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INFRASTRUCTURAL PUBLIC/PRIVATE EQUALIZING
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contributing unknowingly
Smout Allen
Patrick Blanc
Anthony Browell
BBC
Carol J. Burns
Edward Burtynsky
Peter Cook
Gilles DeleuzeAnnie Dillard
Bob Dylan
Grafti Research Lab
Félix Guattari
Mitchell Joachim
Andrea Kahn
Louis Kahn
Ted Kane
Søren Kierkegaard
Rem Koolhaas
Manuel de LandaMaya Lin
Karl Marx
Bruce Mau
Ian McHarg
New York Times
Friedrich Nietzsche
Joyce Carol Oates
Enrique Peñalosa
Ayn Rand
Francois Roche
Fernando RomeroBruce Sterling
Kelly Slater
United States Marine Corps
Leo Tolstoy
Kurt Vonnegut
Tom Wiscombe
Lebbeus Woods
many thanks
Robert Arens
Gerardo Ayala
Lisa Coffman
Bob Condia ------
Juan Elvira
Terry Hargrave
Marc Neveu
Vuk PavicevicMatt Ritter
Ralph Roesling
Clayton Taylor
Cody Williams
Cal Poly San Luis Obispo
“i can not teach you how to be an architect, but i can teach you how to think
like an architect.”
a SPILL publication-soirée
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and of course:
Mikaela SpielmanIan Slover
Studio 400
Karen Lange
Cathy, John, Tommy,
and Geordy Pearson
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Cor r upt ideologies andr eligiousbelief s
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continue toheadus towar d [un]char ted ter r itor y
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I N F E R S T R U C T U R E an infrastructure that infers
rather than from explicit}
S U P R A S T R U C T U R E an infrastructure that refers
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{to deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning
{to someone or something mentioned above or earlier}
How does infrastructure affect the
democratic nature of space/place?
How will I study it?
Here is my response.
[a thesis process]
Theodore Judah
Architect of the rst TranscontinentalRailroad
infrastructure is the basic physical and organizational structures
and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise
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Moder n cultur e of commer ce and
cir culation has r eplaced the r oaming
hunter -gather er cultur e of the past.
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Results of commerce/circulation
very beginning As individual and societal relationships formed,
partitions emerged to regulate activity within the open system. As
the partitions increased, the openness of the system decreased. To-
day, a blatant distinction exists between the roaming open system of private enterprise and the circulating closed system of the individual.
i n t r o d u c t i on : b e gi nni n g s >
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RESEARCH (fall+) pp. 6-181
PROCESS (winter+) pp. 182-295
MODEL (spring) pp. 296-355
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I N F E R S T R U C T U R A L public/private equalizing
S T U D I O 4 0 0
cal
david j pearson
RESEARCH
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{camp pendleton marine corps base, san diego, ca}
Karen L a n g e
2008-09 p a r t i a l c o m p l e t i o n o f b a r c h. poly
i n t r o d u c t i o n ( 1 )
beginnings [very] 12
nding...[?] 20
abstract beg. 22
i n f r a s t r u c t u r e / d a i s y ( 2 8 )
m a t e r i a l e x p e r i m e n t s ( 3 6 )
1:Self-Organization of a Closing System 40
2:(Re)growth 44 3:Frozen 48
4:Hydroponics 50
Open/Closed Systems Denitive Essay 52
c a s e s t u d i e s ( 5 6 )
CCTV Building by OMA: Beijing, China 57
San Diego: contained 65
Ad Study Billboards: I-8 CA to AZ 77
f u t u r e f o r e c a s t : a l w a y s h a z y ( 8 7 )
who will be china’s china? / RepRap 88technology & intentions 94
h o l e s ( 9 8 )
s a n p e d r o : c i t y a m i d s t ( 1 0 5 )
mapping site, mapping history/anti-market 108
vellum: topo light box 117
s i t e c h a n g e s ( 1 2 2 - 3 3 )
i n t r o d u c i n g s i t e / i s s u e s ( 1 3 4 )
24 hour 146
hydrology 158
p r o g r a m ( 1 6 2 )
s o c i o l o g i c a l i n t e r m i s s i o n ( 1 7 0)
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1. how does infrastructure affect the democratic nature of place?
/how is democratic participation experienced amidst infrastructure?
/what boundaries does infrastructure impose?
/what does physical infrastructure serve?/what does digital infrastructure serve?
b e gi nni n g , wi t h
q u e s t i on s >
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change My experience is now world-around…I have been op-
erating on the philosophical premise that all thoughts and ex-
periences can be translated much further than just into words
and abstract thought patterns. I saw that they can be translatedinto patterns which may be realised in various physical pro-
jections - by which we can alter the physical environment it-
self and thereby induce other men to subconsciously alter their
ecological patterning…none of the other species have altered
their ecological patterning…in the last half century man has
graduated from a local 12-mile radius daily domain into a world
around multi-thousand mile radius daily domain…as a conse-
quence of his ability to alter his own ecological patterning…”
From Education Automation, Carbon-dale, 1962 by [Richard Buckminster Fuller]
i n t r o d u c t i on : w
h e r e i ’ v e f o un d m y s e l f >
Beginning sketch, sea change
[re]source
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Where privatized space has encroached on public space, a public free-
dom has been lost. Public space is no longer democratic. Our vertical
space is private; our public space is horizontal. Private ees horizontal.
Private is sustained by primarily horizontal circulation. Urban space is
largely seen as public space. However, circulation is predominantly
based and constructed for the speedy exchange of resources by private institutions.
Circulation in modern western society is a byproduct of the exchange of re-
sources. As opposed to the hunter-gatherer cultures of the past where roaming
in an open system included the search and acquisition of resources, modern cul-ture in its relation to movement deals with the optimized exchange of resources
by private institutions. Our current culture relies on movement within a closed
system i.e. circulation. The roaming of the past has been replaced by the oc-
casional search for innovation when anti-market commoditization or the com-
moditization of goods used to manipulate consumer needs rather than provide
innovation has failed. The closest resemblance to roaming today is “shopping”
which operates on a much smaller scale with little connection to the resource
acquiring open system but rather to an individual’s own desire for consumables.
Rather than the roaming behavior of the past we deal in speedy exchanges be -tween static bodies.
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<i n t r o d u c t i on : a
b s t r a c t b e gi nni n g
These static bodies constitute the private realm where a “few large
enterprises run by a strict hierarchy of managers” controls and sets
prices in what is essentially a society of “mini-Soviet Unions” or
command economies where a few large enterprises run by a hierar-
chy of managers command prices and predetermine as much as pos-
sible.1
The existing topography of the urban North American city
is not democratic. Private enterprise ees upward to the skyscrapersearching for what has been lost in nature and distancing them from
where the last democratic behavior might lie, in the movement of
peoples. The elevator ascends higher and higher to recapture the
light, the views, and the smell of a place unfettered by cars and edi-
ce. Below, what has been left in many areas is urban space where
circulation converges, cuts through and ows along side open pub-
lic space as a result of its optimization by private institutions. This
command circulation encroaches on the denition of public and pri-
vate space and the boundaries or layers between the two.
