Download - Final draft, December 2015 Accepted for Charleston 2015 ...d-scholarship.pitt.edu/28249/1/Corrall_Charleston... · Infranet, 2013), and now extends beyond familiar concepts, such

Finaldraft,December2015 AcceptedforCharleston2015Proceedings

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TheOpenMovement:WhatLibrariesCanDo

SheilaCorrall([email protected])ProfessorandChair,Library&InformationScienceProgram,

UniversityofPittsburghSchoolofInformationSciencesAbstractOpenapproacheshavemovedbeyondopenaccess,opensourcesoftware,andopencoursewaretodevelopmentswithopeninfrastructureandopenprocesses.Openinitiativesaregainingmomentumasaresultofbothbottom-upgrassrootsactivismandtop-downpolicyagenda.Inafewinstances,theyhavealreadyreachedatippingpoint;butinmanycasestheyarebeingpursuedseparatelybyspecialistgroups,sufferingfromfragmentation,andnotalwayshavingtheirexpectedoutcomesorimpact.Ourstudyofopeninitiativesusesasimpleoverarchingdefinitionofopenresources,andintroducesaconvenientframeworkenablingsharedunderstandingofthreedifferenttypesofopenness–opencontent,openprocess,andopeninfrastructure–illustratedbyadozenexamplesofopendomainsrelevanttolibrariesandinformationservices.Weexplainthecommonattributes,existingsynergies,mutualbenefits,andnaturallimitsofopenapproachesthatneedtobetakenintoaccountwhendevelopingandimplementingpoliciesandstrategiestoadvanceopennessinorganizations.Wearguethatlibrariansandotherinformationspecialistscanmakeimportantcontributionsinpromotingaholisticopencultureineducation,workplaces,communities,andsociety;andweidentifyacontinuumofninepotentialrolesasrecommendedoperational,tactical,andstrategicinterventionsforinformationprofessionals,individuallyandcollectively.Practitionerscanusethemodelsandtoolspresentedtogainafullerunderstandingoftheconceptofopennessanditsimplicationsforlibrariesandtheirparentinstitutions;and,moresignificantly,toreview,evaluate,anddeterminetheirowncurrentandfuturerolesasadvocates,collaborators,andleadersoftheopenmovement.TheOpenMovementOpenhasbeenassertedas“thedefaultmodusoperandiforresearchandhighereducation”(e-Infranet,2013),andnowextendsbeyondfamiliarconcepts,suchasopenaccess,opensourcesoftware,andopencourseware,tomanyotherexamples,includingopenlinkeddata,openpeerreview,andopentextbooks.Librariesandlibrariansaregettinginvolvedacrossthewholespectrumofopenactivities.Notableexamplesincludediscussionsaroundsupportfortextanddatamining(Orcutt,2014),andasurgeofinterestinmassiveopenonlinecourses(MOOCs),evidencedbyrecentliterature,includinganenvironmentalscanfromACRL,andacasestudyofthecopyrightandpermissionserviceatDukeUniversity(Fowler&Smith,2013;Kazakoff-Lane,2014;Kaushik,2015).


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Partnershipapproachesarethedominantmodelhere,withinitiativessuchastheGlobalOpenKnowledgebase(GOKb)developingopenlinkeddataforelectronicresourcemanagementandscholarlycommunicationusingacommunity-managedapproach(Hanson,Song&Wilson,2015),andtheOpenLibraryofHumanities,whichisalsobasedonlibrarypartnercontributions,withlibrariesfundinginfrastructuredevelopment–ratherthanpurchasingindividualjournals–inagroundbreakingprojectenablinghumaniststoexperimentwithnewmodelsofopenaccesspublishing(Eve&Edwards,2015).Publiclibrariesarealsoengagingwithopenagenda,forexamplebyhostingopendatahackathonsandexploringotherwaysofworkingwiththeopendatacommunity,whilealsostrengtheninglinkswithlocalgovernment(Carruthers,2014).DefinitionsofOpennessTable1presentssampledefinitionsofopenconceptsfoundintheliteratureandreportedinourpriorwork(Corrall&Pinfield,2014).Concept Definition SourceOpenaccess “...freeavailabilityonthepublicinternet,permittinganyuserstoread,

download,copy,distribute,print,search,orlinktothefulltextsofthesearticles,crawlthemforindexing,passthemasdatatosoftware,orusethemforanyotherlawfulpurpose,withoutfinancial,legal,ortechnicalbarriersotherthanthoseinseparablefromgainingaccesstotheinternetitself.Theonlyconstraintonreproductionanddistribution,andtheonlyroleforcopyrightinthisdomain,shouldbetogiveauthorscontrolovertheintegrityoftheirworkandtherighttobeproperlyacknowledgedandcited.”

