Download - Field assignment - Bassi Falls
Tracie ButlerGEL 103 J1 ML SU11
bull Overview of field trip and details of identifying subjects
bull Site location information
bull Area geologic history
bull Rock Types
bull Wildlife types
bull Flora types
bull Rock Types
bull Deciduous Tree types
bull References
bull Personal history of Bassi Falls
bull All example photos contained in this report were taken by me
Most were taken during my visit to Bassi Falls July 2011 or
during a previous trip There are a few taken a couple of years
ago (noted) None other unless otherwise noted in the
reference section
bull Map Images were produced using Google Earth
bull Rock Identification was done using USGS web search
bull Flora identification was done using the United States
Department of Agriculture
bull Tree identification was done using the Malheur Experiment
Station Oregon State University
bull Wildlife identification was done using All About Birds website
bull Our family has been coming to Bassi Falls for 3 years I
love going to Bassi Falls because I enjoy being outdoors
hiking soaking up the sun and spending time with my
family
bull We make the hike up to the falls at least three times a
year during the summer and fall months In all the times
wersquove visited this place Irsquove never really seen what was
all around me
bull I mean I saw the awesome forces that water has on
something as hard as granite how colorful and delicate
the flowers are that surround the flowing stream tasted
how sweet fresh water can be and marveled at the
beauty we centered ourselves within During this field
trip I discovered some truly amazing natural occurances
that are documented in the following I hope you enjoy
bull Located near the Crystal Basin Union Valley Resevoir
Bassi Falls CA North El Dorado County
bull Off Hwy 50 to Ice House Road
bull Elevation ~5600ft
bull Precipitation Range 20 to 80 inches occurs mostly as
snow above 6000ft
bull Coordinates
bull Latitude 38890458
bull Logitude -120325502
Google maps search Bassi Falls
One look at this picture and
you can see how powerful the
forces of water can be Over
the course of millions of years
the fall waters have made its
way through tiny cracks in
these boulders During the
winter freeze those cracks
expand and eventually break
off as seen in this picture
bull Bassi Falls is found in the El Dorado National forest which is located in the Sierra Nevada Mountains The Sierra Nevada Mountains is a mountain range in California and Nevada between the California Central Valley and the Basin and Range Province The Sierra Nevada mountain range runs 350 miles north-to-south and is approximately 70 miles across east-to-west Notable Sierra Nevada features include Lake Tahoe the largest alpine lake in North America Mount Whitney at 14494 feet the highest point in the contiguous United States and Yosemite Valley sculpted by glaciers out of 100-million-year-old granite About 150 million years ago during the Jurassic period granite formed deep underground The range started to uplift four million years ago and erosion by glaciers exposed the granite and formed the light-colored mountains and cliffs that make up the rangeKnowles (nd)
Bassi Falls is fed by
snow melt from Forni
Lake elev ~7900ft
(and another smaller
unlabeled lake below
McConnell Peak) via
Bassi Fork and drains
into Union Valley
Reservoir In this
picture the arrow
points to an area
against the stream
bed that shows
evidence of erosion as
indicated by round
smooth igneous rocks
as well as the
overburden on top of
the rocks from uphill
erosion
During the summer months Bassi Falls is a
continuous cascade over granite bedrock and
boulders National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (2001)
Rocks have pours and fractures (voids) in
the surface and when moisture is
introduced (ie flowing waters from a fall
such as Bassi Falls) it tends to collect in
these voids In higher elevations such as
where Bassi Falls is located temperatures
drop during the night and cause the water in
the voids to freeze When the water freezes
it expands and presses against the crack
causing it to grow wider Eventually as this
process reoccurs repeatedly over time it
causes the rock to break off into smaller
chunks This type of mechanical weathering
is called ice wedging
In the picture to the right you will see an
example of this type of weathering and its
affects on this piece of granite
When a rock is broken
down by physical forces
such as water or wind it
changes the rock
physically but the
chemical structure
remains the same In
the picture to the right a
granite boulder has
been worn smooth by
friction from sand and
other rocks tumbling
and bumping against
them as they are carried
by the force of the
water This is called
abrasion
Type Granite with a Quartzite intrusion
bull In this picture the intrusion runs through a bed of granite The orange coloring indicate staining Staining is caused by felsic minerals (iron rich) oxidizing in the granite
Pellant C amp Pellant H
(2002)
Type Granite
bull It is evident that one side of the rock has a different texture than the other During the time this rock was being formed there is evidence that one side cooled much faster indicated by the fine grain texture The course side cooled at a much slower rate as indicated by the larger crystals With that said one side is a fine-grained granite leaving the opposite side a course grained granite
Type Steller Blue Jay Cyanocitta stelleriTwo years ago I was fortunate enough to have a
female Steller Jay make her nest in the eaves of our
porch The pictures you see on the left are of this
Steller Jays which we named Stella nest
bull Native to North America the Steller jay was
first discovered on an Alaskan Island by
naturalist Georg Steller in 1741 The bird was
officially named by a scientist in 1788
bull Nesting facts - incubation of 16 days for a
clutch of 2-6 eggs Their eggs are usually
Bluish-green spotted dark brown purplish or
olive
bull Their diet consists of seeds insects berries
nuts small animals eggs and nestlings
bull Stellers are birds of coniferous and coniferous-
deciduous forests They are typically found in
elevations between 3000 and 10000 feet
bull Todays birds are a group of theropoddinosaurs
that evolved during the Mesozoic eraDunne Dobkin Ehlrich
Greene amp Davison (nd)
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Aves
Order Passeriformes
Family Corvidae
Species Cyanocitta
stelleri
Common Stellers jay
I was unable to find the exact origin and
evolution of the Cyanocitta sterrleri in particular
however there is significant evidence that birds
evolved from theropod dinosaurs specifically
that birds are members of Maniraptora a group
of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and
oviraptorids among others Birds are
categorized as a biological class Aves The
earliest known species of class Aves is
Archaeopteryx lithographica from the Late
Jurassic period though Archaeopteryx is not
commonly considered to have been a true bird
Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur
clade Theropoda According to the current
consensus Aves and a sister group the order
Crocodilia together are the sole living members
of an unranked reptile clade the Archosauria
Phylogenetically Aves is usually defined as all
descendants of the most recent common
ancestor of a specific modern bird species and
either Archaeopteryx or some prehistoric
species closer to Neornithes If the latter
classification is used then the larger group is
termed Avialae
Padian K amp Chiappe LM 1997
Mountain Spiraea (Spiraea splendens) Also known
as Rose Meadowsweet Photo taken at Bassi Falls
alongside the stream
Spiraea splendens
Kingdom Plantae ndash Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta ndash Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta ndash Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta ndash Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida ndash Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae ndash Rose family
Genus Spiraea L ndash spirea
Species Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch ndash rose meadowsweet
Variety Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch var splendens ndashrose meadowsweet
Baumann ex K Koch var splendens
US Dept of Agriculture(nd)
The mountain Spiraea is an angiosperm or a flowering
plant Flowering plants also known as Angiospermae are
the most diverse group of land plants Angiosperms are
seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be
distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of
synapomorphies (derived characteristics) These
characteristics include flowers endosperm within the
seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
gymnosperms around 245ndash202 million years ago and the
first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million
years ago They diversified enormously during the Lower
Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million
years ago but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60-100 million years ago ITIS Report (2011)
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
bull Overview of field trip and details of identifying subjects
bull Site location information
bull Area geologic history
bull Rock Types
bull Wildlife types
bull Flora types
bull Rock Types
bull Deciduous Tree types
bull References
bull Personal history of Bassi Falls
bull All example photos contained in this report were taken by me
Most were taken during my visit to Bassi Falls July 2011 or
during a previous trip There are a few taken a couple of years
ago (noted) None other unless otherwise noted in the
reference section
bull Map Images were produced using Google Earth
bull Rock Identification was done using USGS web search
bull Flora identification was done using the United States
Department of Agriculture
bull Tree identification was done using the Malheur Experiment
Station Oregon State University
bull Wildlife identification was done using All About Birds website
bull Our family has been coming to Bassi Falls for 3 years I
love going to Bassi Falls because I enjoy being outdoors
hiking soaking up the sun and spending time with my
family
bull We make the hike up to the falls at least three times a
year during the summer and fall months In all the times
wersquove visited this place Irsquove never really seen what was
all around me
bull I mean I saw the awesome forces that water has on
something as hard as granite how colorful and delicate
the flowers are that surround the flowing stream tasted
how sweet fresh water can be and marveled at the
beauty we centered ourselves within During this field
trip I discovered some truly amazing natural occurances
that are documented in the following I hope you enjoy
bull Located near the Crystal Basin Union Valley Resevoir
Bassi Falls CA North El Dorado County
bull Off Hwy 50 to Ice House Road
bull Elevation ~5600ft
bull Precipitation Range 20 to 80 inches occurs mostly as
snow above 6000ft
bull Coordinates
bull Latitude 38890458
bull Logitude -120325502
Google maps search Bassi Falls
One look at this picture and
you can see how powerful the
forces of water can be Over
the course of millions of years
the fall waters have made its
way through tiny cracks in
these boulders During the
winter freeze those cracks
expand and eventually break
off as seen in this picture