In some places we have circulation and we have no public space. In
others, the public space we do have only exists with the stipulation
to buy something. These public spaces lack any cultural substrate,
the place to stop, to observe, to think, to catch one’s breath amidst
it all. But, the best areas of our cities have a beautiful diversity of
circulation among public and private space. Subway entrances peel
back along the street where a newspaper kiosk lies across the street
from a small park.
Oil derrick resourceacquisition
From An Interview with Manuel de Landa
( h t t p : / / t 0 . or . a t / d e l a n d a / in t d e l a n d a . h t m/ )
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Capitalist webs capture resourcesin an open system to feed into
boxes.
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acquisition
transportation
port of los angeles - 1872
machining landscape
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exchange
waste
i n t r o d u c t i on : b e gi nni n g s >
resourcesare gathered, marshlands are pressed into ports, small men
in dark rooms exchange them numerically, more pressing and pen-
etrating is made to transport them, the waste is transported over thegreat recycling medium of the pacic ocean to china, waste gathers.
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This paper will be about infrastructure. It is not the tie that binds.
The other part will be about the daisy, although the daisy itself is gen-
eral.
We have chosen to structure the earth, to do so in an attempt to better partition
our tasks and gain access to the resources that sustain us. We have done so
through technology. At all scales, our environments are measured so as to betterunderstand them; striated so as to draw abstract lines across the earth and con-
trol the area within those lines; and independently or as a result of the previous,
stratied so as to predict and rule those within the lines. Through these actions
we have set up conditions of prediction. This will be the simplied version and
perhaps, that is the only way to tell it because we all make up our own.
The smooth space of the earth has always been such. Entities ow in and out of
each other, transforming, mutating, and growing. These entities are experienced
fragmentary but in reality exist dependent of each other. The behavior deningtheir relationships is smooth and thus the earth is smooth. It is self-involved,
although extremely supportive to the human, which assigns its individual parts
(Left)Map of Pre-Interstate USHighway System, 1955. Mostroutes are still in use and well-
maintained.
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<i nf r a s t r u c t ur e : a h i s t or y , a t t i t u d e , &h i n t
value. This inevitably leads to structuring or striation as Deleuze and
Guattari have established.1 They establish the notion of a smooth
and striated space. The rst, the smooth is represented as the nomadspace where the war machine roams seeking to territorialize. The
second is the striated space, where the state develops seeking to rule
territory through assigning value and then structuring.
At a larger scale, the earth appears as two surfaces, the moiré of
the mountains ows into green patches of the valleys, and the only
distinction arises where water meets land, the gold sand juxtaposed
against the rich blue of the sea.2 The surface of the earth is a ux,
a rich gradient of blending and competing forces. Today, the Inter-state System is one continuous surface.
1924: the Bureau of Public Roads is called upon to investigate the
possibility of creating a system of standardized highways. A grow-
ing automobile population brought on by the mass production tech-
niques of Henry Ford is leading to an increased mobility. Dirt paths
are no longer providing the medium needed to move across the na-
tion. They lead along a trail of history. Where a carriage or train
makes its way across the country, early settlers took route. That ischanging. National defense calls for the swift transport across a
great nation, and no trail of history allows that in car and it certainly
does not allow planes to land along them.
250 uniquely named roads confuse drivers and passengers alike.
In 1925, the Bureau of Public Roads “joins with states to create
[the] U.S. numbered highway system for marking the main inter-
state highways.”3 Names such as the Lincoln Highway, the Oregon
Trail, and the Santa Fe Trail will be assigned numbers despite the
1 A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Pp. 474-500.
2 A quick glance at Microsoft’s Live Search Maps from 50 miles above the earth,
demonstrates two surfaces: a smooth blue sea and a wide reaching spectrum of land.
Strip away the water and all is land. Or as the effect of global warming, ood the
land and all is water. Water’s nature allows it to constantly slip along the surface of
the earth. (maps.live.com)
Earth, water, air, and re compose the Greek classical view of the elements. This
brings to mind the issue of scale. Only with the microscope’s minutiae of scale do
we have our contemporary view of the 117 elements. In fact, currently we know
water as two atoms of hydrogen covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. There ismore to be discovered. There is more already documented that our instruments have
not told us.
3 Four years of thinking, confusion, and deliberation and the numbered system was
created. It not only leads to an increased understanding between states as to what
roads cross state line but to a call for increased cooperation between states, private
individuals, and the federal government in the construction of roads. U.S. Depart-
ment of Transportation website (http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/spring96/p96sp44.
htm)
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public’s nostalgic resentment of changing names into impersonal numbers.
“Why no, sir you may not change my dear Lincoln Highway to 30. I,
by dear resent that.” A small town hall meeting erupts in applause as a
petite woman in a red pea coat stammers in condence.
“Well, Miss. It is a matter of national security and of course efciency.
Our meandering roads are just too confusing.” The commissioner’s tone
relays an understanding of a great effort underway.
“Confusing? Confusing is when the bread comes out of the oven past due
and is still doughy, mister commissioner.”
“Please now, just settle down….”
===
We add strata to the earth. Laying layer upon layer then expect that it will not grow.
But it does, despite our impervious surfaces of asphalt and concrete. Although water
runs off these surfaces and into storm drains, the little water that percolates through
springs seeds to life. The daisy grows through the cracks it forms or that we have
formed through use. The material of the earth is not so pliable. It is not submissive.
We call them weeds and spray them. The pesticide soaks into their leaves and they
die. Their seeds, however, do not leave. They stay. A tree pushes through another
crack. And if its roots are strong enough, pavers are pushed aside, sidewalks are
lifted, and a at plane becomes a hinge pinned around the root of an elm.
In the earliest days of transportation in the United States, there was no need to lay
down a suffocating surface. The railroads of the 1800’s and today are two tracks
laid upon a series of ties, typically wood. Between the ties, especially of rarely used
tracks, grow grasses and weeds. Alongside the tracks, trees grow. Perhaps, it is the
touching the earth lightly attitude that has led to the emergence of a railroad ecology.
Where small watersheds from improperly drained roadbeds create articial wetlands,
hardy vegetation results. Vegetation that responds well to occasional clear cutting
and herbicide may actually ourish.
During these early days, the daisy grew openly, much like before the infrastructure
running through it. Its only impediments were that it not sprout beneath a tie. When
it did though, it simply grew around. It could do so. But, infrastructure grew with
little impediment. While the daisy’s system was slowly closing, infrastructure’s was
expanding. And the individual, their only impediments were personal.
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And today what would happen if our infrastructure was inferred from the natural
infrastructure about us? Would the buildings re-wild themselves and a smoothecosystem emerge? Or maybe it is human nature that will always seek to structure
and our best approach is to structure efciently.
1938: The seed for the future Interstate System is planted. President Franklin D.
