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Fig. 1-7
Chapter 3 Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis
By maintaining highly ordered states, cells seemingly defy the laws of thermodynamics: 1) There is a finite amount of energy in the universe. It can neither be created nor destroyed, onlychanged from oneform to another. 2) A change will alwaysbe accompanied byan increase in disorder.
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The same principle applies to our everyday lives.A housewife’s work is never done….Neither is the cell’s.
Fig. 3-4
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Thermodynamics: Study of Energy Transformations
Fig. 3-6
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Fig. 3-6
Photosynthesis Makes Sugars for Cellular Respiration
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All energy required to maintain life is derived from the sun.
Fig. 3-7 Vincent van Gogh
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Chemical Energy from Glucose Used by Cells to Synthesize Macromolecules
energy releasing
Fig. 3-2
energy consuming
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Cells Do Not Defy the Laws of Thermodynamics in the Context of the Whole Universe
Fig. 3-5 macromoleculesorganelles, etc.-anabolism
CO2 and H2O-catabolism
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DH = DG + TDS
Gibbs Free Energy Equation:
Potential Energy
WorkEnergy
Energy Lostto Disorder
DG = DH - TDS
Rearranged:
Study of Energy Transformations: Thermodynamics
began w/ invention of steam engine
earlySteam Engine
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DG = DH - TDS
Exergonic: DG < 0- will occur w/o external energy Endergonic: DG > 0- will NOT occur w/o external energy
& Products more disordered than Reactants (DS>0)Products have lower bond energies than Reactants (DH<0)
DH<0 and DS > 0DG < 0 (will occur w/o external energy) when:
OR DH<<<<0 and DS < 0OR DH>0 and DS >>>> 0
∆G measures likelihood a reaction will occur
Chemical Bond Energy
< Cell
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.
Respiration
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Fig. 3-4
Cell Respiration: DH <<< 0 allows DS < 0
DG = DH - TDS
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Chemical Energy from Glucose Used to Synthesize Macromolecules
energy releasing
Fig. 3-2
energy consuming
DG < 0 DG > 0DH < 0, DS > 0 DH > 0, DS < 0
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How Can Endergonic Reactions (DG >0) Occur in Cells?
Fig. 3-17
One mechanism is to couple it to a highly exergonic reaction.
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Chemical Energy from Glucose Used to Synthesize Macromolecules
energy releasing
Fig. 3-2
energy consuming
Activated Energy Carriers
ATP, NAD(P)H2
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hydrolysissynthesis
Fig. 3-31
Energy from Glucose Oxidation Storedin Activated Energy Carrier, ATP
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Examples:
Panel 3-1g
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NADH and NADPH are Activated Carriers of Electrons
Fig. 3-34
Electrons are transferred from glucose to these portable electron carriers.
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.
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DG under non-standard conditions (in cells) depends on true concentrations of molecules
Rxn 1DG>0
Rxn 2DG<<0
Coupled RxnDG<0
Rxn 2 keeps [Prod]/[React] of Rxn 1 low
DG = DGo + RT ln [Product] [Reactant]
Fig. 3-21
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.
will occur without external energy, but not on useful timescale
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without enzyme
with enzyme
Fig. 3-27b (modified)
Enzymes Increase the Velocity of a Reaction (Not the Thermodynamics)
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Enzymes Lower Activation Energy
Fig. 3-12
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Enzymes Lower Activation Energy
Fig. 3-14
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By Lowering Activation Energyat Discrete Steps, Enzymes Direct Reaction Pathways
Fig. 3-14
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Enzymes are not altered by the reactions they catalyze.They used over and over again.
Fig. 3-15
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Enzymes allow the cell to extract energy from glucosein small steps, instead of all at once in the form of heat.Some energy can be harnessed for useful work.
Fig. 3-30
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How Do Enzymes Lower the Activation Energy?
Fig. 4-36
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Example: Lysozyme
Amino acid side chains at active site alter chemical properties of substrate to ease it into activated transition state.
bond bent, then broken by enzyme
Fig. 4-35
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Measuring Enzyme Performance
Fig. 3-27v = Vmax [S] KM + [S]
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Fig. 3-28
A stopped-flow apparatus is needed to catch the initial velocity.
We do the best we can with what we have.
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Double Reciprocal Plot Allows for Easier Determination of Vmax and KM
Fig. 3-27c 1/v = KM (1/[S]) + 1/Vmax
Vmax straight line formula: y = a(x) + b
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Enzyme Kinetic Assays Can be Used to Evaluate Drugs
Fig. 3-29
+ competitiveinhibitor
+ competitiveinhibitor
+ noncompetitiveinhibitor
+ noncompetitiveinhibitor