Download - Final biochips
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BIOCHIPSAJITH
S7 EC-BROLL NO:O2
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CONTENTS• INTRODUCTION • DEFINITION• STRUCTURE AND BASIC WORKING• DEVELOPMENT AND WORKING• DNA BIO CHIPS• ADVANTAGES• DISADVANTAGES• FUTURE• CONCLUSION• REFERANCE
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INTRODUCTION
• Identifies us uniquely• Can be used to track our location• Size- uncooked grain of rice• Injected under the skin using syringe• Respond to signal from detector• Daniel Man holds the patent for a
chip that can be tracked by satellite
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DEFINITION• Collection of micro arrays arranged on a solid
substrate• Can perform millions of mathematical
operations• Can perform thousands of biological
operations• Human Genome Project• Increased speed of identification of genes• Also used in toxicological, protein &
biochemical research • Motorola, Hitachi, IBM, Texas Instruments
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STRUCTURE
• Two parts- Transponder & Reader or Scanner
Transponder :
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Cont…• Actual biochip implant• Uses RFID system• Two types- Active & Passive• Not harmful to human body• Four parts- Microchip, Antenna coil,
Capacitor & Glass capsule
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Cont…Microchips:• Stores unique identification number,
10-15 digit.• AVID stores 70 trillion unique numbers.• ID number etched to surface.• Cannot be altered.• Electronic circuitry transmit ID number
to reader.
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Cont… Antenna coil:• Copper around ferrite or iron core.• Simple, tiny, primitive.• Receives and sends signals from the
reader or scanner. Tuning capacitor:• Stores small electrical charges(< 1/1000 of
a watt)• Tuned to same frequency as reader.
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Cont…Glass capsule:• Houses all components• Made of biocompatible material• Polypropylene sheath• Injected using hypodermic syringe
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Cont… Reader:• Exciter coil provides energy to activate chip• Receiving coil receives data• Decodes the data• Displayed in LCD• All done in milliseconds
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Basic Working• Generates low power electromagnetic
field• Enables biochip• Receiver amplifies code• Data displayed
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DEVELOPMENT AND WORKING Oxy sensors:
• Size of a button• Monitor breathing inside ICU• Sends light pulse into body to detect oxygen• Act as a pulse monitor• Application range from sick children to
chemotherapy patients
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Cont… Brain On-Off switch:• Activa implant – Medtronics Inc., US• Turns off brain signals• Uses high frequency eletric pulses• Primarily interfere with abberrant brain functions
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Cont… Adding sound to life:• Cochlear implant• Electrical pulses directly to nerve cell• Mimics the job of hair cell• Splits incoming noises to channels• Clarion & Nucleus
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Cont…Experiments with lost sight:• Joseph Rizzo , John Wyatt
(Massachusetts)• 20 electrode 1 mm sq chips- mimics
photoreceptors• First on rabbit• Final setup- pair of glass with camera
detect & encode• Send as laser pulse
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Cont…• Eugene de Jaun- Hoplkins Wilmer Eye Inst.• Inserted electrodes• Completely blind saw well defined flashes.• Latest- implanted at surface or retina
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DNA BIOCHIPS• Tuan Vo-Dinh- at DOE of ORNL• Gene probe based• Matched box sized• Less blood, no sacrifice on accuracy• No radioactive labels• Reduces disposal cost• Distinguish b/w bacteria, virus,
chemical or biological species
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ADVANTAGES• Small in size• Faster & powerful• Detect multiple viral agents in parallel• Aids deaf, dumb, blind• Stores personnal data• Ease of use• Human tracking etc..
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DISADVANTAGES• Loss of privacy• End of human freedom and dignity• Expensive• Cannot be fabricated at high density
and mass
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FUTURE• Widely established in veterinary field• In the case of humans future lies in
the hand of users
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CONCLUSION• Developing • Have advantages and disadvantages• Future is unpredictable
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REFERANCE• http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnum
ber=4129415• Herold, KE; Rasooly, A (editor) (2009). Lab-on-a-
Chip Technology: Fabrication and Microfluidics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-46-2.
• Fan et al. (2009). "Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis in a Chip". Lab-on-a-Chip Technology: Biomolecular Separation and Analysis. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-47-9.
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QUESTIONS?...
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION…