FINAL REVIEW
What are the parts of an experiment? Observation Hypothesis Experiment Data
Collection Conclusion Retest
What are the variables of an experiment? Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the
productivity of workers. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Group A is given the special juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice. After an hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A made 1,587 stacks, Group B made 2,113 stacks.
Independent Variable Special juice
Dependent Variable How many stacks are made
Control Variable No special juice given (normal group)
What is the relationship between the variables? Independent Variable
Manipulated by the scientist The scientist applies this variable to a
group Graphed on the X axis
Dependent Variable Measured by the scientist What are you counting? Graphed on the Y axis
Control Variable Used for comparison Usually the group that received nothing
special!
What is an experimental control?
Lisa is working on a science project. Her task is to answer the question: "Does Rogooti (which is a commercial hair product) affect the speed of hair growth". Her family is willing to volunteer for the experiment.
Set up an experiment to test this. What would the independent
variable be? Whether a family member gets
Rogooti or not. What would the dependent
variable be? Hair growth
What would the control be? The family members that do NOT get
Rogooti
What is a conclusion? Lisa is working on a science
project. Her task is to answer the question: "Does Rogooti (which is a commercial hair product) affect the speed of hair growth". Her family is willing to volunteer for the experiment. Marge and Homer used Rogooti and
grew 14 inches of hair in two weeks. An inch a day.
Maggie and Bart did NOT use Rogooti and grew 2 cm of hair in two weeks.
An answer to the experiment based on data obtained. Should be LOGICAL!
What is some evidence that supports the conclusion? Lisa is working on a science project. Her
task is to answer the question: "Does Rogooti (which is a commercial hair product) affect the speed of hair growth". Her family is willing to volunteer for the experiment. Marge and Homer used Rogooti and grew 14
inches of hair in two weeks. An inch a day. Maggie and Bart did NOT use Rogooti and
grew 2 cm of hair in two weeks.
What should Lisa conclude? How would she represent this
information?
What are trends in graphs?
Negative (inverse) When one increases, the other
decreases Positive (direct)
When one increases, the other increases OR when one decreases, the other decreases
No relationship One has NO EFFECT on the
other.
Why do scientists repeat experiments?
In order to verify results, experiments must be RETESTED!
It adds validity to the findings.
How do scientists communicate findings?
When scientists want to communicate the results of their experiment, they use SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS or other publications!
How does society influence scientific studies? What do you think?
How does scientific study influence society? What do you think?
What is pure and applied science?
Pure Science Answers questions about
phenomena and mechanisms in the natural world.
Why do you do it? Because we wanted to know!
EX. Studying the ICE MAN
Applied Science Application of scientific knowledge
to practical problems. Why do you do it?
To fight disease, identify criminals, learn how to store hazardous wastes…etc.
What are the characteristics of life?
1. have cells2. reproduce3. have DNA4. grow and develop5. obtain and use energy6. respond to their
environment7. maintain homeostasis8. evolve over time
What are the levels of organization in living things?
From small to LARGE! Atoms Molecules/
Compounds Organelle Cells Tissues Organ Organ system Organism
What are Macromolecules?
They are POLYmers made of many smaller
units called MONOmers Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
They are ORGANIC That means they all
have CARBON!
What are the building blocks of macromolecules?
The MONOmers of each of the macromolecules are: Carbohydrates are
made of MONOSACCHARIDES
Lipids are made of TRIGLYCERIDES
Proteins are made of AMINO ACIDS
Nucleic acids are made of NUCLEOTIDES
What are the characteristics of enzymes?
1. They are PROTEINS!2. They SPEED UP the
RATE of chemical reactions by LOWERING ACTIVATION ENERGY
3. They are REUSABLE. They can be used over and over again.
4. They are SPECIFIC. An enzyme only works on very specific substrates
What is the cell theory?
1. All organisms are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
What technology lead to the cell theory? MICROSCOPES!!!!
What are prokaryotes?
Pro= EARLY Karyo= NUT They lack a nucleus
and other membrane bound organelles.
Are single celled Bacteria and Archaea
What are eukaryotes?
Eu = GOOD Karyo = NUT They have a nucleus
and membrane bound organelles.
They can be single celled or multicellular
They are plants and animals
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Has a nucleus and membrane bound organellesLacks a nucleus and
membrane bound organelles
Unicellular
More primitive
Plant and Animal Cells
Bacteria and Archaea
What are the cells organelles and their functions? Nucleus
Control center of the cell, contains DNA
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Creates proteins for use
INSIDE the cell Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum Creates proteins for use
OUTSIDE the cell
What are the cells organelles and their functions? Ribosomes
Assist in the assembly of proteins Involved in DNA translation and transcription
Golgi Apparatus Packages and modifies proteins for export
Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Creates ATP
Lysosome Is the “stomach” of the cell, breaks down
molecules Programmed for cell death
What is the difference between the mitochondria and chloroplast?MITOCHOND
RIACHLOROPLA
STPresent in PLANTS and ANIMALS
Present in PLANTS ONLY
Where CELLULAR RESPIRATION takes place
Where PHOTOSYNTHESIS takes place
Has GRANA, THYLAKOIDS, and CHLOROPHYLL
Has a MATRIX, CRISTAE, and a DOUBLE MEMBRANE
What is the structure and function of the cell membrane? Cell Membrane
Lipid bi-layer (made of fats) Has “tags” that allow white blood cells to
identify it as part of the body Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Is the “bouncer” of the cell
What are some mechanisms of cellular transport? Osmosis Passive
Transport Simple diffusion Facilitated
diffusion Active Transport
Requires Energy (ATP)
What is diffusion? Passive Transport
Requires NO ENERGY Simple diffusion
Down a concentration gradient Solutes automatically diffuse from HIGH to
LOW concentration Facilitated diffusion
Down a concentration gradient Solutes diffuse from HIGH to LOW
concentration Solutes USE A PROTEIN to help them cross
the lipid bi-layer
What are the special properties of water?
