Fig. 11-00
Fig. 11-01
Gene for a glycolysis enzyme
Hemoglobin gene
Antibody gene
Insulin gene
White blood cellPancreas cell Nerve cell
Activegene
Key
Co
lori
zed
TE
M
Co
lori
zed
TE
M
Co
lori
zed
SE
M
Fig. 11-02
Operon turned on (lactose inactivates repressor)
Lactose
Protein
mRNA
Lactose enzymes
DNA
Protein
mRNA
DNA
Operon turned off (lactose absent)
Translation
Inactiverepressor
RNA polymerasebound to promoter
Transcription
Active repressor
RNA polymerasecannot attach topromoter
Regulatory gene
Promoter Operator
Operon
Genes for lactose enzymes
Fig. 11-02a
Protein
mRNA
DNA
Operon turned off (lactose absent)
Active repressor
RNA polymerasecannot attach topromoter
Regulatory gene
Promoter Operator
Operon
Genes for lactose enzymes
Fig. 11-02b
Operon turned on (lactose inactivates repressor)
Lactose
Protein
mRNA
Lactose enzymes
DNA
Translation
Inactiverepressor
RNA polymerasebound to promoter
Transcription
Fig. 11-03-1
DNA
Unpackingof DNA
Chromosome
Gene
Fig. 11-03-2
DNA
Transcription of gene
Unpackingof DNA
Chromosome
Gene
RNA transcript
Intron Exon
Fig. 11-03-3
DNA
Flow of mRNAthrough nuclearenvelope
Processingof RNA
Transcription of gene
Unpackingof DNA
Chromosome
Gene
RNA transcript
Intron Exon
mRNA in nucleus Tail Cap
mRNA in cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Fig. 11-03-4
DNA
Flow of mRNAthrough nuclearenvelope
Processingof RNA
Transcription of gene
Unpackingof DNA
Chromosome
Gene
RNA transcript
Intron Exon
mRNA in nucleus Tail Cap
mRNA in cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Breakdownof mRNA
Fig. 11-03-5
DNA
Flow of mRNAthrough nuclearenvelope
Processingof RNA
Transcription of gene
Unpackingof DNA
Chromosome
Gene
RNA transcript
Intron Exon
mRNA in nucleus Tail Cap
mRNA in cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Breakdownof mRNA
Translationof mRNA
Polypeptide
Fig. 11-03-6
DNA
Flow of mRNAthrough nuclearenvelope
Processingof RNA
Transcription of gene
Unpackingof DNA
Chromosome
Gene
RNA transcript
Intron Exon
mRNA in nucleus Tail Cap
mRNA in cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Breakdownof mRNA
Translationof mRNA
Various changesto polypeptide
Active protein
Polypeptide
Fig. 11-03-7
DNA
Flow of mRNAthrough nuclearenvelope
Processingof RNA
Transcription of gene
Unpackingof DNA
Chromosome
Gene
RNA transcript
Intron Exon
mRNA in nucleus Tail Cap
mRNA in cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Breakdownof mRNA
Translationof mRNA
Breakdownof protein
Various changesto polypeptide
Active protein
Polypeptide
Fig. 11-04
Cell divisionand X chromosomeinactivation
Allele fororange fur
Early embryo:
X chromosomes
Allele forblack fur Inactive X
Active X
Inactive X
Active X Orange fur
Two cell populationsin adult cat:
Black fur
Fig. 11-04a
Cell divisionand X chromosomeinactivation
Allele fororange fur
Early embryo:
X chromosomes
Allele forblack fur Inactive X
Active X
Inactive X
Active X Orange fur
Two cell populationsin adult cat:
Black fur
Fig. 11-05
Bend in the DNA
Enhancers (DNA control sequences)
Transcription factor
Transcription Promoter Gene
RNA polymerase
Fig. 11-06-1
Exons
DNA 1 2 3 54
Fig. 11-06-2
RNA transcript
Exons
DNA
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 5
5
4
Fig. 11-06-3
RNA transcript
Exons
RNA splicing
mRNA
DNA
or
1 2 3 5 1 2 4 5