Roosevelt calls on the Bureau of Public Roads to conduct a study of the feasibility
of a toll nanced system of three east-west and three north-south superhighways.4
These studies will be known as the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of
Interstate and Defense Highways. Studies lter in and around the bureau. One
thing is evident; a toll network would not be self-supporting. The report sug-
gests a 26,700-mile toll-free network connecting all states President Franklin D.Roosevelt bellows a need for:
[A] special system of direct interregional highways, with all necessary-
4 U.S. Department of Transportation website (http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/routender/index.htm)
(Above) Natural strata of Laguna Beach,San Juan Capistrano, and Camp Pendletonarea. Little variation in strata compositionis presented relative to the distance betweeneach measured section (a-b: 8 miles; b-c: 17miles). This suggests a smooth gradient be-
tween areas.
4 U.S. Department of Transportation website (http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/routender/index.htm)
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connections through and around cities, designed to meet the requirements
of the national defense and the needs of a growing peacetime trafc of
longer range.5
His call is answered later after a series of studies and speculation linger through
Congress. The rst formal model for an interstate highway system is reported in
Congress.
On a typical cold November day of 1942 the sun’s appearance is decreas-
ing in Big Delta, Alaska day by day as a crude but traversable road is
completed. Army engineers and civilian contractors celebrate in unison.
They are the rst team to complete a highway after FDR’s call. Built
between Dawson Creek, British Columbia and Big Delta; the Alaska
Highway covers 2,300 kilometers connecting a chain of strategic military
airelds.
==
Perhaps the problem is the daisy is unpredictable. Is it not amazing that it lives in
those cracks? Its yellow dotted center and rich white petals rising out of gray weath-
ered pavement and cold concrete lie to us about its origins. What does it look like
below that surface? Isn’t the world beneath much different? The root system of a
large tree forms an intense overlapping and interconnecting network of brous mat-
ter. Instead of the open unlimited growth above earth, we can envision the structure
and nutrients that bring it life; the support system, that if severed from brings about
the real collapse and eradication of the plant.
The daisy is common in Europe. It grows within the small breaks created in our sur-
faces and is labeled invasive. Are the surfaces invasive? It is where and the manner
in which they are laid that is invasive.
Have we created a series of arks, places amidst the slivers of infrastructure where
species in small numbers are growing 2 by 2? If the daisy is coming up through the
5 Although Roosevelt’s political opponents deemed his words as part of a “master plan” or “another
ascent into the stratosphere of New Deal jitterbug economics,” Roosevelt feared a relapse of the GreatDepression after American soldiers returned from the war looking for jobs. (“Federal-Aid Highway Act
of 1956, Creating the Interstate System: Public Roads,” Weingroff, Richard F., Summer 1996, v. 60, no.
1)
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cracks of pavement, how does it grow alongside it or between two rows of pave-
ment?
1956: President Eisenhower creates the Highway Trust Fund through his signature
on the Federal-Aid Highway Act. The Highway Trust Fund will provide the mech-anism for nancing the Interstate System. It will allow the smooth operation of
funding between the states who need it and the federal government. Ultimately, the
act will resolve the problem of how to fund interstate building without creating a
decit in the U.S. Treasury’s General Fund. Self-nancing will be created through
the application of a federal gas tax and other motor vehicle taxes. Automobile
infrastructure has been standardized.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Ofcials declare:
The standards include a minimum of four 12-foot wide travel lanes, a
minimum shoulder width of 10 feet, full control of access, and design
speeds of 50 to 70 miles per hour (depending on the type of terrain).6
=
We live in a top-down world, meaning our infrastructure is deterministic rather
than free. Our nomadic ancestors roamed the earth in an open system. What they
needed was the world in front of them. Their resources, their nutrients, their sus-tenance for survival passed directly from the earth to the mouth. Today is much
6 U.S. Department of Transportation website (http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/routender/index.htm)
Infrastructure Party
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different. Our current thinking favors predetermined control.
The daisy grows through the cracks. Before there was the single continuous surfaceof pavement, there was the wild. The daisies grew up along side the evergreen and
the evergreen’s needles littered the ground beneath it. Man existed similarly. He
roamed. Along came structuring and man’s desire to partition tasks and hold power
over others rather than over food. Through the measuring of phenomena, stratifying
of the earth, and the striating of behavior, mankind has purpose because what is to
be done is known.
Geography is the medium of infrastructure. Why is the medium so unknown to us?
Just as a great painter knows the technical limits of the brush and the mysterious ac-
cidents of the canvas, geography is the trampled medium. It is forgotten. It is clear
that cars dominate the ground. The earth could be wrapped 225 times around its cir-
cumference by the 3,974,107 miles of highway in the U.S. And this seems warranted
because “Americans travel 1,100,000,000 miles in one day. Equal to 4,605 trips to
the moon per day.”7 Whether in our cities or our suburbs, roads comprise an impen-
etrable continuous surface that ignores what lies beneath it and in doing so what is
alongside it for the ‘practical’ method of disposing of water is by quick runoff. The
mobility of the car has allowed us to go places without any understanding. Man-
kind’s understanding of nature is changing. Nature is not an external reference point,
but in fact an inhabitable ever changing surface less volume of hinges, pulleys, and
pins existing in behaviors unknown and known. And we are a part of it. Simply, it
is complex. Unlike the views of the past and the conquering of nature like Professor
Challenger,8 we do not need to hear the earth scream any longer. We can hear it.
7 Skycar City, p.33
8 Felix Guattari ’s reference to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ‘s When the World Screamed in his book Three
Ecologies. It is the story of a man convinced the earth is a sentient being and with a big enough machine
he can awaken it. He drills towards the center of the earth until the earth screams and then the awakened
creature proceeds to destroy his machine. Guattari argues for a philosophy of ecology which he terms
‘ecosophy.’
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National Roadless Map
This map shows per-capita “roadless volume” (RV) or the volume of area with -
out roads by county for the contiguous United States. Some counties have high
RV overall but low per-capita RV; for example, some counties contain metropolitan
areas closely juxtaposed with mountains, desert or extensive wetlands. This map
demonstrates the overall connectivity of the US.
0.0000 - 0.0035
0.00336 - 0.0062
0.0063 - 0.0135
0.0136 - 0.0203
0.0204 - 0.0305
0.0306 - 0.0464
0.0465 - 0.0735
0.0736 - 0.127
0.128 - 0.224
0.225 - 0.380
0.381 - 0.768
0.769 - 1.669
1.670 - 11.90 km3/person
per capita RV
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Detail view of semi-rigid/semi-pliable
plant structure “ball”
M a t e r i a l E x p e r i m e n t s >
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Step One: Pour water in
Step Three: Observe resulting self-organization
Step Two: Pour water out
Images of Procedure
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41
origins and followings The idea for these experiments
came unintentionally. As the result of preparing herb wa-
ter in a cylindrical container, I noticed the mint stems provid-
ing the avor were balling up after multiple pours. Togeth-
er, the shape of the container, gravity, and the repeated pours
“balled” the cut stems into one semi-rigid pliable structure.Inadvertently, I had removed the plant stems from its organizing
matter (material growth) and agitated it to form a bottom-up self
organizing structure (semi-rigid structural “ball”).