bull Bassi Falls is found in the El Dorado National forest which is located in the Sierra Nevada Mountains The Sierra Nevada Mountains is a mountain range in California and Nevada between the California Central Valley and the Basin and Range Province The Sierra Nevada mountain range runs 350 miles north-to-south and is approximately 70 miles across east-to-west Notable Sierra Nevada features include Lake Tahoe the largest alpine lake in North America Mount Whitney at 14494 feet the highest point in the contiguous United States and Yosemite Valley sculpted by glaciers out of 100-million-year-old granite About 150 million years ago during the Jurassic period granite formed deep underground The range started to uplift four million years ago and erosion by glaciers exposed the granite and formed the light-colored mountains and cliffs that make up the rangeKnowles (nd)
Bassi Falls is fed by
snow melt from Forni
Lake elev ~7900ft
(and another smaller
unlabeled lake below
McConnell Peak) via
Bassi Fork and drains
into Union Valley
Reservoir In this
picture the arrow
points to an area
against the stream
bed that shows
evidence of erosion as
indicated by round
smooth igneous rocks
as well as the
overburden on top of
the rocks from uphill
erosion
During the summer months Bassi Falls is a
continuous cascade over granite bedrock and
boulders National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (2001)
Rocks have pours and fractures (voids) in
the surface and when moisture is
introduced (ie flowing waters from a fall
such as Bassi Falls) it tends to collect in
these voids In higher elevations such as
where Bassi Falls is located temperatures
drop during the night and cause the water in
the voids to freeze When the water freezes
it expands and presses against the crack
causing it to grow wider Eventually as this
process reoccurs repeatedly over time it
causes the rock to break off into smaller
chunks This type of mechanical weathering
is called ice wedging
In the picture to the right you will see an
example of this type of weathering and its
affects on this piece of granite
When a rock is broken
down by physical forces
such as water or wind it
changes the rock
physically but the
chemical structure
remains the same In
the picture to the right a
granite boulder has
been worn smooth by
friction from sand and
other rocks tumbling
and bumping against
them as they are carried
by the force of the
water This is called
abrasion
Type Granite with a Quartzite intrusion
bull In this picture the intrusion runs through a bed of granite The orange coloring indicate staining Staining is caused by felsic minerals (iron rich) oxidizing in the granite
Pellant C amp Pellant H
(2002)
Type Granite
bull It is evident that one side of the rock has a different texture than the other During the time this rock was being formed there is evidence that one side cooled much faster indicated by the fine grain texture The course side cooled at a much slower rate as indicated by the larger crystals With that said one side is a fine-grained granite leaving the opposite side a course grained granite
Type Steller Blue Jay Cyanocitta stelleriTwo years ago I was fortunate enough to have a
female Steller Jay make her nest in the eaves of our
porch The pictures you see on the left are of this
Steller Jays which we named Stella nest
bull Native to North America the Steller jay was
first discovered on an Alaskan Island by
naturalist Georg Steller in 1741 The bird was
officially named by a scientist in 1788
bull Nesting facts - incubation of 16 days for a
clutch of 2-6 eggs Their eggs are usually
Bluish-green spotted dark brown purplish or
olive
bull Their diet consists of seeds insects berries
nuts small animals eggs and nestlings
bull Stellers are birds of coniferous and coniferous-
deciduous forests They are typically found in
elevations between 3000 and 10000 feet
bull Todays birds are a group of theropoddinosaurs
that evolved during the Mesozoic eraDunne Dobkin Ehlrich
Greene amp Davison (nd)
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Aves
Order Passeriformes
Family Corvidae
Species Cyanocitta
stelleri
Common Stellers jay
I was unable to find the exact origin and
evolution of the Cyanocitta sterrleri in particular
however there is significant evidence that birds
evolved from theropod dinosaurs specifically
that birds are members of Maniraptora a group
of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and
oviraptorids among others Birds are
categorized as a biological class Aves The
earliest known species of class Aves is
Archaeopteryx lithographica from the Late
Jurassic period though Archaeopteryx is not
commonly considered to have been a true bird
Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur
clade Theropoda According to the current
consensus Aves and a sister group the order
Crocodilia together are the sole living members
of an unranked reptile clade the Archosauria
Phylogenetically Aves is usually defined as all
descendants of the most recent common
ancestor of a specific modern bird species and
either Archaeopteryx or some prehistoric
species closer to Neornithes If the latter
classification is used then the larger group is
termed Avialae
Padian K amp Chiappe LM 1997
Mountain Spiraea (Spiraea splendens) Also known
as Rose Meadowsweet Photo taken at Bassi Falls
alongside the stream
Spiraea splendens
Kingdom Plantae ndash Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta ndash Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta ndash Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta ndash Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida ndash Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae ndash Rose family
Genus Spiraea L ndash spirea
Species Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch ndash rose meadowsweet
Variety Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch var splendens ndashrose meadowsweet
Baumann ex K Koch var splendens
US Dept of Agriculture(nd)
The mountain Spiraea is an angiosperm or a flowering
plant Flowering plants also known as Angiospermae are
the most diverse group of land plants Angiosperms are
seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be
distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of
synapomorphies (derived characteristics) These
characteristics include flowers endosperm within the
seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
gymnosperms around 245ndash202 million years ago and the
first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million
years ago They diversified enormously during the Lower
Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million
years ago but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60-100 million years ago ITIS Report (2011)
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
bull Personal history of Bassi Falls
bull All example photos contained in this report were taken by me
Most were taken during my visit to Bassi Falls July 2011 or
during a previous trip There are a few taken a couple of years
ago (noted) None other unless otherwise noted in the
reference section
bull Map Images were produced using Google Earth
bull Rock Identification was done using USGS web search
bull Flora identification was done using the United States
Department of Agriculture
bull Tree identification was done using the Malheur Experiment
Station Oregon State University
bull Wildlife identification was done using All About Birds website
bull Our family has been coming to Bassi Falls for 3 years I
love going to Bassi Falls because I enjoy being outdoors
hiking soaking up the sun and spending time with my
family
bull We make the hike up to the falls at least three times a
year during the summer and fall months In all the times
wersquove visited this place Irsquove never really seen what was
all around me
bull I mean I saw the awesome forces that water has on
something as hard as granite how colorful and delicate
the flowers are that surround the flowing stream tasted
how sweet fresh water can be and marveled at the
beauty we centered ourselves within During this field
trip I discovered some truly amazing natural occurances
that are documented in the following I hope you enjoy
bull Located near the Crystal Basin Union Valley Resevoir
Bassi Falls CA North El Dorado County
bull Off Hwy 50 to Ice House Road
bull Elevation ~5600ft
bull Precipitation Range 20 to 80 inches occurs mostly as
snow above 6000ft
bull Coordinates
bull Latitude 38890458
bull Logitude -120325502
Google maps search Bassi Falls
One look at this picture and
you can see how powerful the
forces of water can be Over
the course of millions of years
the fall waters have made its
way through tiny cracks in
these boulders During the
winter freeze those cracks
expand and eventually break
off as seen in this picture
bull Bassi Falls is found in the El Dorado National forest which is located in the Sierra Nevada Mountains The Sierra Nevada Mountains is a mountain range in California and Nevada between the California Central Valley and the Basin and Range Province The Sierra Nevada mountain range runs 350 miles north-to-south and is approximately 70 miles across east-to-west Notable Sierra Nevada features include Lake Tahoe the largest alpine lake in North America Mount Whitney at 14494 feet the highest point in the contiguous United States and Yosemite Valley sculpted by glaciers out of 100-million-year-old granite About 150 million years ago during the Jurassic period granite formed deep underground The range started to uplift four million years ago and erosion by glaciers exposed the granite and formed the light-colored mountains and cliffs that make up the rangeKnowles (nd)
Bassi Falls is fed by
snow melt from Forni
Lake elev ~7900ft
(and another smaller
unlabeled lake below
McConnell Peak) via
Bassi Fork and drains
into Union Valley
Reservoir In this
picture the arrow
points to an area
against the stream
bed that shows
evidence of erosion as
indicated by round
smooth igneous rocks
as well as the
overburden on top of
the rocks from uphill
erosion
During the summer months Bassi Falls is a
continuous cascade over granite bedrock and
boulders National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (2001)
Rocks have pours and fractures (voids) in
the surface and when moisture is
introduced (ie flowing waters from a fall
such as Bassi Falls) it tends to collect in
these voids In higher elevations such as
where Bassi Falls is located temperatures
drop during the night and cause the water in
the voids to freeze When the water freezes
it expands and presses against the crack
causing it to grow wider Eventually as this
process reoccurs repeatedly over time it
causes the rock to break off into smaller
chunks This type of mechanical weathering
is called ice wedging
In the picture to the right you will see an
example of this type of weathering and its
affects on this piece of granite
When a rock is broken
down by physical forces
such as water or wind it
changes the rock
physically but the
chemical structure
remains the same In
the picture to the right a
granite boulder has
been worn smooth by
friction from sand and
other rocks tumbling
and bumping against
them as they are carried
by the force of the
water This is called
abrasion
Type Granite with a Quartzite intrusion
bull In this picture the intrusion runs through a bed of granite The orange coloring indicate staining Staining is caused by felsic minerals (iron rich) oxidizing in the granite
Pellant C amp Pellant H
(2002)
Type Granite