BOAI(2002)

Openbibliography

“systematiceffortstocreateandmaintainstoresofOpenlyaccessible,machine-readablebibliographicdata”

Jonesetal.(2011)

Opencontent “...acollectivenameforcreativeworkpublishedunderanon-restrictivelicencethatexplicitlypermitstheworktobecopiedand–dependingontheparticularlicencechosen–toalsobeadaptedanddistributed.”

Keller&Mossink(2008,p.13)

Opencourseware(OCW)

“freeandopendigitalpublicationofhighqualitycollegeanduniversity-leveleducationalmaterials....organizedascourses,andoftenincludecourseplanningmaterialsandevaluationtoolsaswellasthematiccontent....openlylicensed,accessibletoanyone,anytimeviatheinternet.”

OCWConsortium[n.d.]

Opendata “Datathatmeetsthecriteriaofintelligentopenness.Datamustbeaccessible,usable,assessableandintelligible.”

RoyalSociety(2012,p.12)

Opendevelopment

“thecommunity-leddevelopmentmodelfoundwithinmanysuccessfulfreeandopensourcesoftwareprojects.”

Anderson(2009)

Openeducationalpractices(OEP)

“...collaborativepracticeinwhichresourcesaresharedbymakingthemopenlyavailable,andpedagogicalpracticesareemployedwhichrelyonsocialinteraction,knowledgecreation,peer-learning,andsharedlearningpractices.”

Ehlers(2011,p.6)


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Openeducationalresources(OER)

“...teaching,learningandresearchmaterialsinanymedium,digitalorotherwise,thatresideinthepublicdomainorhavebeenreleasedunderanopenlicensethatpermitsno-costaccess,use,adaptationandredistributionbyotherswithnoorlimitedrestrictions.”

UNESCO(2012,p.1)

Openinnovation(OI)

“theuseofpurposiveinflowsandoutflowsofknowledgetoaccelerateinternalinnovation,andexpandthemarketsforexternaluseofinnovation,respectively....assumesthatfirmscanandshoulduseexternalideasaswellasinternalideas,andinternalandexternalpathstomarket”

Chesbrough(2006,p.1)

Openliteraturereview

“...usesasocialnetworkingspacetoaggregateandcollectivelydiscussanevolvingbodyofliteraturearoundasetofcoreresearchquestions.”

Conole&Alevizou(2010,p.6)

Opennotebookscience

“aformofOpenSciencewherethelaboratorynotebookismadepublicinasclosetorealtimeaspossible”

Bradley,Owens,&Williams(2008)

Openpeerreview

“theoppositeofdoubleblind,inwhichauthors’andreviewers’identitiesarebothknowntoeachother(andsometimespubliclydisclosed),but...alsousedtodescribeotherapproaches,suchaswherethereviewersremainanonymousbuttheirreportsarepublished.”

Ware(2011,p.25)

Openscience “makingmethodologies,dataandresultsavailableontheInternet,throughtransparentworkingpractices”

Lyon(2009,p.6)

Opensource “...thepracticethatgivesfreeaccessinproductionanddevelopmenttothesourcematerialforanendproduct;inmostcases,oneisdealingwithsoftware.”

Keller&Mossink(2008,p.9)

Opensourcesoftware

“Theessenceofopensourceisnotthesoftware.Itistheprocessbywhichsoftwareiscreated.Thinkofthesoftwareitselfasanartifactoftheproductionprocess.Andartifactsareoftennottheappropriatefocusofabroaderexplanation.”