Lars Spuybroek investigates the self organizing tendencies of mate-
rials. Spuybroek sets into motion a series of events that:
First, isolate the material through selection,
Second, agitate the material in what he calls the mobiliza-
tion phase,Third, observe the self-organization through the consolida-
tion of the
system
Fourth, allow the resulting architectural morphology to
take place
In an attempt to elaborate upon the fourth phase Spuybroek explains,
I set about the regrowth of the plant stems as organized as structural
“ball.” The following experiments attempt to freeze the experiment atmultiple stages to better understand the resulting structure and to re-
grow the plant as a more complex open system that provides the plants
with their necessary nutrients in an increasingly dense meshwork ball.
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< E x p e
r i m e n t 1 : S e l f - O r g a n i z a t i o
n o f a C l o s i n g S y s t e m
procedure:
1. Cut stems from open system of plant of 6-7” in length
2. Place cut plant matter in glass jars
3. Fill jar with refrigerated water
4. Allow xylem to absorb water, let stand 18 hours in refrig-
erator away from light
5. Pour water out repeatedly twice a day
6. Repeat over series of days
hypothesis:
Severing a plant at lengths along its stem will stop the open growing
system or “the characteristic state of the living organism” (Ludwig
von Bertalanffy). Although no change of the plant’s components
will occur, only the decomposition, there is a structural behavior to
be observed. As plants dry, wither, and die they may curl or break
apart loosely. Thus, placing these plants in water slows the process
of death (possibly inciting new life) and allows water and any dis-
solved minerals to ow through the xylem of the plant to all parts
of the cut piece. This, of course, ignores the plant’s other necessary
nourishments: light energy, food & metabolites.
Will the plant slowly die and come together or will new life sprout?What forces cause the plant material to ball together to become semi rigid yet pliable?
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Simple Weave of Jar 3
Weave with perpendicular 3rd element of Jar 1
description Jars 1 and 3 demonstrated the best results. Jars 2 and 4
did not produce the ball like effect that I was looking for and were
aborted. 1 and 3 produced fairly rigid networks based on friction
connections where stems crossed. Although neither became balls
as desired each demonstrated self organizational characteristics. Jar
3’s materials formed a simple weave. Jar 1’s slightly more complex
weave included the introduction of a third element crossing theweave perpendicularly. Zip ties fastened the friction connections
where stems crossed. This created exible connections although
freezing the plant in place.
None of the plants had new life sprout, although it is very possible
that they could root given more time.
M a t e r i a l E x p e r i m e n t 1 : R e s u l t s a n d r e s p o n s e >
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45
Santa Margarita River
Base Housing
Intervening at the site of acquisition Intervening at the site of exchange and waste
East Elevation
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procedure:
1. Procedure of Experiment 1
2. Make small cut in plant stem, exposing phloem and xylem,
but not severing
3. Apply Rootone (articial rooting hormone)
4. Place 2 specimens in humidier (high humidity, warm
temperature environment); leave other 2 in typical green
house environment5. Compare effects of different environments after 1 week
6. Place successful roots in Jiffy pots (soil rooting medium)
7. Provide water and nutrients for newly rooted plants
hypothesis:
I returned to the mint after the rst experiment, realizing that mint
provides the right amount of exibility in its stems to create the struc-
tural “ball.”
From the results of the rst experiment, rooting is possible if kept in a
moist environment away from light. Thus, by covering the plants and
keeping them in a moist environment they should root. The applica-
tion of Rootone should increase the odds of this rooting and speed
up the rooting process. The specimens placed in the humidier willnot fare as well given the plant’s preferred climate is cold and moist
rather than hot and moist.
Which specimens will fare better: those in the humidier or those in the typical green-
house environment?What medium will be necessary to continue the plants’ growth once rooted? Will the Jiffy pots provide the nutrients
needed?
< M a t e r i a l E x p e r i m e
n t 2 : ( R e ) g r o w t h >
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Plant specimen, Cutting Instrument, Rootone articial rooting hormone
(Left) Plant specimen removed from container with possible rooting points located.
(Bottom) Cuts made into stems at determinedpossible rooting points so as to not sever
xylem and phloem.
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Peppermint and Gingermint zip tied
Gingermint Living due to intact roots
Semi desiccated
desiccate or live: Despite the high humidity of the hu-midier, the temperature it contained desiccated the
Spearmint and Peppermint specimens beyond root-
ability and They were abandoned.
The Peppermint and Ginger mint combination and the
Ginger mint however, did root. The typical green-
house environment served best for the development of
rooting. It’s important to note the Ginger mint speci-
men’s state. Because its roots were left attached, it
had a much more likely chance of surviving. How-ever, it was surprising to see it root in multiple places
along its stem, since its root system was already very
developed. It had been assumed that a root system
as big as its own would have drawn all the nutrients
it needed and not allowed the stems to root. The two
specimens that demonstrated the most potential had
developed 3 sufcient rooting areas to where a Jiffy-
pot could be placed as a medium to allow the nutrients
needed to circulate through the plant.
M a t
e r i a l E x p e r i m e n t 2 : R e s u l t s
a n d r e s p o n s e >
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Spearmint
Peppermint
Nearly desiccated
Desiccated
3 Successful rooting beginningsplaced in Jiffy pots (Peppermint &Ginger mint)
3 Successful rooting beginningsplaced in Jiffy pots (Ginger mint)
The Pack: 1.5 Months Later Multiple Sproutings
The Pack: 1.5 Months Later 1 Jiffy Pot is Showing New Life
The Pack: 1.5 Months Later (Re)growth
Separated from the Pack
1.5 Months Later: the Zip tied
Combo and the Ginger mint
with intact roots, are showinglife. The Ginger mint shows less
life. This is most likely because
its roots were left attached and
continued to pull nutrients in. It
had a greater system to support
than the Ziptie Combo. The Zip-
tie quickly loss life in its original
stems and nutrients were then fo-
cused on the newly rooting life.
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< M a t e r i a l E x p e r i m
e n t 3 : F r o z e n
procedure:
Experiment 3: Attempting to “freeze” the plant ball structure in
order to more carefully observe its structure.
1. Procedure of Experiment 1
2. Remove ball from container and ziptie friction joints
where plant
stems cross in order to maintain ball structure
3. Heat glycerin soap to the point of liquidness
4. Dip ball in glycerin soap several times, waiting a few seconds after each dip to allow soap to thicken, much like
the dipping of a wick during the candle making process
What will the structural system essentially be?
Will it prove to be more complex or less?Will the ball lose its spatiality?
results the frozen ball, although not very
useful beyond its one state, reveals a simple
structural systemof overlapping
arches. The freez-
ing process loses
its spatiality.