bull It is evident that one side of the rock has a different texture than the other During the time this rock was being formed there is evidence that one side cooled much faster indicated by the fine grain texture The course side cooled at a much slower rate as indicated by the larger crystals With that said one side is a fine-grained granite leaving the opposite side a course grained granite
Type Steller Blue Jay Cyanocitta stelleriTwo years ago I was fortunate enough to have a
female Steller Jay make her nest in the eaves of our
porch The pictures you see on the left are of this
Steller Jays which we named Stella nest
bull Native to North America the Steller jay was
first discovered on an Alaskan Island by
naturalist Georg Steller in 1741 The bird was
officially named by a scientist in 1788
bull Nesting facts - incubation of 16 days for a
clutch of 2-6 eggs Their eggs are usually
Bluish-green spotted dark brown purplish or
olive
bull Their diet consists of seeds insects berries
nuts small animals eggs and nestlings
bull Stellers are birds of coniferous and coniferous-
deciduous forests They are typically found in
elevations between 3000 and 10000 feet
bull Todays birds are a group of theropoddinosaurs
that evolved during the Mesozoic eraDunne Dobkin Ehlrich
Greene amp Davison (nd)
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Aves
Order Passeriformes
Family Corvidae
Species Cyanocitta
stelleri
Common Stellers jay
I was unable to find the exact origin and
evolution of the Cyanocitta sterrleri in particular
however there is significant evidence that birds
evolved from theropod dinosaurs specifically
that birds are members of Maniraptora a group
of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and
oviraptorids among others Birds are
categorized as a biological class Aves The
earliest known species of class Aves is
Archaeopteryx lithographica from the Late
Jurassic period though Archaeopteryx is not
commonly considered to have been a true bird
Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur
clade Theropoda According to the current
consensus Aves and a sister group the order
Crocodilia together are the sole living members
of an unranked reptile clade the Archosauria
Phylogenetically Aves is usually defined as all
descendants of the most recent common
ancestor of a specific modern bird species and
either Archaeopteryx or some prehistoric
species closer to Neornithes If the latter
classification is used then the larger group is
termed Avialae
Padian K amp Chiappe LM 1997
Mountain Spiraea (Spiraea splendens) Also known
as Rose Meadowsweet Photo taken at Bassi Falls
alongside the stream
Spiraea splendens
Kingdom Plantae ndash Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta ndash Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta ndash Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta ndash Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida ndash Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae ndash Rose family
Genus Spiraea L ndash spirea
Species Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch ndash rose meadowsweet
Variety Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch var splendens ndashrose meadowsweet
Baumann ex K Koch var splendens
US Dept of Agriculture(nd)
The mountain Spiraea is an angiosperm or a flowering
plant Flowering plants also known as Angiospermae are
the most diverse group of land plants Angiosperms are
seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be
distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of
synapomorphies (derived characteristics) These
characteristics include flowers endosperm within the
seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
gymnosperms around 245ndash202 million years ago and the
first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million
years ago They diversified enormously during the Lower
Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million
years ago but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60-100 million years ago ITIS Report (2011)
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
bull Our family has been coming to Bassi Falls for 3 years I
love going to Bassi Falls because I enjoy being outdoors
hiking soaking up the sun and spending time with my
family
bull We make the hike up to the falls at least three times a
year during the summer and fall months In all the times
wersquove visited this place Irsquove never really seen what was
all around me
bull I mean I saw the awesome forces that water has on
something as hard as granite how colorful and delicate
the flowers are that surround the flowing stream tasted
how sweet fresh water can be and marveled at the
beauty we centered ourselves within During this field
trip I discovered some truly amazing natural occurances
that are documented in the following I hope you enjoy
bull Located near the Crystal Basin Union Valley Resevoir
Bassi Falls CA North El Dorado County
bull Off Hwy 50 to Ice House Road
bull Elevation ~5600ft
bull Precipitation Range 20 to 80 inches occurs mostly as
snow above 6000ft
bull Coordinates
bull Latitude 38890458
bull Logitude -120325502
Google maps search Bassi Falls
One look at this picture and
you can see how powerful the
forces of water can be Over
the course of millions of years
the fall waters have made its
way through tiny cracks in
these boulders During the
winter freeze those cracks
expand and eventually break
off as seen in this picture
bull Bassi Falls is found in the El Dorado National forest which is located in the Sierra Nevada Mountains The Sierra Nevada Mountains is a mountain range in California and Nevada between the California Central Valley and the Basin and Range Province The Sierra Nevada mountain range runs 350 miles north-to-south and is approximately 70 miles across east-to-west Notable Sierra Nevada features include Lake Tahoe the largest alpine lake in North America Mount Whitney at 14494 feet the highest point in the contiguous United States and Yosemite Valley sculpted by glaciers out of 100-million-year-old granite About 150 million years ago during the Jurassic period granite formed deep underground The range started to uplift four million years ago and erosion by glaciers exposed the granite and formed the light-colored mountains and cliffs that make up the rangeKnowles (nd)
Bassi Falls is fed by
snow melt from Forni
Lake elev ~7900ft
(and another smaller
unlabeled lake below
McConnell Peak) via
Bassi Fork and drains
into Union Valley
Reservoir In this
picture the arrow
points to an area
against the stream
bed that shows
evidence of erosion as
indicated by round
smooth igneous rocks
as well as the
overburden on top of
the rocks from uphill
erosion
During the summer months Bassi Falls is a
continuous cascade over granite bedrock and
boulders National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (2001)
Rocks have pours and fractures (voids) in
the surface and when moisture is
introduced (ie flowing waters from a fall
such as Bassi Falls) it tends to collect in
these voids In higher elevations such as
where Bassi Falls is located temperatures
drop during the night and cause the water in
the voids to freeze When the water freezes
it expands and presses against the crack
causing it to grow wider Eventually as this
process reoccurs repeatedly over time it
causes the rock to break off into smaller
chunks This type of mechanical weathering
is called ice wedging
In the picture to the right you will see an
example of this type of weathering and its
affects on this piece of granite
When a rock is broken
down by physical forces
such as water or wind it
changes the rock
physically but the
chemical structure
remains the same In
the picture to the right a
granite boulder has
been worn smooth by
friction from sand and
other rocks tumbling
and bumping against
them as they are carried
by the force of the
water This is called
abrasion
Type Granite with a Quartzite intrusion
bull In this picture the intrusion runs through a bed of granite The orange coloring indicate staining Staining is caused by felsic minerals (iron rich) oxidizing in the granite
Pellant C amp Pellant H
(2002)
Type Granite
bull It is evident that one side of the rock has a different texture than the other During the time this rock was being formed there is evidence that one side cooled much faster indicated by the fine grain texture The course side cooled at a much slower rate as indicated by the larger crystals With that said one side is a fine-grained granite leaving the opposite side a course grained granite
Type Steller Blue Jay Cyanocitta stelleriTwo years ago I was fortunate enough to have a
female Steller Jay make her nest in the eaves of our
porch The pictures you see on the left are of this
Steller Jays which we named Stella nest
bull Native to North America the Steller jay was
first discovered on an Alaskan Island by
naturalist Georg Steller in 1741 The bird was
officially named by a scientist in 1788
bull Nesting facts - incubation of 16 days for a
clutch of 2-6 eggs Their eggs are usually
Bluish-green spotted dark brown purplish or
olive
bull Their diet consists of seeds insects berries
nuts small animals eggs and nestlings
bull Stellers are birds of coniferous and coniferous-
deciduous forests They are typically found in
elevations between 3000 and 10000 feet
bull Todays birds are a group of theropoddinosaurs
that evolved during the Mesozoic eraDunne Dobkin Ehlrich
Greene amp Davison (nd)
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Aves
Order Passeriformes
Family Corvidae
Species Cyanocitta
stelleri
Common Stellers jay
I was unable to find the exact origin and
evolution of the Cyanocitta sterrleri in particular
however there is significant evidence that birds
evolved from theropod dinosaurs specifically
that birds are members of Maniraptora a group
of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and
oviraptorids among others Birds are
categorized as a biological class Aves The
earliest known species of class Aves is
Archaeopteryx lithographica from the Late
Jurassic period though Archaeopteryx is not
commonly considered to have been a true bird
Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur
clade Theropoda According to the current
consensus Aves and a sister group the order
Crocodilia together are the sole living members
of an unranked reptile clade the Archosauria
Phylogenetically Aves is usually defined as all
descendants of the most recent common
ancestor of a specific modern bird species and
either Archaeopteryx or some prehistoric
species closer to Neornithes If the latter
classification is used then the larger group is
termed Avialae
Padian K amp Chiappe LM 1997
Mountain Spiraea (Spiraea splendens) Also known
as Rose Meadowsweet Photo taken at Bassi Falls
alongside the stream
Spiraea splendens
Kingdom Plantae ndash Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta ndash Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta ndash Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta ndash Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida ndash Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae ndash Rose family
Genus Spiraea L ndash spirea
Species Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch ndash rose meadowsweet
Variety Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch var splendens ndashrose meadowsweet
Baumann ex K Koch var splendens
US Dept of Agriculture(nd)
The mountain Spiraea is an angiosperm or a flowering
plant Flowering plants also known as Angiospermae are
the most diverse group of land plants Angiosperms are
seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be
distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of
synapomorphies (derived characteristics) These
characteristics include flowers endosperm within the
seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
gymnosperms around 245ndash202 million years ago and the
first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million
years ago They diversified enormously during the Lower
Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million
years ago but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60-100 million years ago ITIS Report (2011)
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
bull Located near the Crystal Basin Union Valley Resevoir
Bassi Falls CA North El Dorado County
bull Off Hwy 50 to Ice House Road
bull Elevation ~5600ft
bull Precipitation Range 20 to 80 inches occurs mostly as
snow above 6000ft
bull Coordinates
bull Latitude 38890458
bull Logitude -120325502
Google maps search Bassi Falls
One look at this picture and
you can see how powerful the
forces of water can be Over
the course of millions of years
the fall waters have made its
way through tiny cracks in
these boulders During the
winter freeze those cracks
expand and eventually break
off as seen in this picture
bull Bassi Falls is found in the El Dorado National forest which is located in the Sierra Nevada Mountains The Sierra Nevada Mountains is a mountain range in California and Nevada between the California Central Valley and the Basin and Range Province The Sierra Nevada mountain range runs 350 miles north-to-south and is approximately 70 miles across east-to-west Notable Sierra Nevada features include Lake Tahoe the largest alpine lake in North America Mount Whitney at 14494 feet the highest point in the contiguous United States and Yosemite Valley sculpted by glaciers out of 100-million-year-old granite About 150 million years ago during the Jurassic period granite formed deep underground The range started to uplift four million years ago and erosion by glaciers exposed the granite and formed the light-colored mountains and cliffs that make up the rangeKnowles (nd)
Bassi Falls is fed by
snow melt from Forni
Lake elev ~7900ft
(and another smaller
unlabeled lake below
McConnell Peak) via
Bassi Fork and drains
into Union Valley
Reservoir In this
picture the arrow
points to an area
against the stream
bed that shows
evidence of erosion as
indicated by round
smooth igneous rocks
as well as the
overburden on top of
the rocks from uphill
erosion
During the summer months Bassi Falls is a
continuous cascade over granite bedrock and
boulders National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (2001)
Rocks have pours and fractures (voids) in
the surface and when moisture is
introduced (ie flowing waters from a fall
such as Bassi Falls) it tends to collect in
these voids In higher elevations such as
where Bassi Falls is located temperatures
drop during the night and cause the water in
the voids to freeze When the water freezes
it expands and presses against the crack
causing it to grow wider Eventually as this
process reoccurs repeatedly over time it
causes the rock to break off into smaller
chunks This type of mechanical weathering
is called ice wedging
In the picture to the right you will see an
example of this type of weathering and its
affects on this piece of granite
When a rock is broken
down by physical forces
such as water or wind it
changes the rock
physically but the
chemical structure
remains the same In
the picture to the right a
granite boulder has
been worn smooth by
friction from sand and
other rocks tumbling
and bumping against
them as they are carried
by the force of the
water This is called
abrasion
Type Granite with a Quartzite intrusion
bull In this picture the intrusion runs through a bed of granite The orange coloring indicate staining Staining is caused by felsic minerals (iron rich) oxidizing in the granite
Pellant C amp Pellant H
(2002)
Type Granite
bull It is evident that one side of the rock has a different texture than the other During the time this rock was being formed there is evidence that one side cooled much faster indicated by the fine grain texture The course side cooled at a much slower rate as indicated by the larger crystals With that said one side is a fine-grained granite leaving the opposite side a course grained granite
Type Steller Blue Jay Cyanocitta stelleriTwo years ago I was fortunate enough to have a
female Steller Jay make her nest in the eaves of our
porch The pictures you see on the left are of this
Steller Jays which we named Stella nest
bull Native to North America the Steller jay was
first discovered on an Alaskan Island by
naturalist Georg Steller in 1741 The bird was
officially named by a scientist in 1788
bull Nesting facts - incubation of 16 days for a
clutch of 2-6 eggs Their eggs are usually
Bluish-green spotted dark brown purplish or
olive
bull Their diet consists of seeds insects berries
nuts small animals eggs and nestlings
bull Stellers are birds of coniferous and coniferous-
deciduous forests They are typically found in
elevations between 3000 and 10000 feet
bull Todays birds are a group of theropoddinosaurs
that evolved during the Mesozoic eraDunne Dobkin Ehlrich
Greene amp Davison (nd)
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Aves
Order Passeriformes
Family Corvidae
Species Cyanocitta
stelleri
Common Stellers jay
I was unable to find the exact origin and
evolution of the Cyanocitta sterrleri in particular
however there is significant evidence that birds
evolved from theropod dinosaurs specifically
that birds are members of Maniraptora a group
of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and
oviraptorids among others Birds are
categorized as a biological class Aves The
earliest known species of class Aves is
Archaeopteryx lithographica from the Late
Jurassic period though Archaeopteryx is not
commonly considered to have been a true bird
Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur
clade Theropoda According to the current
consensus Aves and a sister group the order
Crocodilia together are the sole living members
of an unranked reptile clade the Archosauria
Phylogenetically Aves is usually defined as all
descendants of the most recent common
ancestor of a specific modern bird species and
either Archaeopteryx or some prehistoric
species closer to Neornithes If the latter
classification is used then the larger group is
termed Avialae
Padian K amp Chiappe LM 1997
Mountain Spiraea (Spiraea splendens) Also known
as Rose Meadowsweet Photo taken at Bassi Falls
alongside the stream
Spiraea splendens
Kingdom Plantae ndash Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta ndash Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta ndash Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta ndash Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida ndash Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae ndash Rose family
Genus Spiraea L ndash spirea
Species Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch ndash rose meadowsweet
Variety Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch var splendens ndashrose meadowsweet
Baumann ex K Koch var splendens
US Dept of Agriculture(nd)
The mountain Spiraea is an angiosperm or a flowering
plant Flowering plants also known as Angiospermae are
the most diverse group of land plants Angiosperms are
seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be
distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of
synapomorphies (derived characteristics) These
characteristics include flowers endosperm within the
seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
gymnosperms around 245ndash202 million years ago and the
first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million
years ago They diversified enormously during the Lower
Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million
years ago but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60-100 million years ago ITIS Report (2011)
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
One look at this picture and
you can see how powerful the
forces of water can be Over
the course of millions of years
the fall waters have made its
way through tiny cracks in
these boulders During the
winter freeze those cracks
expand and eventually break
off as seen in this picture
bull Bassi Falls is found in the El Dorado National forest which is located in the Sierra Nevada Mountains The Sierra Nevada Mountains is a mountain range in California and Nevada between the California Central Valley and the Basin and Range Province The Sierra Nevada mountain range runs 350 miles north-to-south and is approximately 70 miles across east-to-west Notable Sierra Nevada features include Lake Tahoe the largest alpine lake in North America Mount Whitney at 14494 feet the highest point in the contiguous United States and Yosemite Valley sculpted by glaciers out of 100-million-year-old granite About 150 million years ago during the Jurassic period granite formed deep underground The range started to uplift four million years ago and erosion by glaciers exposed the granite and formed the light-colored mountains and cliffs that make up the rangeKnowles (nd)
Bassi Falls is fed by
snow melt from Forni
Lake elev ~7900ft
(and another smaller
unlabeled lake below
McConnell Peak) via
Bassi Fork and drains
into Union Valley
Reservoir In this
picture the arrow
points to an area
against the stream
bed that shows
evidence of erosion as
indicated by round
smooth igneous rocks
as well as the
overburden on top of
the rocks from uphill
erosion
During the summer months Bassi Falls is a
continuous cascade over granite bedrock and
boulders National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (2001)
Rocks have pours and fractures (voids) in
the surface and when moisture is
introduced (ie flowing waters from a fall
such as Bassi Falls) it tends to collect in
these voids In higher elevations such as
where Bassi Falls is located temperatures
drop during the night and cause the water in
the voids to freeze When the water freezes
it expands and presses against the crack
causing it to grow wider Eventually as this
process reoccurs repeatedly over time it
causes the rock to break off into smaller
chunks This type of mechanical weathering
is called ice wedging
In the picture to the right you will see an
example of this type of weathering and its
affects on this piece of granite
When a rock is broken
down by physical forces
such as water or wind it
changes the rock
physically but the
chemical structure
remains the same In
the picture to the right a
granite boulder has
been worn smooth by
friction from sand and
other rocks tumbling
and bumping against
them as they are carried
by the force of the
water This is called
abrasion
Type Granite with a Quartzite intrusion
bull In this picture the intrusion runs through a bed of granite The orange coloring indicate staining Staining is caused by felsic minerals (iron rich) oxidizing in the granite
Pellant C amp Pellant H
(2002)
Type Granite
bull It is evident that one side of the rock has a different texture than the other During the time this rock was being formed there is evidence that one side cooled much faster indicated by the fine grain texture The course side cooled at a much slower rate as indicated by the larger crystals With that said one side is a fine-grained granite leaving the opposite side a course grained granite
Type Steller Blue Jay Cyanocitta stelleriTwo years ago I was fortunate enough to have a