Weber(2004,p.56)

Openstandards“Openstandardsaredevelopedinatransparentandcollaborativeprocess,areavailableforfreeoratanominalcostandcanbeimplementedroyaltyfree–inparticularregardingsoftwareinteroperabilitystandards–oratreasonablecost.”

Undheim&Friedrich,(2008,p.2)

Opensystems “...conformtointernationallyagreedstandardsdefiningcomputingenvironmentsthatallowuserstodevelop,runandinterconnectapplicationsandthehardwaretheyrunon,fromwhateversource,withoutsignificantconversioncosts”

Bryant(1995,p.32)

Table1:SampledefinitionsofopenconceptsInterpretationsof“open”varyfordifferentstakeholderandpractitionergroups,especiallyinthecommercialarena(e.g.,openstandards)andforemergentareas(e.g.,openpeerreview).Insomecases,conceptsandtermsusedforoneareaofpracticehavebeenadoptedandadaptedforanotherdomain.ThusSuber(2012,pp.65,66)usesterminologyfromopensourcesoftwaretodefinetwo“sub-species”ofopenaccess:


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“GratisOAisfreeofcharge...Usersmuststillseekpermissiontoexceedfairuse.GratisOAremovespricebarriersbutnotpermissionbarriers.”“LibreOAisfreeofchargeandalsofreeofsomecopyrightandlicensingrestrictions…LibreOAremovespricebarriersandatleastsomepermissionbarriers.”

Inothercases,practitionershavedevelopedtheirownspecificframeworksandmeaningsforconceptsandtermsthathavemoregeneralapplication,suchasthe“4Rs”frameworkforopeneducationalresources(Wiley,2010,p.6):• Reuse:therighttoreusethecontent in itsunaltered/verbatimform(e.g.,makeabackup

copyofthecontent)• Revise: the right to adapt, adjust, modify, or alter the content itself (e.g., translate the

contentintoanotherlanguage)• Remix: the right to combine the original or revised contentwith other content to create

somethingnew(e.g.,incorporatethecontentintoamashup)• Redistribute:therighttosharecopiesoftheoriginalcontent,therevisions,ortheremixes

withothers(e.g.,giveacopyofthecontenttoafriend).Openapproachesarecontinuingtoevolveinacomplex,pluralistknowledgeeconomy,usingmultipledefinitions.Theopenaccessmovementisamongthemorematureexamples,whereresearchshowsOAhasreachedatippingpointglobally,i.e.,thestagewhereamajorityofarticlesarefreelyavailable.StudiesbyScience-MetrixfortheEuropeanCommissionrevealedall34Europeancountriesexamined“havetippedtowardsamajorityofpapersinOA”andinfourcountriestheaggregateavailabilityforthe2008-2013periodwasabove70%;whileinNorthAmerica,theUS(67.9%)andCanada(64.4%)havedefinitelypassedthetippingpoint(Archambault,Caruso&Nicol,2014,p.20).ThecomplexityoftheOAlandscapeisillustratedbytheplethoraofinterpretationsinthatfieldalone.AsArchambaultetal.(2014,p.4)observe,

“Access-canbeopen(free),restrictedorpaid;withunrestrictedorrestrictedusagerights;qualitycontrolledornot;pre-print(pre-refereeing),post-print(post-refereeing),orpublishedversion(withfinalcopyeditingandpagelayout);immediateordelayed;permanentortransient.”

Theyprovidedefinitionsfor10categoriesofaccess,withsub-categoriesinseveralinstances(notshownhere):• OpenAccess• IdealOpenAccess• RestrictedAccess• PaidAccess• RestrictedOpenAccess


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• GreenOpenAccess• GoldOpenAccess• RobinHoodOpenAccessorRogueOpenAccess• DelayedOpenAccess• TransientOpenAccessHowever,despitetheplurality,scholarsandpractitionersareincreasinglyidentifyingtheoreticalandpracticallinksbetweenopenresearchandopeneducation(Conole&Alevizou,2010;Esposito,2013),andalsowiderconnectionstoopensource,opengovernment,openeconomy,andopensociety(Peters,2010;Willinsky,2005).OthershaveusedBoyer’s(1990;1996)modelofscholarshipasdiscovery,integration,application,teaching,andengagementtopromoteaholisticviewofopen/socialscholarshipinthedigitalworld(Greenhow&Gleason,2014;Scanlon,2014).TheEuropeanNetworkforCo-ordinationofPoliciesandProgrammesone-Infrastructure(e-InfraNet)hasmadeaseminalcontributionhereinacomprehensivereportproclaiming“‘Open’asthedefaultmodusoperandiforresearchandhighereducation.”TheprojectprovidesasimpleoverarchingdefinitionofOpenthatcanbeusedtopromoteaunifiedinterpretationoftheconcept(e-InfraNet,2013,p.12):