(left)beginning “semi-struc-
tural plant ball after zipty-
ing to loosely x the ball”
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< M a t e r i a l E x p e r i m e n t 4 :
H y d r o p o n i c s
one source
multiple sources
procedure:
Experiment 3: (Re)growth by Hydroponics [a crude start]
1. Procedure of Experiment 1
2. Add dissolved Rootone to container
3. Remove ball from container forming ball and place in
glass jar to allow light to enter and photosynthesis to occur
3. Fill bottom of jar 1/4” up with dissolved nutrients to
allow solution to humidify the container and feed multiple
parts of the plant.4. Observe
currently this method has incited new growth in the form of small
strong stems. However, the method of feeding the plants is inef-
fective. A device must be developed to feed the roots systems withmobility.
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53new sprouts
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The basic state o the cell and the organism is a steady state. Compared tothe closed systems o equilibrium, the organism continually maintainsitsel through the exchange o materials in its environment. This
system acts equifnally, meaning the system may reach the same fnal state
rom varying initial conditions.1 Closed systems however cannot act in such
a manner.
The plant became a device to study the nature of closed and open systems. De-veloped in order to test an ongoing conceptual model through physical material-
ity; the procedure followed this path:
1. Opening system of living rooted plant;
2. Closing system of cut stems; closed system of “ball” structure;
3. Opening system of re-rooting “ball” structure;
4. Opening system of living plants.
Thus, the procedure not only opened and closed, but multiplied through thepropagation of the cut stems forming the structure “ball.”
Parallel to this model as an operating premise was the induced closing system of
the plant as the individual’s closed system of his/her environment. The critique
of modern society, as a closing system on the individual basis, led to actions
within the plant model, mimicking those of society over time. Therefore, the
open roaming culture of the past, with the individual less removed from the re-
source origin, became that of the living rooted plant: stage one.
The closing system of cut stems resembled the assembling of partitions. The
roaming culture gradually subsided as partitions were formed denoting individ-
ual job placement. These partitions, although based on efciency and increasing
levels of human comfort and stability, further removed the individual from the
resource origin. Gradually, the openness of the system on the individual level
abated.
Contemporary society stands at a threshold. Technological means are allow-
ing for the third stage: the re-rooting of society through the increasingly dense
meshwork of the virtual. Obviously, few people in contemporary society are
living in direct relation to the resources they acquire through “shopping.” But,
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M a t e r i a l E x p e r i m e n t : O p e n / C l o s e d s y s t e m s >
through our increase in knowledge by means of an informing internet , decisions
regarding where our resources come from and by which exploitative means they
are extracted, individuals can again establish a connection to resources. This, of
course, assumes the demand function of the market economy is in place. In ourcommand economy, this is hardly the case. Individual demand is replaced by
corporate command. Regardless, as Francois Roche points out, “a multitude of
citizens is gradually taking over from the republic’s centralized authorities .”
Assuming a cyclical event, the plant will re-root in various locations and complex-
ities will arise. The open system of the past will be replaced by a more complex
open system of the present, where individual contingencies determine resource
use and exploitation with multiple sources feeding multiple roots. The virtual
network is and will ever more act as an extension of the body in its search for and
acquisition of the resources which sustain it. The virtual network becomes the
hand that gathered berries or that held the sickle.
Current infrastructural thinking suppresses the heart of this movement. The aris-
ing digital infrastructure must continually be made available to the mass public.
Because no multitude of citizens will overpower infrastructure of a few. Thank-
fully, digital infrastructure is a exible infrastructure. Compared to physical
infrastructure, the digital data space of resource exchange is highly mobile andadaptable.
Oil derrick resourceacquisition
Theory of Open Systems in Physics and Biology. Ludwig
Van Bertanlaffy. Science, New Series, Vol. 111, No. 2872
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57
“A system is closed if no material enters or leaves it; it is
open if there is import and export and, therefore, change
of the components.”
Ludwig von Bertalanffy
A semi-pliable/semi rigid plant structure “ball” with roots
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Toil in the city: 2008
C a s e S t u d y : C C T V B u i l d i n g : B e i j i n g , C h i n a >
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Both actual determinacy and architectural specicity nd parallels in the combi-
nation of freedom and law in contemporary society. An end goal becomes how to
react to the rigid and controlled specicity in order to create more humane space.
Specically, the work of Koolhaas has structured the elevator as a mechanism
“which promotes an open, liberating quality along with its consubstantial dis-
advantage of stiffness and inhumanity.”1 The architectural intent of the CCTV
Television Station and Headquarters in Beijing, China liberates program and user
1 Cortes, Juan Antonio. “Delirio y Más.” el croquis. no.131/132. Madrid : El Croquis Editorial, 2007.
The work of Rem Koolhaas/OMA actively investigates the resolution
between “actual indeterminacy and architectural specicity.” This inquiry roots itself in these analogies: the relationship of specicity
and indeterminacy in urban context and the grid; and building and elevator.
(Left) Recently completed CCTV buildingamidst Olympic advertising, Central Business
District, Beijing, China(Middle and Center) Indeterminacy of socialgathering: Madrid’s La Noche en Blanco &
Specicity of grid: Manhattan 1847
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61
A looping liberator or a looping propaganda
machine of Chairman Mao? Broken record.
Interconnected loop of program andcirculation
CCTV Tower by OMA
through a thorough understanding of specicity and indeterminacy.
The Chinese government actively seeks totalitarian control. In op-
position to Koolhaas’ investigation of freedom within the rigid, thePeople’s Republic of China places emphasis on rigid law to control
the freedom and indeterminacy of the individual. They, Koolhaas
and China, are engaged in ambivalent notions of what is the correct
reaction to the polarity of law and freedom.
CCTV (Chinese Central Television), although reecting some inde-
pendence in regional issues, is subjected to the control of the State
Council of the People’s Republic of China. The commentary in
CCTV media is regulated by government policy, a governmentpolicy as propaganda machine. The CCTV building, designed by
Ole Scheeren and Rem Koolhaas, has become another part of the
propaganda engine of the People’s Republic of China. Its open and
democratic agenda in public use and accessibility is dwarfed by gov-
ernmental policy. Despite the best intentions of the architect, any
openness is subject to the discretion of the CCTV board of directors.
The building does not “actively engage the city space” as intended
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by OMA nor is it “freely accessible.” Any notion of a public plaza is
absconded by the governmental policy to restrict access to only com-
pany employees and cut off the two roads leading towards it from the
public. As propaganda for the People’s Republic of China, the building
is much more successful. Built in occurrence with the 2008 Beijing
Olympics, this symbol of freedom in program and user establishes an
openness incongruent with modern Chinese society. For the party in-
volved, the building portrays a governmental policy that is westward
leaning and increasingly free-market. The corporate or authoritarianplanned society envisioned in the international style would be much
more honest here.