female Steller Jay make her nest in the eaves of our
porch The pictures you see on the left are of this
Steller Jays which we named Stella nest
bull Native to North America the Steller jay was
first discovered on an Alaskan Island by
naturalist Georg Steller in 1741 The bird was
officially named by a scientist in 1788
bull Nesting facts - incubation of 16 days for a
clutch of 2-6 eggs Their eggs are usually
Bluish-green spotted dark brown purplish or
olive
bull Their diet consists of seeds insects berries
nuts small animals eggs and nestlings
bull Stellers are birds of coniferous and coniferous-
deciduous forests They are typically found in
elevations between 3000 and 10000 feet
bull Todays birds are a group of theropoddinosaurs
that evolved during the Mesozoic eraDunne Dobkin Ehlrich
Greene amp Davison (nd)
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Aves
Order Passeriformes
Family Corvidae
Species Cyanocitta
stelleri
Common Stellers jay
I was unable to find the exact origin and
evolution of the Cyanocitta sterrleri in particular
however there is significant evidence that birds
evolved from theropod dinosaurs specifically
that birds are members of Maniraptora a group
of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and
oviraptorids among others Birds are
categorized as a biological class Aves The
earliest known species of class Aves is
Archaeopteryx lithographica from the Late
Jurassic period though Archaeopteryx is not
commonly considered to have been a true bird
Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur
clade Theropoda According to the current
consensus Aves and a sister group the order
Crocodilia together are the sole living members
of an unranked reptile clade the Archosauria
Phylogenetically Aves is usually defined as all
descendants of the most recent common
ancestor of a specific modern bird species and
either Archaeopteryx or some prehistoric
species closer to Neornithes If the latter
classification is used then the larger group is
termed Avialae
Padian K amp Chiappe LM 1997
Mountain Spiraea (Spiraea splendens) Also known
as Rose Meadowsweet Photo taken at Bassi Falls
alongside the stream
Spiraea splendens
Kingdom Plantae ndash Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta ndash Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta ndash Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta ndash Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida ndash Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae ndash Rose family
Genus Spiraea L ndash spirea
Species Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch ndash rose meadowsweet
Variety Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch var splendens ndashrose meadowsweet
Baumann ex K Koch var splendens
US Dept of Agriculture(nd)
The mountain Spiraea is an angiosperm or a flowering
plant Flowering plants also known as Angiospermae are
the most diverse group of land plants Angiosperms are
seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be
distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of
synapomorphies (derived characteristics) These
characteristics include flowers endosperm within the
seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
gymnosperms around 245ndash202 million years ago and the
first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million
years ago They diversified enormously during the Lower
Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million
years ago but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60-100 million years ago ITIS Report (2011)
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
bull Bassi Falls is found in the El Dorado National forest which is located in the Sierra Nevada Mountains The Sierra Nevada Mountains is a mountain range in California and Nevada between the California Central Valley and the Basin and Range Province The Sierra Nevada mountain range runs 350 miles north-to-south and is approximately 70 miles across east-to-west Notable Sierra Nevada features include Lake Tahoe the largest alpine lake in North America Mount Whitney at 14494 feet the highest point in the contiguous United States and Yosemite Valley sculpted by glaciers out of 100-million-year-old granite About 150 million years ago during the Jurassic period granite formed deep underground The range started to uplift four million years ago and erosion by glaciers exposed the granite and formed the light-colored mountains and cliffs that make up the rangeKnowles (nd)
Bassi Falls is fed by
snow melt from Forni
Lake elev ~7900ft
(and another smaller
unlabeled lake below
McConnell Peak) via
Bassi Fork and drains
into Union Valley
Reservoir In this
picture the arrow
points to an area
against the stream
bed that shows
evidence of erosion as
indicated by round
smooth igneous rocks
as well as the
overburden on top of
the rocks from uphill
erosion
During the summer months Bassi Falls is a
continuous cascade over granite bedrock and
boulders National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (2001)
Rocks have pours and fractures (voids) in
the surface and when moisture is
introduced (ie flowing waters from a fall
such as Bassi Falls) it tends to collect in
these voids In higher elevations such as
where Bassi Falls is located temperatures
drop during the night and cause the water in
the voids to freeze When the water freezes
it expands and presses against the crack
causing it to grow wider Eventually as this
process reoccurs repeatedly over time it
causes the rock to break off into smaller
chunks This type of mechanical weathering
is called ice wedging
In the picture to the right you will see an
example of this type of weathering and its
affects on this piece of granite
When a rock is broken
down by physical forces
such as water or wind it
changes the rock
physically but the
chemical structure
remains the same In
the picture to the right a
granite boulder has
been worn smooth by
friction from sand and
other rocks tumbling
and bumping against
them as they are carried
by the force of the
water This is called
abrasion
Type Granite with a Quartzite intrusion
bull In this picture the intrusion runs through a bed of granite The orange coloring indicate staining Staining is caused by felsic minerals (iron rich) oxidizing in the granite
Pellant C amp Pellant H
(2002)
Type Granite
bull It is evident that one side of the rock has a different texture than the other During the time this rock was being formed there is evidence that one side cooled much faster indicated by the fine grain texture The course side cooled at a much slower rate as indicated by the larger crystals With that said one side is a fine-grained granite leaving the opposite side a course grained granite
Type Steller Blue Jay Cyanocitta stelleriTwo years ago I was fortunate enough to have a
female Steller Jay make her nest in the eaves of our
porch The pictures you see on the left are of this
Steller Jays which we named Stella nest
bull Native to North America the Steller jay was
first discovered on an Alaskan Island by
naturalist Georg Steller in 1741 The bird was
officially named by a scientist in 1788
bull Nesting facts - incubation of 16 days for a
clutch of 2-6 eggs Their eggs are usually
Bluish-green spotted dark brown purplish or
olive
bull Their diet consists of seeds insects berries
nuts small animals eggs and nestlings
bull Stellers are birds of coniferous and coniferous-
deciduous forests They are typically found in
elevations between 3000 and 10000 feet
bull Todays birds are a group of theropoddinosaurs
that evolved during the Mesozoic eraDunne Dobkin Ehlrich
Greene amp Davison (nd)
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Aves
Order Passeriformes
Family Corvidae
Species Cyanocitta
stelleri
Common Stellers jay
I was unable to find the exact origin and
evolution of the Cyanocitta sterrleri in particular
however there is significant evidence that birds
evolved from theropod dinosaurs specifically
that birds are members of Maniraptora a group
of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and
oviraptorids among others Birds are
categorized as a biological class Aves The
earliest known species of class Aves is
Archaeopteryx lithographica from the Late
Jurassic period though Archaeopteryx is not
commonly considered to have been a true bird
Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur
clade Theropoda According to the current
consensus Aves and a sister group the order
Crocodilia together are the sole living members
of an unranked reptile clade the Archosauria
Phylogenetically Aves is usually defined as all
descendants of the most recent common
ancestor of a specific modern bird species and
either Archaeopteryx or some prehistoric
species closer to Neornithes If the latter
classification is used then the larger group is
termed Avialae
Padian K amp Chiappe LM 1997
Mountain Spiraea (Spiraea splendens) Also known
as Rose Meadowsweet Photo taken at Bassi Falls
alongside the stream
Spiraea splendens
Kingdom Plantae ndash Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta ndash Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta ndash Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta ndash Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida ndash Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae ndash Rose family
Genus Spiraea L ndash spirea
Species Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch ndash rose meadowsweet
Variety Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch var splendens ndashrose meadowsweet
Baumann ex K Koch var splendens
US Dept of Agriculture(nd)
The mountain Spiraea is an angiosperm or a flowering
plant Flowering plants also known as Angiospermae are
the most diverse group of land plants Angiosperms are
seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be
distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of
synapomorphies (derived characteristics) These
characteristics include flowers endosperm within the
seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
gymnosperms around 245ndash202 million years ago and the
first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million
years ago They diversified enormously during the Lower
Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million
years ago but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60-100 million years ago ITIS Report (2011)
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
Bassi Falls is fed by
snow melt from Forni
Lake elev ~7900ft
(and another smaller
unlabeled lake below
McConnell Peak) via
Bassi Fork and drains
into Union Valley
Reservoir In this
picture the arrow
points to an area
against the stream
bed that shows
evidence of erosion as
indicated by round
smooth igneous rocks
as well as the
overburden on top of
the rocks from uphill
erosion
During the summer months Bassi Falls is a
continuous cascade over granite bedrock and
boulders National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (2001)
Rocks have pours and fractures (voids) in
the surface and when moisture is
introduced (ie flowing waters from a fall
such as Bassi Falls) it tends to collect in
these voids In higher elevations such as
where Bassi Falls is located temperatures
drop during the night and cause the water in
the voids to freeze When the water freezes
it expands and presses against the crack
causing it to grow wider Eventually as this
process reoccurs repeatedly over time it
causes the rock to break off into smaller
chunks This type of mechanical weathering
is called ice wedging