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 5
5
4
Fig. 11-07-1
Initial polypeptide
Fig. 11-07-2
Initial polypeptide
Cutting
Insulin (active hormone)
Fig. 11-08-1
SIGNALING CELL
Plasma membrane Signal molecule
Secretion
TARGETCELL
Nucleus
Fig. 11-08-2
SIGNALING CELL
Plasma membrane Signal molecule
Secretion
Receptor protein
Reception
TARGETCELL
Nucleus
Fig. 11-08-3
SIGNALING CELL
Plasma membrane Signal molecule
Secretion
Receptor protein
Reception
Signal transductionpathway
TARGETCELL
Nucleus
Fig. 11-08-4
SIGNALING CELL
Plasma membrane Signal molecule
Secretion
Receptor protein
Transcription factor(activated)
Reception
Signal transductionpathway
TARGETCELL
Nucleus
Fig. 11-08-5
SIGNALING CELL
mRNA
Plasma membrane Signal molecule
Secretion
Receptor protein
Transcription factor(activated)
Reception
Signal transductionpathway
TARGETCELL
Nucleus
TranscriptionResponse
Fig. 11-08-6
SIGNALING CELL
mRNA
Plasma membrane Signal molecule
Secretion
Receptor protein
Transcription factor(activated)
Reception
Signal transductionpathway
TARGETCELL
Nucleus
TranscriptionResponse
Translation
New protein
Fig. 11-09
Normal fruit fly
Mutant fly with extra wings
Normal head
Mutant fly with extra legsgrowing from head
Fig. 11-09a
Normal fruit fly
Mutant fly with extra wings
Fig. 11-09b
Normal head
Mutant fly with extra legsgrowing from head
Fig. 11-10Fruit fly chromosome
Fruit fly embryo(10 hours)
Mouse chromosomes
Mouse embryo(12 days)
Adult fruit fly Adult mouse
Fig. 11-10aFruit fly chromosome
Fruit fly embryo(10 hours)
Adult fruit fly
Fig. 11-10bMouse chromosomes
Mouse embryo(12 days)
Adult mouse
Fig. 11-11-1
mRNAisolated
Fig. 11-11-2
mRNAisolated
cDNA madefrom mRNA
Reverse transcriptase and fluorescentlylabeled DNA nucleotides
Fluorescent cDNA
Fig. 11-11-3
mRNAisolated
cDNA madefrom mRNA
cDNA mixtureadded to wells
DNA microarray
Reverse transcriptase and fluorescentlylabeled DNA nucleotides
Fluorescent cDNA
Fig. 11-11-4
mRNAisolated
DNA of anexpressed gene
cDNA madefrom mRNA
cDNA mixtureadded to wells
Unbound cDNArinsed away
Fluorescentspot
FluorescentcDNA
DNA of anunexpressed gene
DNA microarray(6,400 genes)
Nonfluorescentspot
DNA microarray
Reverse transcriptase and fluorescentlylabeled DNA nucleotides
Fluorescent cDNA
Fig. 11-11a
DNA microarray (6,400 genes)
Fig. 11-12-1
Root ofcarrot plant
Fig. 11-12-2
Root cells ingrowth medium
Root ofcarrot plant
Fig. 11-12-3
Cell divisionin culture
Root cells ingrowth medium
Root ofcarrot plant
Singlecell
Fig. 11-12-4
Youngplant
Cell divisionin culture
Root cells ingrowth medium
Root ofcarrot plant
Singlecell
Fig. 11-12-5
Adultplant
Youngplant
Cell divisionin culture
Root cells ingrowth medium
Root ofcarrot plant
Singlecell
Fig. 11-13-1
Removenucleusfrom eggcell
Fig. 11-13-2
Donorcell
Removenucleusfrom eggcell
Add somaticcell fromadult donor
Fig. 11-13-3
Donorcell Nucleus from
donor cell
Removenucleusfrom eggcell
Add somaticcell fromadult donor
Grow in cultureto produce anearly embryo
Fig. 11-13-4
Donorcell Nucleus from
donor cell
Removenucleusfrom eggcell
Add somaticcell fromadult donor
Grow in cultureto produce anearly embryo
Implant embryoin surrogatemother
Clone ofdonor is born
Reproductive cloning
Fig. 11-13-5
Donorcell Nucleus from
donor cell
Removenucleusfrom eggcell
Add somaticcell fromadult donor
Grow in cultureto produce anearly embryo Remove