For all this failure in reality, some very successful strategies are evi-
dent in CCTV as an object stripped from any tie to a place or soci-
ety. Koolhaas states, “the aim is to concentrate all the activity and
program in a single system, rather than to separate them and pull them
apart.” As opposed to the western world, whose sustenance relies on
the decentralized processes of goods and production, China is apt tocentralize process, program, and activity at all scales. CCTV combines
The CCTV building sits near the intersection of two main roads in
Beijing’s new Central Business District.The People’s Republic of China has
decided the two public roads that cutthrough the site be inaccessible to the
public.
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63
the production of television “in a loop of interconnected activ-
ity,” that includes administration and ofces; news and broad-
casting; program production and services. Seen as two towers
rising towards each other, the architectural systems close in on
themselves. Seen as one folding tower, the architectural systems
redistribute themselves. Both perspectives see the meeting of
something, whether tower or redistributed system, at the 14 oor
overhanging cantilever that houses the management penthouse.
Program and circulation is orchestrated to induce a free ow of information. From a common nine-story platform, broadcasting
rises along one side and services, research, and education rise
along the other.
* All quotes not previously footnoted provided by http://www.oma.nl/
* It should be noted that since the writing of this commentary, the TVCC tower adjacent to the CCTV
building burned due to an unauthorized reworks display celebrating the end of the Chinese New Year on
February 9, 2009. One reghter died in the blaze and dozens were injured. Some worry that with the recent
blaze and the unoccupied Bird’s Nest after the 2008 Olympic Games, European architects will have trouble
obtaining work in China.
The CCTV building allows “spectacular views across the multiple facadestowards the Central Business District.” The People’s Republic of Chinawill no longer allow visitors. The enormous public plaza will no longer
be public. It is restricted to company employees.
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The varying perspectives of CCTV(Clockwise) service?,spectacle, boom, looming,
propaganda.
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65
Despite its changing form throughout the city, oppression comes to mind rst.
p r o p a g a n d a
s e r v i c e
?
boom
spectacle
looming
surface
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67
Aerial view of downtown San Diegowith green space of Balboa Park (top
center)
C a s e S t u d y : S a n D i e g o , C a >
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69
“The grid is above all, conceptual specu-lation. In Spite of its apparent neutral-
ity, it implies an intellectual program for
the island: in its indifference to topogra-
phy, to what exists, it claims the superi-
ority of mental construction over reality.”
[Rem Koolhaas]
Manhattan Grid and Lis-bon’s alfama
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San Diego Bay
City Center
Airport
Coronado
Conv. Cntr
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71
Diagramming the containingelements of the city: Airport, I-5
(diagonally across page), railyard, Coronado bridge, and San
Diego Bay
The infrastructure that sustains the mobility of people, goods,
and resources of San Diego is the infrastructure that contains
San Diego. Although this inhibits the city’s growth and is leading to an in-
creasing density, this container currently strangleholds the cultural activity
of the city through its isolation from local parks and the bay itself due to the
series of high rise hotels and the convention center that line the water’s edge.
Coronado Bridge
Rail yard
I -5
Balboa Park
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open space Big swaths of open reserve space lie to the
east and the Miramar Marine Corps Air Base sits be-
tween the north county region and the south and central
regions of San Diego County.
Balboa Park is the focal point of all park space in San
Diego. Unfortunately, it is severed from the city center
by the I-5. The only connections are vehicular bridges
spanning the I-5, incomplete to serve the needs of cy-
clists and pedestrians.
The city center has very few public spaces. The space
that is reserved for public is typically removed from the
circulation of the street or completely encroached upon
by it.
A strip with hotels and the convention center on two
sides follows the curvature of the bay’s coast. Thereare very few open public spaces (not heavily dened
by an edge).
Balboa Park is an interesting example of circulation
completely bound by an edge in its relationship to the
I-5 and 163.
I-5 and 163 (infrastructure) ; and relationship to Balboa Park (open space)
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Drawing open space and in-
frastructural inuences
Refuge
(Mts..., Sloughs, Canyons)
Military Open Space
Open Park or Reserve Space
Golf Courses
Infrastructural Cuts Inuencing Open Space
Water Bodies
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Dead Worm Pattern Interstate Inuence
Coronado Coastline GridDowntown N-S Grid
grid The linear movement of cars within San Diego is
dened by these 4 main road patterns: the downtown
north-south and east-west grid; the pacic coastline in-
uenced grid such as in Coronado and Pacic Beach;
the interstate inuenced grid such as the one shown here
in Golden Hill where the 94, 15, and the 805 converge
and diverge; and the typical dead worm pattern of com-
munities like Tierrasanta and the interior of La Jolla.
Their inuences are all clear here whether they be the
bay, the coastline, interstates, or goals of privacy.
This study uncovered some fundamental aspects of
levels of public and private as they relate to vehicular
movement. Looking at the coast we see that although
there is a strong established grid in Coronado for exam-
ple. As we near the coast, roads become more organic
in an effort to create privacy.
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Major Arterial Connections
Grid
Parks
Grid Exceptions
Dead Worms
Drawing grid types, worms,and exceptions
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hierarchy A fault lies in the lack of hierarchy in the
streets. Street widths and completeness do not have a
strong hierarchy. Completeness being their totality as a
circulation route for pedestrians, cyclists, and cars.
ATM
ATM meeting public sidewalk Downtown N-S Grid
This container comprised of circulation/infrastructure is further broken
down in scale itself. The edges of the city strive for privacy amongst
its residents yet no shades between public and private exist. Thus public
easily breaches private and vice versa. Here we see the private ATM
meeting the public of the street.
San Diego Grid Hierarchy Plaza de España - Madrid
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Fig x.xDrawing grid types, worms,
and exceptions
S a
n D i e g o , C a : i n f r a s t r u c t u r e
a s c o n t a i n e r
The result is no cultural substrate spaces,
meaning public places without the stipula-
tion to buy something, where this movement
can be observed or just a place to stop.
Alonzo Horton: speculator, en-
trepreneur, and eventual broke.
public/private The beautiful ingredient of San Diego is its circu-
lation, which ironically the greater infrastructure of the I-5, bay,
railyard and airport contains. These routes of circulation create
complex interactions of activity. Trolley lines cross streets, theMLK promenade follows the trolley line and the dining activity
along the Gaslamp produces a wonderful atmosphere for a pedes-
trian or a diner. However, this circulation unfortunately overruns
culture in other parts and leaves no cultural substrate, no place to
sit and observe these interactions without the stipulation to buy
something which can not activate space at all times.
From its conception by downtown San Diego city
founder, Alonzo Horton, the city was developed to maximize
prots. Horton sold small lots with no alleys focusing on cornerlots which could be sold for a higher price. The blocks were laid
with little hierarchy except for Broadway St. and Harbor
Dr. at 200 x 300 feet. These block sizes remain today.
