look and aura, the best all7wood window will not $erfor! as well as a
lowly &inyl or fiberlass window. ood in not stron enouh to carry !odern double lazed
ther!al units. To kee$ the desired delicate fine looks 7 rather than the bulky looks of &inyl 7 it
uses lihter and narrower sealed units, less so$histicated hardware and fewer weather
stri$$in. All that, and the need to constantly !aintain the outside of the window, has ushered
a new breed of hybrid windows. Today, all hih7end !anufacturers offer either &inyl or
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alu!inu! layer 8ca$$in9 on the outside. This eli!inates the need for !aintenance and also
reinforces the window.
-er&ice could be an issue with wood windows, where lazin sto$s !ay da!ae when
re$lacin a sealed unit, so a full sash re$lace!ent is needed, at a $rice to !atch. ardware
re$lace!ent !ay be e=ually difficult, as screws need to be reinstalled at the sa!e $lace, with
little roo! to o dee$er or sideways. hat it really !eans is that unlike other !aterials, with
wood windows you will need to et back to the !anufacturer for ser&ice. %n the $ast decades
so!e of the wood window !akers seized to e"ist, so re$lace!ent lass 8full sash9 and
$ro$rietary ser&ice $art are no where to be found.
ood windows can be stained or $ainted, !uch de$ends on the s$ecies used. nlike other
!aterials, all wood windows will be finished on site.
Bein a wood window does not necessarily !ean it is hih end. There are !iserable lookinwood windows, e&en at the hih $rice le&el. 'ook for #oints that do not !eet, nail heads show,
tracks and accessories &isible, to na!e #ust a few.
Summary:
Appearance Excellent
!heral e+ciency 2air
Mechanical strengthLow
Clai to faeHigh end
MaintenanceHigh
&er,ice Expensi,e
Cost Expensi,e
-ptions Many
Cottage industry factor *one
$ragging rights High
Recycling .es
Resources Renewa"le
&hapes .es
Longe,ity 2air
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,yrid 6indo6s
Fenestration beca!e a hih7tech industry, at least with the constant inno&ations and new $roducts and features that were considered futuristic #ust a short while ao.
here traditional windows were !ade of a sinle !aterial throuhout, we ha&e now
hy$henated !aterials 7 wood with fiberlass, &inyl or alu!inu!, &inyl with alu!inu! ad so
on. All that is ood, till you try and define which is the !ain $roduct and which the add7on5
is a wood and &inyl window a &inyl ca$$ed wood or wood &eneered &inylQ
Both are correct. There are wood windows with a &inyl 8or alu!inu! or fiberlass9 outside,
and &ise &ersa. This brins u$ a new =uestion5
• &hould one "uy a window ade "y a ,inyl window a(er/ where thewindow has a "eautiful wood layer inside/ to "e selected fro a long list ofspecies/
• or/ should you "uy fro a wood window anufacturer/ where the outside iscapped with ,inyl4
There is no correct answer. %t de$ends on the buyer, where the brain rihts ac=uired with a
hih end wood window brand are no doubt hiher than sa!e fro! a lesser known &inyl brand,
whether as ood a window and sa!e inside wood finish.
hat it really !eans that !aterials will !eet so!ewhere in the !iddle. A hih end &inyl
window, e=ui$$ed with all latest technoloies and ca$$ed inside with wood, would be a better
buy than itNs wealthy cousin 7 wood window with &inyl ca$$in.
%t is a no brainer both ways. -o!e buyers would not be cauht dead with &inyl windows,
hy$henated or not while others will weih the looks and characteristics and will decide
accordinly.
Steel
An honorable !ention. e would ha&e ne&er been here if it was not for the world fa!ous
:usco -teel indows. -ee !ore in the about us section.
%n the early +th century, steel beca!e a widely acce$ted and $o$ular !aterial for window
fra!in. %t was stron, interated well with other buildin syste!s, and was readily a&ailable.
These $ro$erties were also critical to the de&elo$!ent of lass curtain walls for hih7rise
buildins.
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Yet, as often ha$$ens in architecture, ti!e e"$oses weakness. -teel was hea&y, and in early
a$$lications, $rone to rust. By !id century it fell out of race for fenestration and was
re$laced by alu!inu! a lihtweiht and &ersatile !aterial that could be readily for!ed into
a !ultitude of $rofiles.
Today, because of sinificant ad&ances in !anufacturin $rocesses, steel fra!es ha&e co!e a
full circle for architectural and co!!ercial windows. Euro$ean architects ha&e used steel
fra!in for decades to allow larer s$ans of uninterru$ted lass and !ini!al fra!e
di!ensions an unreinforced steel fra!e can be only (?, s!aller than any other co!!ercially
a&ailable !aterial today. -teel is nearly three ti!es stiffer than alu!inu! and allows for !uch
!ore desin liberty. %ts load ca$acity is reater than that of ty$ical alu!inu! asse!blies.
:usco had offered steel residential windows fro! !id 0’s to early >’s. -teel windows ha&e
ser&ed hundreds of thousands ho!e owners in Korth A!erica. %t held fort till fashion chaned
and the !uch chea$er &inyl was introduced. Ko current $roduct can re$roduce the ultra sli!line and delicate features of the steel windows of the $ast.
*omparison
2i"erglass Aluinu Wood 3inyl
Corrosion resistance &uperior 2air Poor High
5ura"ility &uperior High Low 2air
Weight Light Light Hea,y Moderate
Warping *one *one High Moderate
Electric Conducti,ity *one High When wet *one
!heral Insulation High Poor 2air High
&trength High High 2air Low
2inishing &ta"le &ta"le Re6uired &ta"le
Ipact Resistance High High Low Low
Cost High Low High Low
Life Expectancy High High Low High
2ire Resistance 2air High Low Low
5iensional Accuracies High High Low 2air
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Energy Re6uired to
ProduceLow High Low High
Resources A"undant A"undant Renewa"le Liited
&er,ice Cost 2air Low High Low
(uture materials
Kew !aterials are bein de&elo$ed fo$r the !ilitary, auto!oti&e and a&iation industries. As
with other industries, no doubt the fenestration industry will benefit fro! such ad&ances. Add
to that recyclin awareness, reen buildin codes and dwindlin resources of currently used!aterials, so we !ay see a si!ilar re&olution as was with the &inyl #ust three decades ao and
now the fiberlass at itNs heels.
e now see lass characteristics that were considered unattainable #ust a few years ao. e
use sealants that did not e"ist in the 4Ns. Fra!e !aterials are sure on the way.
Kew co!$osite !aterials are already bein used in the industry, !ade of recycled and oranic
by7$roducts. e already offer sa!e in so!e of our lines. %t is yet to see it will catch or not,
but watch this s$ace for !ore de&elo$!ents. :ead !ore about the fenestration of to!orrow.
BTU / hour loss
Material$!78Hour
loss
Aluinu 9:9;
&teel <9=
3inyl <#;
Wood >: 0 9#=
2i"erglass =#9
)lass ?
Residential windows demand, in millions o units
9??@ =>>> =>>@ =>9> =>9@
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!otal ::# @;#; @#< @#< B;#9
3inyl 9;#; =;#? :=#> :B#; ;>#?
Wood 9#B 9?# =>#= 9#: 9;#:
Aluinu ?#B ?#: ?#> B#; B#9
-ther >#@ >#; ># ># >#
Fiures are for the -. Canadian &alues are slihtly biased towards the &inyl, and re$resent an
additional (S of abo&e.
-ource5 Kational indow and Doors anufacturer Association, arch +>