Download - Finding Your Way— Maps, Compass and GPS
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Finding Your Way—Maps, Compass and GPS
Eagle Vision2005
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Map and Compass - as navigation tools
Many people are of the mindset that with the introduction of GPS technology, the good ol’ Map & Compass are passé and no longer necessary…Believe that at your own risk!While GPS is a very powerful technology and while it can be used alone (without maps or compass), it has its limitations.Let’s have a look…
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Limits of a GPS
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Limits of a GPS
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Limits of a GPS
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Maps and Compass
How to use a compassBasics of contour mapsOrienting your map
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The Basic Card Compass
Parts of a Card Compass
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Azimuth and Bearing—two ways of giving directions
Azimuths uses 360 degrees---120 degrees
Bearings use 90 degrees and and cardinal directions– S 60 degrees E
Back azimuth or bears can be used to determine where you are from known points
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DIRECTIONAL ARROW ON BASE PLATE
– Northwest
COMPASS HOUSING (AZIMUTH RING)
Chose your direction of travel—in this case 315 degrees
Turn the Compass housing to 315 degrees
How do you get from point A to point B?
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NORTH END OF NEEDLE (RED)
RED ARROW (on compass housing) (SHED)
Put Red in the Shed.
Follow the direction of travel arrow
You are going 315 degrees
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GN
MN
131
Choosing direction can be tricky
Declination---There is more than one north
Magnetic North, Grid North, and True North
Adjusting your compass to compensate
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Contour MapsInformation on the mapContours as isolinesReading contour maps
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Information on the Map
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Contours as isolines
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Reading Contour Maps
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Orienting your map for field useLatitude and longitude or UTMThe magnetic field and compassMap orientation
Known locationResection and triangle of errorApproximations without a compass
Getting from point a to point b—route selection
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Measuring DistanceMap measurementsOn-ground measurements
Approximations--Pacing Measurements
Slope problemsActual route traveled
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GPSWhat is a Global Positioning System?
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense.
GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day. There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS.
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GPS
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Elements of GPSControl Segment
Master Control Station Computes precise satellite orbits Prepares updated information Sends messages to each satellite
Monitor Stations Located throughout the world Track all GPS satellites Check operational health of the satellites Locate the exact position of each satellite Send information to the Master Station
Ground Antennas Monitor and track the satellites from horizon to horizon Transmit correction information to individual satellites.
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Elements of GPSSpace Segment
The satellites and the Delta rockets that launch the satellites from Cape Canaveral, in FloridaA minimum of 24 functioning NAVSTAR satellites
Circular orbits at an altitude of 10,900 nautical miles. Orbits tilted to Earth’s equator by 55 degrees to ensure
polar coverage Powered by solar cells- satellites continuously orient
themselves toward sun Each of the satellites, positioned in 6 orbital planes,
circles the Earth twice a day
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Elements of GPSUser Segment
The user segment includes the equipment of the military personnel and civilians who receive GPS signals
Surveyors Aircrafts and ships Delivery vans and emergency vehicles Agricultural sector In-car navigation Recreationalists (hikers, hunters, and cyclists) EAGLE VISION PARTICPANTS
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How It WorksGPS units acquire their position on Earth by measuring their distance from three or more satellitesFor precise locations – including elevation measurements - the unit will need four satellitesThe GPS system measures the distance from the satellites to the receiver by timing how long it takes a radio signal to reach the receiver, then calculating the distance from the travel time
Velocity X Time = DistanceRadio signals travel at or near the speed of light
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Pitfalls to AccuracyObstruction
Multi-path Issues
Atmospheric Delay
Human Error
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Using Your GPSThe ControlsGetting from Point A to Point BWaypoints—before you leaveKeeping track of where you have beenWaypoints for data entry—data dictionaryPutting your GPS data on a digital mapMeasuring distance and elevation