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Scene of an overturned
Dodge Ram - Interstate 8,Arizona
< A d S t u d y B i l l b o a r d s : I - 8 C A t o A Z
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California
Mexico
Arizona
Gila Bend
178 miles
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driving This series of photographs were taken during a drive on Interstate 8
from the California/Arizona border to Gila Bend. Gila Bend is nicknamed the
crossroads of the southwest for its location at the “center of the wheel” of Ari-
zona highway transportation. Billboard advertising along this route generally re-
fers to regional and localized destinations. Corporations whose headquarters are
as far away as 5329 miles are also displayed. However, emphasis is on location
here and now. Signs command exit here, turn right, or simply an arrow points
the way. On a stretch of interstate with less cars than mile markers, billboards
for ipods and Nike shoes are less productive. In these areas local businesses or
corporations with a stake in the local economy are most likely to pay to display.
Television is much better suited for corporate advertising in rural regions.
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496
296
illeg-
296
00
0
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231
196 182
2,511
2,511
0
0 0
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1969
00 646
illeg-
Chev-Jack in the
0
0 0
0
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85
2,485
2088
213
indetermi-
0
0
Applebee’sSub-
Dairy
Pizza HutBurger King
2,716
1,186
2,485
0
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Advertising Organization Reerence Location
The Links at Coyote Wash Dateland, Az
RV Park/World Famous Date Shakes Dateland, Az
Holiday Inn Casa Grande, Az
Sun Land Inn/Robson Ranch Sun Lakes, Az
Arizona (“The Grand Canyon State Welcomes You”) Az/Ca Border
Grand Canyon Water Twr Mural Az/Ca Border
APS (clear channel) Phoenix, Az
Beaudry RV Tucson, Az
Prime Care 24 hr Urgent Care Yuma, Az
Sunset Vista Cemetery Yuma, Az
Southwestern Eye Center Yuma, Az
La Mesa RV Yuma, Az
Pacesetter Home Centers Yuma, Az
L. Candy Camarena Yuma, Az
American Red Cross USA
illegible illegible
Beaudry RV Tucson, Az
Premier Storage Yuma, Az
Bob Camel RV Sales Center Yuma, Az
Ed Whitehead’s Tire Country Yuma, Az
Shared Billboard Yuma, Az
Chevron
Jack in the Box
Food Exit - 12 Yuma, Az
Burger King
Pizza Hut
Dairy Queen
Subway
Applebee’s
Beaudry RV Tucson, Az
Westwind RV & Gol Resort Yuma, Az
New Sun Homes Yuma, Az
w.w.williams Columbus, Oh
Blue Sky RV Park Yuma, Az
YMCA Yuma, Az
Burger King Yuma, Az
Slide Your Pride indeterminate
The Rancho Yuma, Az
Express Lube Car & RV Wash Yuma, Az
Dateland: World Famous Date Shakes Dateland, Az
The Rancho Yuma, Az
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Distance (miles) Headquarters (Location/Distance) Suggestion
23 Same as Reerence Command
59 Same as Reerence Command
170 Denham, UK / 5329 Signaler
204 Same as Reerence Signaler
0 Arizona & Grand Canyon / 496 Welcome
0 Arizona / Grand Canyon / 496 Pride
177 San Antonio, Tx / 1104 Warning
231 Same as Reerence Signaler
0 Same as Reerence Signaler
0 Same as Reerence Command
0 Mesa, Az / 196 Signaler
0 San Diego, Ca / 182 Command
0 Huacama, Az / 296 Signaler
0 Same as Reerence Signaler
multiple Washington D.C. / 2511 Signaler
illegible illegible illegible
231 Same as Reerence Signaler
0 Same as Reerence Command
0 Same as Reerence Command
0 Same as Reerence Signaler
0 Command
San Ramon, Ca / 646
San Diego, Ca / 182
Command
Fountainbleau, Fl / 2485
Addison, Tx / 1186
Edina, Mn / 1990
Milord, Ct / 2716
Lenexa, Ks / 1512
231 Same as Reerence Signaler
0 Same as Reerence Immediate
0 Same as Reerence Signaler
2088 Same as Reerence Signaler
0 Same as Reerence Immediate
0 Chicago, Il / 1969 Signaler
0 Fountainbleau, Fl / 2485 Command
indeterminate indeterminate Signaler
0 Same as Reerence Signaler
0 Same as Reerence Signaler
50 Same as Reerence Signaler/Pride
0 Same as Reerence Command
Billboards are categorized as command, signaler, welcome, pride, or warning depending on the
nature of the advertisement.
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“Can’tcha read it?’ He opened the door very carefully, as if
he were afraid it might fall off. He slid out just as careful-
ly, planting his feet rmly on the ground, the tiny metallic
world in his glasses slowing down like gelatine harden-
ing, and in the midst of it Connie’s bright green blouse.
‘This here is my name, to begin with,’ he said. ARNOLD
FRIEND was written in tarlike black letters on the side,
with a drawing of a round, grinning face that reminded
Connie of a pumpkin, except it wore sunglasses. ‘I wanta
introduce myself, I’m Arnold Friend and that’s my real
name and I’m gonna be your friend, honey, and inside
the car’s Ellie Oscar, he’s kinda shy.’ Ellie brought his
transistor radio up to his shoulder and balanced it there.
‘Now, these numbers are a secret code, honey,’ Arnold
Friend explained. He read off the numbers 33, 19, 17 and
raised his eyebrows at her to see what she thought of that,
but she didn’t think much of it. The left rear fender had
been smashed and around it was written, on the gleam-ing gold background: DONE BY CRAZY WOMAN
DRIVER. Connie had to laugh at that. Arnold Friend was
pleased at her laughter and looked up at her. ‘Around the
other side’s a lot more —you wanta come and see them?”
[Joyce Carol Oates - Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?]
“An Old Friend” drawsus in by what we know,not what we don’t
< <
F u t u r e F o r e c a s t : A l w a y s H a z y
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W H O W I L L B E C H I N A ’ S C H I N A ?
ture that infers {Infra means below, further on}
Structure means the arrangement of and relations
S U P R A S T R U C T U R E an infrastructure that refers
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91
I N F E R F U T U R E - S T R U C T U R E an infrastruc-
between the parts or elements of something complex}
{to someone or something mentioned above or earlier}
Is a digital infrastructure, an infra-
structure? Are we leaving the days of
“infrastructure” connecting us? A digi-
tal “infrastructure” infers and densies.
[a thesis question]
Manufacturing #17,Deda Chicken Processing Plant,
Dehui City, Jilin Province, 2005Edward Burtynsky
holes “When you think about it, there’s a big hole
somewhere for every stone building on the planet.
There are holes on account of the Pyramids, the Par-
thenon, the Pont Neuf, and the Houses of Parliament.And there are holes because we like marble counter
tops, cobblestone streets and granite gravestones.”
Michael Mitchell
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(Top) Image of uorescent near-infrared-emissive polymersomesallow light to circulate longer incells and thus detect cancer sooner (Bottom) The RepRap developedby Adrian Bowyer and Vik Olliver
is a self-replicating 3D printer.
So the RepRap project will allow the revolutionary ownership, by the prole-
tariat, of the means of production. But it will do so without all that messy and
dangerous revolution stuff, and even without all that messy and dangerous in-
dustrial stuff. Therefore I have decided to call this Darwinian Marxism.