Water is POLAR The molecule has a positive and negative side. Oxygen is an electron hog, and will be slightly
negative. Water is a UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
With time, water can dissolve almost any substance. Water has CAPILLARY ACTION
It can move up a narrow tube AGAINST the force of gravity
Water has ADHESION and COHESION Adhesion – water and other substance (like glass)
cling together Cohesion – water and water cling together
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane Is passive diffusion Requires NO energy Water will go from an
area of LOW solute concentration to HIGH solute concentration Think of a tea bag in
water
What are isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions? Isotonic
Solute concentration is the same inside and outside the cell.
Water moves equally into and out of the cell. Normal Cell
What are isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions? Hypotonic
Solute concentration outside the cell is LOWER than solute concentration inside the cell.
Water is moving INSIDE the cell Cell swells and burst
cytolysis
What are isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions? Hypertonic
Solute concentration outside the cell is HIGHER than solute concentration inside the cell.
Water is moving OUTSIDE the cell. Cell shrinks
plasmolysis
What are some energy storing molecules? Plants use
STARCH Animals use
GLYCOGEN and TRIGLYCERIDES Sugar and
fat
What is photosynthesis?
A process to capture energy from sunlight to make sugars. Takes place in the CHLOROPLASTS Uses the light capturing molecule chlorophyll Includes the Light Reaction
Photosystem II Photosystem I
Includes the Dark Reaction Calvin Cycle
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is cellular respiration?
Releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make ATP Takes place in the MITOCHONDRIA Both PLANTS & ANIMALS undergo
cellular respiration Includes Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and
the Electron Transport Chain Can include Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation in Animals Alcoholic Fermentation in plants
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
What is the difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis Cellular RespirationOrganelle for
ProcessReactants
Electron Transport Chain
Cycle of Chemical Reactions
Products
Chloroplast
CO2 and H2O
Proteins in the chloroplast
Calvin Cycle builds the sugar molecule (C6H12O6)
Sugar (C6H12O6) and O2
Mitochondria
Sugar (C6H12O6) and O2
Proteins in the mitochondria
Krebs Cycle breaks down the sugar molecule (C6H12O6)
CO2 and H2O
What does anaerobic and aerobic mean? Anaerobic
An = not Aerob = uses oxygen
Processes or organisms that do not require oxygen
Ex. Glycolysis and fermentation Aerobic
Aerob = uses oxygen Processes or organisms that do require
oxygen Ex. Cellular Respiration
What is Interphase?
G1
Cell grows During G0, the cell
does its job S
Cell replicates its DNA G2
Cell grows again ALL of these are INTERPHASE!
What are the purposes and processes of Mitosis? Division of the nucleus
Used for repair and growth Only happens in EUKARYOTIC
cells Includes 4 steps
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Results in: TWO genetically IDENTICAL
daughter cells
What are the purposes and processes of Meiosis? Produces gametes (egg or sperm) Includes 8 steps
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II
Results in: 4 genetically DIFFERENT HAPLOID
daughter cells.
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis Meiosis
# of divisions
# of daughter cells
Genetically Identical
Chromosome #
Where
When
Role
1
2
Yes
46 (diploid)
Somatic (body) cells
Throughout life
Growth and repair
2
4
No
23 (haploid)
Germ cells
After puberty
Sexual reproduction
What does haploid and diploid mean? Diploid
Di = two Ploid = chromosomes
Having two chromosomes for each trait
In humans 46 (normal body cells) Haploid
Hap = half or one Ploid = chromosomes
Having one chromosome for each trait In humans 23 (gamete; egg or sperm)
Who identified the structure and function of DNA?
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins Took x-ray
photos of DNA James Watson
and Francis Crick Interpreted
photos to figure out that DNA was a twisted double helix
What is the function of DNA? Stores genetic information Contains instructions for making PROTEINS
What are the components of DNA?
DNA is a polymer made of nucleotides.
The nucleotides have a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. There are four different types
of nitrogenous bases. Adenine Thymine
Cytosine Guanine
How do you get from DNA to chromosomes to genes? DNA has ALL
genetic information
DNA is coiled into chromosomes during replication
Chromosomes contain genes that will become traits
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA RNA
Purpose
Structure
Sugar
Bases
Carries genetic information
Assists in “reading” the information on
DNA
Double stranded Single stranded
Deoxyribose Ribose
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
What are genetics?
The science of heredity and the interaction between genes and the environment.