In the picture to the right you will see an
example of this type of weathering and its
affects on this piece of granite
When a rock is broken
down by physical forces
such as water or wind it
changes the rock
physically but the
chemical structure
remains the same In
the picture to the right a
granite boulder has
been worn smooth by
friction from sand and
other rocks tumbling
and bumping against
them as they are carried
by the force of the
water This is called
abrasion
Type Granite with a Quartzite intrusion
bull In this picture the intrusion runs through a bed of granite The orange coloring indicate staining Staining is caused by felsic minerals (iron rich) oxidizing in the granite
Pellant C amp Pellant H
(2002)
Type Granite
bull It is evident that one side of the rock has a different texture than the other During the time this rock was being formed there is evidence that one side cooled much faster indicated by the fine grain texture The course side cooled at a much slower rate as indicated by the larger crystals With that said one side is a fine-grained granite leaving the opposite side a course grained granite
Type Steller Blue Jay Cyanocitta stelleriTwo years ago I was fortunate enough to have a
female Steller Jay make her nest in the eaves of our
porch The pictures you see on the left are of this
Steller Jays which we named Stella nest
bull Native to North America the Steller jay was
first discovered on an Alaskan Island by
naturalist Georg Steller in 1741 The bird was
officially named by a scientist in 1788
bull Nesting facts - incubation of 16 days for a
clutch of 2-6 eggs Their eggs are usually
Bluish-green spotted dark brown purplish or
olive
bull Their diet consists of seeds insects berries
nuts small animals eggs and nestlings
bull Stellers are birds of coniferous and coniferous-
deciduous forests They are typically found in
elevations between 3000 and 10000 feet
bull Todays birds are a group of theropoddinosaurs
that evolved during the Mesozoic eraDunne Dobkin Ehlrich
Greene amp Davison (nd)
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Aves
Order Passeriformes
Family Corvidae
Species Cyanocitta
stelleri
Common Stellers jay
I was unable to find the exact origin and
evolution of the Cyanocitta sterrleri in particular
however there is significant evidence that birds
evolved from theropod dinosaurs specifically
that birds are members of Maniraptora a group
of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and
oviraptorids among others Birds are
categorized as a biological class Aves The
earliest known species of class Aves is
Archaeopteryx lithographica from the Late
Jurassic period though Archaeopteryx is not
commonly considered to have been a true bird
Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur
clade Theropoda According to the current
consensus Aves and a sister group the order
Crocodilia together are the sole living members
of an unranked reptile clade the Archosauria
Phylogenetically Aves is usually defined as all
descendants of the most recent common
ancestor of a specific modern bird species and
either Archaeopteryx or some prehistoric
species closer to Neornithes If the latter
classification is used then the larger group is
termed Avialae
Padian K amp Chiappe LM 1997
Mountain Spiraea (Spiraea splendens) Also known
as Rose Meadowsweet Photo taken at Bassi Falls
alongside the stream
Spiraea splendens
Kingdom Plantae ndash Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta ndash Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta ndash Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta ndash Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida ndash Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae ndash Rose family
Genus Spiraea L ndash spirea
Species Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch ndash rose meadowsweet
Variety Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch var splendens ndashrose meadowsweet
Baumann ex K Koch var splendens
US Dept of Agriculture(nd)
The mountain Spiraea is an angiosperm or a flowering
plant Flowering plants also known as Angiospermae are
the most diverse group of land plants Angiosperms are
seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be
distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of
synapomorphies (derived characteristics) These
characteristics include flowers endosperm within the
seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
gymnosperms around 245ndash202 million years ago and the
first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million
years ago They diversified enormously during the Lower
Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million
years ago but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60-100 million years ago ITIS Report (2011)
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
Rocks have pours and fractures (voids) in
the surface and when moisture is
introduced (ie flowing waters from a fall
such as Bassi Falls) it tends to collect in
these voids In higher elevations such as
where Bassi Falls is located temperatures
drop during the night and cause the water in
the voids to freeze When the water freezes
it expands and presses against the crack
causing it to grow wider Eventually as this
process reoccurs repeatedly over time it
causes the rock to break off into smaller
chunks This type of mechanical weathering
is called ice wedging
In the picture to the right you will see an
example of this type of weathering and its
affects on this piece of granite
When a rock is broken
down by physical forces
such as water or wind it
changes the rock
physically but the
chemical structure
remains the same In
the picture to the right a
granite boulder has
been worn smooth by
friction from sand and
other rocks tumbling
and bumping against
them as they are carried
by the force of the
water This is called
abrasion
Type Granite with a Quartzite intrusion
bull In this picture the intrusion runs through a bed of granite The orange coloring indicate staining Staining is caused by felsic minerals (iron rich) oxidizing in the granite
Pellant C amp Pellant H
(2002)
Type Granite
bull It is evident that one side of the rock has a different texture than the other During the time this rock was being formed there is evidence that one side cooled much faster indicated by the fine grain texture The course side cooled at a much slower rate as indicated by the larger crystals With that said one side is a fine-grained granite leaving the opposite side a course grained granite
Type Steller Blue Jay Cyanocitta stelleriTwo years ago I was fortunate enough to have a
female Steller Jay make her nest in the eaves of our
porch The pictures you see on the left are of this
Steller Jays which we named Stella nest
bull Native to North America the Steller jay was
first discovered on an Alaskan Island by
naturalist Georg Steller in 1741 The bird was
officially named by a scientist in 1788
bull Nesting facts - incubation of 16 days for a
clutch of 2-6 eggs Their eggs are usually
Bluish-green spotted dark brown purplish or
olive
bull Their diet consists of seeds insects berries
nuts small animals eggs and nestlings
bull Stellers are birds of coniferous and coniferous-
deciduous forests They are typically found in
elevations between 3000 and 10000 feet
bull Todays birds are a group of theropoddinosaurs
that evolved during the Mesozoic eraDunne Dobkin Ehlrich
Greene amp Davison (nd)
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Aves
Order Passeriformes
Family Corvidae
Species Cyanocitta
stelleri
Common Stellers jay
I was unable to find the exact origin and
evolution of the Cyanocitta sterrleri in particular
however there is significant evidence that birds
evolved from theropod dinosaurs specifically
that birds are members of Maniraptora a group
of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and
oviraptorids among others Birds are
categorized as a biological class Aves The
earliest known species of class Aves is
Archaeopteryx lithographica from the Late
Jurassic period though Archaeopteryx is not
commonly considered to have been a true bird
Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur
clade Theropoda According to the current
consensus Aves and a sister group the order
Crocodilia together are the sole living members
of an unranked reptile clade the Archosauria
Phylogenetically Aves is usually defined as all
descendants of the most recent common
ancestor of a specific modern bird species and
either Archaeopteryx or some prehistoric
species closer to Neornithes If the latter
classification is used then the larger group is
termed Avialae
Padian K amp Chiappe LM 1997
Mountain Spiraea (Spiraea splendens) Also known
as Rose Meadowsweet Photo taken at Bassi Falls
alongside the stream
Spiraea splendens
Kingdom Plantae ndash Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta ndash Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta ndash Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta ndash Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida ndash Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae ndash Rose family
Genus Spiraea L ndash spirea
Species Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch ndash rose meadowsweet
Variety Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch var splendens ndashrose meadowsweet
Baumann ex K Koch var splendens
US Dept of Agriculture(nd)
The mountain Spiraea is an angiosperm or a flowering
plant Flowering plants also known as Angiospermae are
the most diverse group of land plants Angiosperms are
seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be
distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of
synapomorphies (derived characteristics) These
characteristics include flowers endosperm within the
seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
gymnosperms around 245ndash202 million years ago and the
first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million
years ago They diversified enormously during the Lower
Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million
years ago but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60-100 million years ago ITIS Report (2011)
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
When a rock is broken
down by physical forces
such as water or wind it
changes the rock
physically but the
chemical structure
remains the same In
the picture to the right a
granite boulder has
been worn smooth by
friction from sand and
other rocks tumbling
and bumping against
them as they are carried
by the force of the
water This is called
abrasion
Type Granite with a Quartzite intrusion
bull In this picture the intrusion runs through a bed of granite The orange coloring indicate staining Staining is caused by felsic minerals (iron rich) oxidizing in the granite
Pellant C amp Pellant H
(2002)
Type Granite
bull It is evident that one side of the rock has a different texture than the other During the time this rock was being formed there is evidence that one side cooled much faster indicated by the fine grain texture The course side cooled at a much slower rate as indicated by the larger crystals With that said one side is a fine-grained granite leaving the opposite side a course grained granite
Type Steller Blue Jay Cyanocitta stelleriTwo years ago I was fortunate enough to have a
female Steller Jay make her nest in the eaves of our
porch The pictures you see on the left are of this
Steller Jays which we named Stella nest
bull Native to North America the Steller jay was