embryonicstem cells fromembryo andgrow in culture
Induce stemcells to formspecializedcells fortherapeutic use
Implant embryoin surrogatemother
Clone ofdonor is born
Reproductive cloning
Therapeutic cloning
Fig. 11-13a
Fig. 11-14
(a) The first cloned cat (right)
(c) Clones of endangered animals
(b) Cloning for medical use
Gray wolfGaurBantengMouflon calfwith mother
Fig. 11-14a
(a) The first cloned cat (right)
Fig. 11-14b
(b) Cloning for medical use
Fig. 11-14c(c) Clones of endangered animals
Gray wolfGaur
BantengMouflon calfwith mother
Fig. 11-15
Adult stemcells in bone marrow
Culturedembryonic stem cells
Different cultureconditions
Different types ofdifferentiated cells
Heart muscle cells
Nerve cells
Blood cells
Fig. 11-16
Fig. 11-17
New promoter
Normal growth-stimulatingproteinin excess
Normal growth-stimulatingproteinin excess
Hyperactivegrowth-stimulatingprotein
Gene moved tonew DNA position,under new controls
Multiple copiesof the gene
DNA
Mutation within the gene
Proto-oncogene(for protein that stimulates cell division)
Oncogene
Fig. 11-18
Defective,nonfunctioningprotein
Cell divisionunder control
(b) Uncontrolled cell growth (cancer)
Normal growth-inhibiting protein
Cell division notunder control
(a) Normal cell growth
Tumor-suppressor gene Mutated tumor-suppressor gene
Fig. 11-18a
Cell divisionunder control
Normal growth-inhibiting protein
(a) Normal cell growth
Tumor-suppressor gene
Fig. 11-18b
Defective,nonfunctioningprotein
(b) Uncontrolled cell growth (cancer)
Cell division notunder control
Mutated tumor-suppressor gene
Fig. 11-19-1
Oncogeneactivated
DNAchanges:
Cellularchanges:
Increasedcell division
Fig. 11-19-2
Tumor-suppressorgene inactivated
Oncogeneactivated
DNAchanges:
Cellularchanges:
Increasedcell division
Growth ofbenign tumor
Colon wall
Fig. 11-19-3
Second tumor-suppressorgene inactivated
Tumor-suppressorgene inactivated
Oncogeneactivated
DNAchanges:
Cellularchanges:
Increasedcell division
Growth ofbenign tumor
Growth ofmalignant tumor
Colon wall
Fig. 11-20-1
Normal cell
Chromosomes
Fig. 11-20-2
1mutation
Normal cell
Chromosomes
Fig. 11-20-3
1mutation
Normal cell
2mutations
Chromosomes
Fig. 11-20-4
1mutation
Normal cell
3mutations
2mutations
Chromosomes
Fig. 11-20-5
1mutation
Normal cell Malignant cell
4mutations
3mutations
2mutations
Chromosomes
Fig. 11-21
Fig. 11-22
Fig. 11-T01
Fig. 11-T02
Fig. 11-UN01
Fig. 11-UN02
Fig. 11-UN03
Fig. 11-UN04
Fig. 11-UN05
Regulatorygene
A typical operon
Promoter Operator
Gene 3 Gene 2
Gene 1
Switches operonon or off
RNApolymerasebinding site
Produces repressorthat in active formattaches to operator
DNA
Fig. 11-UN06
Protein breakdown
Protein activation
mRNA breakdown
RNA transport
Translation
Transcription
DNA unpacking
RNA processing
Fig. 11-UN07
Nucleus fromdonor cell
Embryo implantedin surrogate mother
Clone ofnucleusdonor
Early embryoresulting fromnucleartransplantation
Fig. 11-UN08
Nucleus from donor cell
Embryonicstem cellsin culture
Specializedcells
Early embryoresulting fromnucleartransplantation
Fig. 11-UN09Proto-oncogene
(normal) Oncogene
Mutation
Normal protein
Mutant protein
Defective protein
Mutation
Normal regulationof cell cycle
Normal growth-inhibitingprotein
Out-of-controlgrowth (leadingto cancer)
Mutatedtumor-suppressor
gene
Tumor-suppressorgene (normal)