“Openmeansensuringthatthereislittleornobarriertoaccessforanyonewhocan,orwantsto,contributetoaparticulardevelopmentoruseitsoutput.”

ATypologyofOpenWesuggestasanaidtounderstandingandplanning,itisusefultothinkaboutopennessintermsofthreebasictypesofopen,concernedwithcontent,process,andinfrastructure,withthefollowingaims:• OpenContent–makingcontentofvarioussortsfreelyaccessibleandavailableforreuse

(e.g.,publications,reports,presentations,theses,dissertations,datasets,metadata,learningobjects,computercode)

• OpenProcess–carryingoutacademicorbusinessprocessesinthepublicarena(e.g.,productandserviceinnovation,softwaredevelopment,scientificwork,peerreview,pedagogicalpractices)

• OpenInfrastructure–creatinganinteroperabletechnicalenvironmentforeducation,research,andadministration(e.g.,standards,systems)

Eachopentypeisrepresentedbydistinctopendomainsofactivity,thoughsomedomains(e.g.,opensourcesoftware)relatetomorethanonetype.Table2(takenfromCorrall&Pinfield,2014,p.298)presentsourproposedtypology.


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OpenType OpenDomain

OpenContent

Openaccesstoresearchpublications(OA)OpendataOpeneducationalresources,includingopencoursewareandopentextbooksOpenbibliography/metadataOpensourcesoftware

OpenProcess

OpendevelopmentOpeneducationalpracticesOpenpeerreviewOpenresearch,includingopenliteraturereviewandopennotebookscienceOpeninnovation

OpenInfrastructure

OpenstandardsOpensystems

Table2:AtypologyofopenAsalreadyindicated,althoughopenactivitieshavegenerallybeenpursuedseparatelybydiversespecialistcommunities,stakeholdersareincreasinglyseeingconnectionsandidentifyingimportantsynergiesamongthedifferentdomains:

“Astheavailabilityofandaccesstocontentandinfrastructuralresourcesincreases,theneedforanduseof‘openprocesses’becomesmoreevident.Where‘opencontent’isusedandproducedin‘openprocesses’withinanopeninfrastructuralsetting,acultureof‘openness’graduallyemerges”(e-Infranet,2013,p.13).

Thenotionofanopencultureisanimportantadditionaldimensionoftheopenlandscapethatneedstobeconsideredandpromotedtoadvancetheopenmovement.Figure1(fromCorrall&Pinfield,2014,p.299)presentsahigh-levelmodelofopenaddingculturetothemix.

Figure1.High-levelopentypology

Inpractice,thedifferentopendomainsoverlapandsupporteachother,andinturnstimulatenewformsofopenness.Thus,opendatafromresearchbuildsonopenaccesstopublications,andbothoftenuseopensourcesoftwaretomakecontentaccessible,suchasDSpacefromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)orEPrintsfromtheUniversityofSouthampton(Lynch,2003).Openeducationalresourcessimilarlyoftenuseopensourcesystemstomanage


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andprovideaccesstocoursecontent,andresourcesharingisencouragingfacultytosharepedagogicalpracticesandpromotepeerlearning;forexample,Abelson,MiyagawandYue(2012,p.9)describeaninitiativeatMITintendedto:

“sharenotjustthecontentthatMITusesinteaching–theoriginalOCWmodel–butalsoexplicitinformationonhowweteachatMIT.Thiswillpotentiallyincludepedagogicalstatementsfromandinterviewswithparticipatingfaculty,linkstoexemplaryteachingpractices,showcasesofeducationalinnovations,andotherframinginformationthatplacesthecontentsharedincontextofourteachingphilosophies.”