first discovered on an Alaskan Island by
naturalist Georg Steller in 1741 The bird was
officially named by a scientist in 1788
bull Nesting facts - incubation of 16 days for a
clutch of 2-6 eggs Their eggs are usually
Bluish-green spotted dark brown purplish or
olive
bull Their diet consists of seeds insects berries
nuts small animals eggs and nestlings
bull Stellers are birds of coniferous and coniferous-
deciduous forests They are typically found in
elevations between 3000 and 10000 feet
bull Todays birds are a group of theropoddinosaurs
that evolved during the Mesozoic eraDunne Dobkin Ehlrich
Greene amp Davison (nd)
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Aves
Order Passeriformes
Family Corvidae
Species Cyanocitta
stelleri
Common Stellers jay
I was unable to find the exact origin and
evolution of the Cyanocitta sterrleri in particular
however there is significant evidence that birds
evolved from theropod dinosaurs specifically
that birds are members of Maniraptora a group
of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and
oviraptorids among others Birds are
categorized as a biological class Aves The
earliest known species of class Aves is
Archaeopteryx lithographica from the Late
Jurassic period though Archaeopteryx is not
commonly considered to have been a true bird
Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur
clade Theropoda According to the current
consensus Aves and a sister group the order
Crocodilia together are the sole living members
of an unranked reptile clade the Archosauria
Phylogenetically Aves is usually defined as all
descendants of the most recent common
ancestor of a specific modern bird species and
either Archaeopteryx or some prehistoric
species closer to Neornithes If the latter
classification is used then the larger group is
termed Avialae
Padian K amp Chiappe LM 1997
Mountain Spiraea (Spiraea splendens) Also known
as Rose Meadowsweet Photo taken at Bassi Falls
alongside the stream
Spiraea splendens
Kingdom Plantae ndash Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta ndash Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta ndash Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta ndash Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida ndash Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae ndash Rose family
Genus Spiraea L ndash spirea
Species Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch ndash rose meadowsweet
Variety Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch var splendens ndashrose meadowsweet
Baumann ex K Koch var splendens
US Dept of Agriculture(nd)
The mountain Spiraea is an angiosperm or a flowering
plant Flowering plants also known as Angiospermae are
the most diverse group of land plants Angiosperms are
seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be
distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of
synapomorphies (derived characteristics) These
characteristics include flowers endosperm within the
seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
gymnosperms around 245ndash202 million years ago and the
first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million
years ago They diversified enormously during the Lower
Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million
years ago but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60-100 million years ago ITIS Report (2011)
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
Type Granite with a Quartzite intrusion
bull In this picture the intrusion runs through a bed of granite The orange coloring indicate staining Staining is caused by felsic minerals (iron rich) oxidizing in the granite
Pellant C amp Pellant H
(2002)
Type Granite
bull It is evident that one side of the rock has a different texture than the other During the time this rock was being formed there is evidence that one side cooled much faster indicated by the fine grain texture The course side cooled at a much slower rate as indicated by the larger crystals With that said one side is a fine-grained granite leaving the opposite side a course grained granite
Type Steller Blue Jay Cyanocitta stelleriTwo years ago I was fortunate enough to have a
female Steller Jay make her nest in the eaves of our
porch The pictures you see on the left are of this
Steller Jays which we named Stella nest
bull Native to North America the Steller jay was
first discovered on an Alaskan Island by
naturalist Georg Steller in 1741 The bird was
officially named by a scientist in 1788
bull Nesting facts - incubation of 16 days for a
clutch of 2-6 eggs Their eggs are usually
Bluish-green spotted dark brown purplish or
olive
bull Their diet consists of seeds insects berries
nuts small animals eggs and nestlings
bull Stellers are birds of coniferous and coniferous-
deciduous forests They are typically found in
elevations between 3000 and 10000 feet
bull Todays birds are a group of theropoddinosaurs
that evolved during the Mesozoic eraDunne Dobkin Ehlrich
Greene amp Davison (nd)
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Aves
Order Passeriformes
Family Corvidae
Species Cyanocitta
stelleri
Common Stellers jay
I was unable to find the exact origin and
evolution of the Cyanocitta sterrleri in particular
however there is significant evidence that birds
evolved from theropod dinosaurs specifically
that birds are members of Maniraptora a group
of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and
oviraptorids among others Birds are
categorized as a biological class Aves The
earliest known species of class Aves is
Archaeopteryx lithographica from the Late
Jurassic period though Archaeopteryx is not
commonly considered to have been a true bird
Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur
clade Theropoda According to the current
consensus Aves and a sister group the order
Crocodilia together are the sole living members
of an unranked reptile clade the Archosauria
Phylogenetically Aves is usually defined as all
descendants of the most recent common
ancestor of a specific modern bird species and
either Archaeopteryx or some prehistoric
species closer to Neornithes If the latter
classification is used then the larger group is
termed Avialae
Padian K amp Chiappe LM 1997
Mountain Spiraea (Spiraea splendens) Also known
as Rose Meadowsweet Photo taken at Bassi Falls
alongside the stream
Spiraea splendens
Kingdom Plantae ndash Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta ndash Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta ndash Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta ndash Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida ndash Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae ndash Rose family
Genus Spiraea L ndash spirea
Species Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch ndash rose meadowsweet
Variety Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch var splendens ndashrose meadowsweet
Baumann ex K Koch var splendens
US Dept of Agriculture(nd)
The mountain Spiraea is an angiosperm or a flowering
plant Flowering plants also known as Angiospermae are
the most diverse group of land plants Angiosperms are
seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be
distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of
synapomorphies (derived characteristics) These
characteristics include flowers endosperm within the
seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
gymnosperms around 245ndash202 million years ago and the
first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million
years ago They diversified enormously during the Lower
Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million
years ago but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60-100 million years ago ITIS Report (2011)
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
Type Granite
bull It is evident that one side of the rock has a different texture than the other During the time this rock was being formed there is evidence that one side cooled much faster indicated by the fine grain texture The course side cooled at a much slower rate as indicated by the larger crystals With that said one side is a fine-grained granite leaving the opposite side a course grained granite
Type Steller Blue Jay Cyanocitta stelleriTwo years ago I was fortunate enough to have a
female Steller Jay make her nest in the eaves of our
porch The pictures you see on the left are of this
Steller Jays which we named Stella nest
bull Native to North America the Steller jay was
first discovered on an Alaskan Island by
naturalist Georg Steller in 1741 The bird was
officially named by a scientist in 1788
bull Nesting facts - incubation of 16 days for a
clutch of 2-6 eggs Their eggs are usually
Bluish-green spotted dark brown purplish or
olive
bull Their diet consists of seeds insects berries
nuts small animals eggs and nestlings
bull Stellers are birds of coniferous and coniferous-
deciduous forests They are typically found in
elevations between 3000 and 10000 feet
bull Todays birds are a group of theropoddinosaurs
that evolved during the Mesozoic eraDunne Dobkin Ehlrich
Greene amp Davison (nd)
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Aves
Order Passeriformes
Family Corvidae
Species Cyanocitta
stelleri
Common Stellers jay
I was unable to find the exact origin and
evolution of the Cyanocitta sterrleri in particular
however there is significant evidence that birds
evolved from theropod dinosaurs specifically
that birds are members of Maniraptora a group
of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and
oviraptorids among others Birds are
categorized as a biological class Aves The
earliest known species of class Aves is
Archaeopteryx lithographica from the Late
Jurassic period though Archaeopteryx is not
commonly considered to have been a true bird
Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur
clade Theropoda According to the current
consensus Aves and a sister group the order
Crocodilia together are the sole living members
of an unranked reptile clade the Archosauria
Phylogenetically Aves is usually defined as all
descendants of the most recent common
ancestor of a specific modern bird species and
either Archaeopteryx or some prehistoric
species closer to Neornithes If the latter
classification is used then the larger group is
termed Avialae
Padian K amp Chiappe LM 1997
Mountain Spiraea (Spiraea splendens) Also known
as Rose Meadowsweet Photo taken at Bassi Falls
alongside the stream
Spiraea splendens
Kingdom Plantae ndash Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta ndash Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta ndash Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta ndash Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida ndash Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae ndash Rose family
Genus Spiraea L ndash spirea
Species Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch ndash rose meadowsweet
Variety Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch var splendens ndashrose meadowsweet
Baumann ex K Koch var splendens
US Dept of Agriculture(nd)
The mountain Spiraea is an angiosperm or a flowering
plant Flowering plants also known as Angiospermae are
the most diverse group of land plants Angiosperms are
seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be
distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of
synapomorphies (derived characteristics) These
characteristics include flowers endosperm within the
seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
