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FingerprintsDactyloscopy
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History
The use of fingerprints can be traced back
to Ancient China when emperors and
artists used their fingerprint to sign their
work.
In the 1860s, William James Herschel
studied fingerprints as a hobby and had
people sign for their pensions with their
print to avoid fraud.
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History Continued
The first time fingerprints were used to
exonerate a suspect was 1880 in Japan by Dr.
Henry Faulds.
In the 1890s, Sir Francis Galton conducted
extensive research on prints and wrote a book
which convinced the British government to adopt
fingerprints as a supplement to identify people.
Sir Francis Galton proposed the three major
pattern types of loops, arches, and whorls.
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History Continued
In 1892, in Argentina, Detective Alvarez used bloody fingerprints found at a crime scene to identify a murder suspect – first time!
After 1904, fingerprints were widely used in criminal investigations in the US, and in 1924, the FBI centralized fingerprints records and created an identification division.
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What are fingerprints?
Fingerprints are impressions of the ridges
of the fingertips.
No two people have the exact same
fingerprints due to the identity, number,
and location of minutiae!
Fingerprints NEVER change during a
lifetime.
Fingerprints develop BEFORE BIRTH!
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Fingerprint Minutiae
Minutiae are shape and ridge characteristics.
There are 9 types of minutiae:
Bifurcation or fork
Ending ridge
Dot or island
Enclosure or eye
Spur or Hook
Bridge
Trifurcation
Ridge crossing
Double Bifurcation
Video Lecture - Characteristics of Fingerprints
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Fingerprint Minutiae continued
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Fingerprint Minutiae continued
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Fingerprint Minutiae Continued
There are about 150 different ridge
characteristics on a given print!
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Identifying Fingerprint Types
The pattern area is surrounded by two
diverging ridges known as type lines.
The ridge point nearest the type line
divergence is known as the delta.
The core is the approximate center of the
pattern. Arches DO NOT have type lines
or deltas.
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Skin
Skin is composed of layers of cells.
The outermost layer is the epidermis. The
inner skin is the dermis.
Between these two layers is a boundary
made up of dermal papillae. This layer
determines the pattern of ridges on the
skin.
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Skin Layer Diagram
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Skin Continued
Each skin ridge is covered by a single row
of pores that are openings of the ducts for
the sweat glands.
Sweat and oil therefore get deposited on
any surface touched by the hands = Latent
Prints
About 85% of people are secretors.
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Can I Remove My Fingerprints?
Scarring to “erase” one’s fingerprints only
serves to make them more recognizable.
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Removing Fingerprints Continued
John Dillinger (1930s) tried dipping his
fingers in acid.
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Removing Fingerprints Continued
Roscoe Pitts (1950s) was most successful
at obliterating his fingerprints by having
skin from his chest surgically grafted to his
fingertips.
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Classification of Prints
The three classes of fingerprint patterns
are not found in the same percentages in
the population
Loops = 65%
Radial Loop (toward thumb) or Ulnar Loop (opposite,
toward pinky)
Arches = 5%
Plain Arch or Tented Arch
Whorls = 30%
Plain Whorl or Central Pocket Whorl or Double Loop
Whorl or Accidental Whorl
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Loop
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How to Determine if a Fingerprint is a
Loop
Loops have ONE Delta and a Core
at the top of the innermost loop!
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Arch
Arch Tented Arch
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How to Determine if a Fingerprint is
an Arch
Arch Tented Arch
There are NO deltas or cores in an “arch”
fingerprint!
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Whorl
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How to Determine if a Fingerprint is a
Whorl
Whorls have TWO Deltas and a core
in the middle of the spiral
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Classification Continued
Classification assigns a formula to a set of
prints so they can be readily located and
filed. It consists of numbers and letters
(we’ll go over this in a lab).
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At the scene…
There are three types of prints an
investigator looks for.
Visible Prints – made when in contact with a
material such as blood or paint
Plastic Prints – made in putty, soap, wax or
dust
Latent Prints - invisible
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Visible Prints
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Plastic Prints
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Latent Prints
Latent prints must be processed to
become visible.
Prints left on non-porous surfaces can be
dusted with fingerprint powder.
Prints left on porous surfaces must be
treated chemically.
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Latent Prints
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Latent Prints
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Latent Prints
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Prints as Evidence
Most prints found at crime scenes are
partial prints.
There is no definite number of minutiae
that must be matched but about 8-14 are
usually used to declare a match.
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Fingerprint Types & subgroups
Video - Classification of Fingerprints
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Fingerprint
Minutiae
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Find the
Minutiae!