Suchrelationshipsanddependenciesareakeyfeatureoftheevolvinglandscape,whichmeanthatpolicyinterventionsinoneareacanhavebeneficialeffectsinotherdomains,asdepictedinFigure2(Corrall&Pinfield,2014,p.301).

Figure2:Evolvingmodelofopen

TheCaseforCoordinationandIntegrationAdecadeago,Willinsky(2005)advancedathreefoldargumentforthe“unacknowledgedconvergence”betweenopenaccessandopensourcesoftware.First,thedifferentopendomainshaveashared“commitmenttotheunrestrictedexchangeofinformationandideas,”evidencedintheirsharedassociationswithtransparency,publicgood,andpublicaccountability(resonatingwiththeinterestsofpolicymakers).Secondly,theyaregovernedbycommon“economicprinciples,”basedontheefficacyoffreeknowledgeresources,aneconomyofrecognition,andtheexistenceof“free-or-subscribe”models.Thirdly,theyhavesharedcharacteristicsderivedfromtheircommitmentandprinciples.Wearguethatthedefactointerconnectednessbetweenopendomainsthatcontinuestodevelopisafourthcommonality(Corrall&Pinfield,2014).


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Inaddition,openinitiativesshareseveralcommonattributes:theyaregenerallydrivenbytheimpulseofintellectualcuriosity;theysupportaneconomyofreputationbuilding;andarefacilitatedbymotivationfor“competitivesharing.”Theyalsooffersignificantcommonbenefitsforinstitutionsandindividuals,suchasvisibilityandimpact,reuse,innovationandagility,costeffectiveness,qualityenhancement,andreputationandtrust(e-Infranet,2013;Read,2011).Thepotentialbenefitsofopennessareimportantfactorstoconsiderwhenformulatingpoliciesorstrategieswithininstitutions.Itisalsoimportanttoacknowledgethereare“natural”limitstoopenness,suchastheexclusionofroyalty-generatingliterature;restrictionsonsharingpersonaldataandcommercialinformation;theexistenceofastrongmixedeconomyforsoftware;andselectivityinsharingeducationalresourcesarisingfromconcernsaboutquality,competitiveness,andotherissues(Corrall&Pinfield,2014).WhereDoWeGoFromHere?Thedifferentopendomainsareatvariousstagesofevolutionandmaturity.Openapproachescontinuetobepromotedbydiversecommunitiesofpractice,butoftenonparalleltracks,withlittleornopracticalconnectionbetweenthem.Initiativesarebeingmanagedatmultiplelevels–institutional,consortial,national,andinternational–butwithinsufficientcollaborationandcoordinationtorealizetheirfullpotential.Theopendomainsarepredicatedonsharedvalues,theyhavecommongoals,andfacesimilarpracticalissues(e.g.,intellectualpropertyrights,businessmodels,sustainability).Librariansandotherinformationspecialistsarealreadydoinggreatworkinmanyareas:theyhavealonghistoryofinvolvementinopenaccess,theyareengagingwiththechallengesofopendata,anddoingpioneeringworkonopentextbooks(Clobridge,2015;Corrall,Kennan&Afzal,2013;Pinfield,2015).Librariesareespeciallywellplacedtoexploitthesynergiesandopportunitiesacrossthewholeopenarena,andhavethecapacitytomakeoperational,tactical,andstrategicinterventionsthatwilldeliverrealbenefitstotheircommunitiesandsociety.Manyoftheproblemsidentifiedbyothersplaytoourstrengths,forexample:

“Repositorydevelopmentandimplementationpresentsnumerouschallengesrelatedtointellectualpropertyrights,datacuration,long-termpreservation,infrastructuredevelopmentandinteroperability”(Archambaultetal.,2014,p.6).

Thereisalsoanurgentneedforactivemonitoringofdevelopmentsglobally,whichtheprofessionhastheexpertise,networks,andstructurestodo.Archambaultetal.(2014,p.15)haveissuedanimportantwarning:

“ManymandatesbeingpromulgatedatthemomentruntheriskoffavouringashiftfromBEPA[BackEndPaidAccess]toFEPA[FrontEndPaidAccess],frominaccessibilitytoinequality.”