gymnosperms around 245ndash202 million years ago and the
first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million
years ago They diversified enormously during the Lower
Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million
years ago but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60-100 million years ago ITIS Report (2011)
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
Type Steller Blue Jay Cyanocitta stelleriTwo years ago I was fortunate enough to have a
female Steller Jay make her nest in the eaves of our
porch The pictures you see on the left are of this
Steller Jays which we named Stella nest
bull Native to North America the Steller jay was
first discovered on an Alaskan Island by
naturalist Georg Steller in 1741 The bird was
officially named by a scientist in 1788
bull Nesting facts - incubation of 16 days for a
clutch of 2-6 eggs Their eggs are usually
Bluish-green spotted dark brown purplish or
olive
bull Their diet consists of seeds insects berries
nuts small animals eggs and nestlings
bull Stellers are birds of coniferous and coniferous-
deciduous forests They are typically found in
elevations between 3000 and 10000 feet
bull Todays birds are a group of theropoddinosaurs
that evolved during the Mesozoic eraDunne Dobkin Ehlrich
Greene amp Davison (nd)
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Aves
Order Passeriformes
Family Corvidae
Species Cyanocitta
stelleri
Common Stellers jay
I was unable to find the exact origin and
evolution of the Cyanocitta sterrleri in particular
however there is significant evidence that birds
evolved from theropod dinosaurs specifically
that birds are members of Maniraptora a group
of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and
oviraptorids among others Birds are
categorized as a biological class Aves The
earliest known species of class Aves is
Archaeopteryx lithographica from the Late
Jurassic period though Archaeopteryx is not
commonly considered to have been a true bird
Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur
clade Theropoda According to the current
consensus Aves and a sister group the order
Crocodilia together are the sole living members
of an unranked reptile clade the Archosauria
Phylogenetically Aves is usually defined as all
descendants of the most recent common
ancestor of a specific modern bird species and
either Archaeopteryx or some prehistoric
species closer to Neornithes If the latter
classification is used then the larger group is
termed Avialae
Padian K amp Chiappe LM 1997
Mountain Spiraea (Spiraea splendens) Also known
as Rose Meadowsweet Photo taken at Bassi Falls
alongside the stream
Spiraea splendens
Kingdom Plantae ndash Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta ndash Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta ndash Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta ndash Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida ndash Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae ndash Rose family
Genus Spiraea L ndash spirea
Species Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch ndash rose meadowsweet
Variety Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch var splendens ndashrose meadowsweet
Baumann ex K Koch var splendens
US Dept of Agriculture(nd)
The mountain Spiraea is an angiosperm or a flowering
plant Flowering plants also known as Angiospermae are
the most diverse group of land plants Angiosperms are
seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be
distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of
synapomorphies (derived characteristics) These
characteristics include flowers endosperm within the
seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
gymnosperms around 245ndash202 million years ago and the
first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million
years ago They diversified enormously during the Lower
Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million
years ago but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60-100 million years ago ITIS Report (2011)
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Aves
Order Passeriformes
Family Corvidae
Species Cyanocitta
stelleri
Common Stellers jay
I was unable to find the exact origin and
evolution of the Cyanocitta sterrleri in particular
however there is significant evidence that birds
evolved from theropod dinosaurs specifically
that birds are members of Maniraptora a group
of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and
oviraptorids among others Birds are
categorized as a biological class Aves The
earliest known species of class Aves is
Archaeopteryx lithographica from the Late
Jurassic period though Archaeopteryx is not
commonly considered to have been a true bird
Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur
clade Theropoda According to the current
consensus Aves and a sister group the order
Crocodilia together are the sole living members
of an unranked reptile clade the Archosauria
Phylogenetically Aves is usually defined as all
descendants of the most recent common
ancestor of a specific modern bird species and
either Archaeopteryx or some prehistoric
species closer to Neornithes If the latter
classification is used then the larger group is
termed Avialae
Padian K amp Chiappe LM 1997
Mountain Spiraea (Spiraea splendens) Also known
as Rose Meadowsweet Photo taken at Bassi Falls
alongside the stream
Spiraea splendens
Kingdom Plantae ndash Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta ndash Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta ndash Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta ndash Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida ndash Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae ndash Rose family
Genus Spiraea L ndash spirea
Species Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch ndash rose meadowsweet
Variety Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch var splendens ndashrose meadowsweet
Baumann ex K Koch var splendens
US Dept of Agriculture(nd)
The mountain Spiraea is an angiosperm or a flowering
plant Flowering plants also known as Angiospermae are
the most diverse group of land plants Angiosperms are
seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be
distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of
synapomorphies (derived characteristics) These
characteristics include flowers endosperm within the
seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
gymnosperms around 245ndash202 million years ago and the
first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million
years ago They diversified enormously during the Lower
Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million
years ago but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60-100 million years ago ITIS Report (2011)
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
Mountain Spiraea (Spiraea splendens) Also known
as Rose Meadowsweet Photo taken at Bassi Falls
alongside the stream
Spiraea splendens
Kingdom Plantae ndash Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta ndash Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta ndash Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta ndash Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida ndash Dicotyledons
Subclass Rosidae
Order Rosales
Family Rosaceae ndash Rose family
Genus Spiraea L ndash spirea
Species Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch ndash rose meadowsweet
Variety Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch var splendens ndashrose meadowsweet
Baumann ex K Koch var splendens
US Dept of Agriculture(nd)
The mountain Spiraea is an angiosperm or a flowering
plant Flowering plants also known as Angiospermae are
the most diverse group of land plants Angiosperms are
seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be
distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of
synapomorphies (derived characteristics) These
characteristics include flowers endosperm within the
seeds and the production of fruits that contain the seeds
The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
gymnosperms around 245ndash202 million years ago and the
first flowering plants known to exist are from 140 million
years ago They diversified enormously during the Lower
Cretaceous and became widespread around 100 million
years ago but replaced conifers as the dominant trees only
around 60-100 million years ago ITIS Report (2011)
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
Pinus contorta
Common name Lodgepole Pine
Family Pine
Plant Type Tree
Short Description Medium length needles thin
bark small cones
Leaves needles in 2s
Native Yes
Shock Oregon State University (nd)
McLamb amp Hall (nd)
The earliest known modern tree is the
Archaeopteris a tree that looked similar to a
Christmas tree with buds reinforced branch
joints and wood similar to todays timber Its
branches and leaves resembled a fern
When the archaeopteris tree first appeared 370
million years ago it quickly covered most parts
of the Earth with its first forests and was the
dominant tree wherever the planet was
habitable During this time most of Earths land
masses were assembled south of the equator as
part of the supercontinent Pangaea which
eventually split into the even continents that
exist today
Over the past 370 million years countless new
tree species have evolved and eventually
became extinct - like the archaeopteris - as the
Earths land masses moved about climates
changed animal populations increased and of
course new species of plants evolved to take
the place of the extinct ones
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml
bull Maps
bull Google EarthGoogle Maps Bassi Falls El Dorado County
bull The Eldorado National Forest Interpretive Association Ed Mary Knowles ENFIA 14 July 2011 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwenfiainfoindexhtml
bull National Geographic Topo Maps search Bassi Falls El Dorado County CA (200)
bull Pellant C amp Pellant H (2002) Rocks and Minerals (2ndnd ed pp 180-181) New York NY Dorling Kindersly Inc
bull Americas Volcanic Past - Sierra Nevadas USGS nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwusgsgov
bull Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data Ed C W Jennings R G Strand and T H Rogers USGS 1977 Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httptinerusgsgovgeologystatesgmc-unitphpunit=CAgrMZ33B0
bull Stellers Jay Ed Pete Dunne D S Dobkin P R Ehlrich Erick Greene and William Davison Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Longevity Reco nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpwwwallaboutbirdsorgguidestellers_jaylifehistory
bull Natural Resource Conservation Source US Dept of Agriculture nd Web 15 July 2011
bull Path httpplantsusdagovjavaprofilesymbol=SPSPS
bull Tree Plants by Scientific Name Ed Clinton C Shock Oregon State University nd Web 15 July 2011 Path httpwwwmalagaesoregonstateeduwildflowersplantlistphprestrict5Bplanttype5D-Tree
bull Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch (2011 June 24) In Spiraea splendens Baumann ex K Koch Retrieved July 24 2011 from
bull httpwwwitisgovservletSingleRptSingleRptsearch_topic=TSNampsearch_value=505337
bull Padian K amp Chiappe LM (1997) Bird Origins In Currie PJ amp Padian K Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs San Diego Academic Press pp 41ndash96
bull McLamb E amp Hall D (nd) The Quiet Evolution of Trees In Earthworks amp Systems Retrieved July 24 2011 from httpecologycomfeaturesquietevolutiontreesquietevolutiontreeshtml