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Types OpenContent OpenProcess OpenInfrastructure

Domains

OpenAccess

OpenData

OpenEducationalResources

OpenBibliography/Metadata

OpenSourceSoftware

OpenDevelopment

OpenEducationalPractices

OpenPeer

Review

OpenScience/Research

OpenInnovation

OpenStandards

OpenSystems

Roles

Use

Educate

Advocate

Facilitate

Mediate

Collaborate

Coordinate

Integrate

Lead

Table3:PotentialrolesinopendomainsTable3showspotentialrolesforlibrariesinopendomains.Thematrixcanbeusedasatooltoassessyourcurrentsituationandsetgoalsformovingforwardbyansweringthefollowingquestions:


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• Howoftenareyounowperformingthesuggestedrolesforthedefineddomains–Frequently?(F)Occasionally?(O)Rarely?(R)Never?(N)

• Howoftenwillyoubeperformingthesuggestedrolesforthedefineddomainsnextyear–

Frequently?(F)Occasionally?(O)Rarely?(R)Never?(N)Thekeyareawherelibrariescould–andarguablyshould–makeasubstantialcontributionisinpolicyandstrategydevelopmentfortheirinstitutionsandcommunities.Somelibrariesandinformationserviceshavepriorexperienceofinstitutionalinformationstrategiesfromthe1990s,fromwhichlessonscanbelearnedfortheopenera(Bernbom,1997;Hughes,1997;Michalko,2000).Wecanalsolooktomanagementscienceandotherarenasformodelsandframeworks.Ackoff’s(1970)classicconceptofinteractiveplanning,basedontheprinciplesofparticipation,continuity,andholism,wouldbeagoodfitforaconcertedefforttodevelopaunifiedstrategy.Thethreeprinciplesincorporateastakeholderapproach,real-timestrategy-making,andmiddle-up-downplanning,withtheprocessconceivedas:• Participative–everyonewhocouldbeaffectedbytheplansshouldbedirectlyinvolvedor

representedintheplanningprocess,tobuildunderstandingandhelpimplementation;• Continuous–plansshouldbecontinuouslyrevisedinlightoftheirperformance,unexpected

developments,andthelatestinformation,toanticipateandrespondtochangesintheenvironment;and

• Holistic–everypartofasystemandeverylevelofitshouldbeplannedforsimultaneouslyandinterdependently,toco-ordinateandintegratemultipleunitsanddifferentlevels.

AnothermodelforconsiderationisKipling’s(1902)questions,alsoknownasthe5W1Hproblem-solvingmethod(orWWWHWaW0),whichisusedinjournalism,engineering,andmanagement,andsimilarlyasanobservationalframeworkinsocialresearch(Patton,2002).Thesixquestionscanbeusedtoidentifyissuesforconsiderationinpolicydevelopment,e.g.,• Why?(Rationale)–externaldrivers,institutionalmissions,individualincentives• What?(Scope)–opentypes/domains,selectioncriteria,formatsandstandards• When?(Timing)–deposit,release,embargoes(publishers,sponsors/funders)• Where?(Venues)–institutional/communityrepositories,storagelocusandaccessroute• Who?(Players)–stakeholderresponsibilities,governancearrangements• How?(Practicalities)–opennessdefinitions,licenseconditions,operationalprocedures.Librariesareuniquelypositionedtocollaboratewithotherstakeholdersincoordinatingeffortstomovebeyondatomisticpoliciesandstrategiestowardsthedesignanddeliveryofholisticintegratedinstitution-wideendeavorstoadvancetheopenagenda.Policyandstrategylagbehindthinkingandpractice,andlibrariescantaketheleadindevelopingacoherentresponse.


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AcknowledgmentThestudypresentedhereformspartofanongoingprogramofresearchconductedwithDr.StephenPinfield,UniversityofSheffieldInformationSchool.ReferencesAbelson,H.,Miyagawa,S.,&Yue,D.(2012).MIT’songoingcommitmenttoOpenCourseWare.

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Download - Final draft, December 2015 Accepted for Charleston 2015 ...d-scholarship.pitt.edu/28249/1/Corrall_Charleston... · Infranet, 2013), and now extends beyond familiar concepts, such

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