- Adrian Bowyer
N A N O S C A L E T H I N K I N G L E A D S
scale
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93
Sterility is what people do need when they don’t know what’s happening on a microbial level. In
a biotech world, sterility is a confession of ignorance. It’s a tactic of desperation.
- Bruce Sterling from
Tomorrow Now
small thinking This thinking at the microbial level
and nanoscale are leading towards the harnessing
of the industrial nature of bacteria. The biotech
world of genetic modication and engineering is
industrializing microbial life through the exploita-tion of DNA and its reason for being: multiplying
and spreading.
Although not a perfect self-replicator, the RepRap
self-copies all the components needed to reproduce
it given its assembly by human hands. this partner-
ship of human and machine is analogous to that of
wasp and ower. The RepRap accomplishes this
self replicating through the use of nano machineswhich compile atoms forming molecules, mol-
ecules forming compounds and so on up in scale,
until a full scale object is printed such as a laptop
or another self-replicating RepRap.
T O: H U G E C H A N G E S on the global
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the RepRap project will allow the
revolutionary ownership, by theproletariat, of . . .
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of the production of nano-structures at different time intervals and temperatures
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95
The original idea of a Universal
Constructor was of a machine
that would both self-copy and
self-assemble - as a bacterium
or a daffodil do. The machine
I propose will self-copy, but
not self-assemble. In nature all
four possibilities exist: things
that neither self-copy nor self-
assemble, like rocks; things that
self-copy but don’t self-assemble,
like viruses; things that self-as-
semble but don’t self-copy, like
proteins; and nally things that
both self-copy and self-assem-
ble, like you and me. And you
and I are quite dexterous at as-
sembling machines that we wantSo the second alternative (self-
copying without self-assembly) is
economically and practically the
most interesting option.
- Adrian Bowyer
... the means of production. RepRap, the tag name
for a self replicating rapid prototyper, will lead to the decentralization of
industrial processes. It will, in short, allow the existence of a China on adesktop.
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technology
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97
technology is the resulting physical manifestation of
man’s inquiry into the world through conceptualiza-
tion rather than experience. I have no in interest in re-
sponding to that which lies in the “future.” I understand
neither I nor science can predict future. Understandingsocial change becomes a very complex matter when all
individual decisions are concerned. The social change
that becomes the future is not simply the summation of
individual decision. We of course live in a society, a
world, in which individual decision for one is not equal.
Of course the power players give us hints and make the
job of determining the future easier, but the individual
decisions of many lie outside our grasp. So I respond
to now, to the present. I dwell here, I am happy here.
These ideas of future so immediately fail because theydate themselves. Francois Roche claims you can’t even
use the term future anymore. It is forever attached to the
60’s ideal of the future. Something of the Jetsons, space
wars, and plastic. I do not wish to envision the resulting
society based on a few technological advances. But as
Louis Kahn would point out, the unfamiliar thing may
not exist without already feeling that you need it.
“An axe is created by man, not by society.
But society leads him to produce the axe be-cause there is a certain need for it. At rst
the axe was not perfect. It probably fell off
the handle and you had trouble lifting it. But
society demanded that it be developed--it
needed it.”1
We simply reinvent them, apply different scales to them.
The RepRap will not change the way in which we love.
It will give the industrial process to the proletariat after
the industrial process has been de-processed. What doyou say of that? After any sign of process, of making, is
deleted, the proletariat will be given it, and yet held even
more vulnerable to its makers.
1 Essential Texts. Louis Kahn.
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99
WHAT?!? You sweat when you shop?
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theRESIDUAL
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101
the human
HOLES
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Burtynsky’s work evokes the sublime of altered landscape by
humans.
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103
double image As Rem Koolhaas points out in Delirious New
York, each “[technological] invention is pregnant with a double
image: contained in its success is the specter of its possible fail-
ure.” Sometimesthatfailurendssuccessinaglorioushole
where a community thrives beside it; as is the case in many
towns in Iberia and Italy. Sometimes the hole is not so glorious.
The skyscraper has its hole as do the shoes we wear and the televi-
sions we view. Our lives are made possible by industry far from us.
the residual The stone buttresses of gothic cathedrals leave their
holes elsewhere. The quarries of Vermont are the voids of granite
counter tops in Tokyo’s kitchens. These are holes. For every cubic
inch of material of a skyscraper is a series of holes in another place.
scale Voids remind us very quickly of our own human scale.
The immense solids produced from these voids come in the
form of skyscrapers and freighters. Unfortunately, the envi-
ronment surrounding these productions nearly hides ther truescale. A submerged freighter’s mass is 80% underwater. The
preceding page presents a better understanding of its sheer
size. Likewise, the skyscraper of Manhattan sits in a pseu-
do skyscraper national park. Its size is neglected. But, the
new skyscrapers of emerging cities like Dubai or on the out-
skirts of existing cities like Madrid demonstrate sheer scale.
Iberia Quarries # 8,Cochicho Co., Pardais, Portu-gal, 2006Edward Burtynsky
San Francisco Bay OilSpill November 2007
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US Treasury Secretary Paulson urges Congress to back his plan
The London stock market ended a week of turmoil with its biggest one-day gain after the US taxpayer unveiled a
plantobailoutthenancialsystem.
The FTSE 100 closed 8.8% up at 5311.3. Wall Street ended 3.3% higher and the French and German markets also
rose.
The surge came as the US taxpayer said it planned to spend billions of dollars to mop up bad debts fuelling the
globalnancialcrisis.
But Chancellor Alistair Darling ruled out a similar plan for the UK.
“We fully support what the Americans are doing ... here in this country, our problems are different,” he added. “We
are helping banks as people would expect us to do.”
Washington will set out further details of the US rescue plan next week.
Crisisofcondence
The proposed US taxpayer rescue plan comes at the end of a week of almost unprecedented turmoil on world
nancialmarkets:
* Central banks around the world have pumped billions of dollars of extra funding into money markets on
Thursday and Friday to ease the liquidity crisis
* The US taxpayer also said it would guarantee US money market funds - mutual funds that typically invest in
low-risk credit such as taxpayer bonds and are often used by pension funds - up to a value $50bn to further restore
condence
* Stock markets in Russia were temporarily suspended again on Friday at the end of a week of wild swings and
stop-go trading
* There are rumours that Morgan Stanley is looking for a partner
Banking boost
Financialstockshavegainedthemostfromtheriseincondenceonthemarkets.InLondon,theRoyalBankof
Scotland and HBOS rose as much as 50%.
See graph of the FTSE 100 this week
Meanwhile, in the US insurer AIG - which earlier this week received an $85bn rescue package from the US tax-
payer - surged almost 60%, while banks Citigroup and Bank of America jumped 22% and 16% respectively.
Movestorestrictshort-sellingintheUSandUKalsohelpedtoboostnancialshares.
Short-selling occurs when a trader borrows shares from another to sell them with the hope of buying them back at
alowerprice,therebyprotingfromthedifference.Ithasbeenblamedfortherecentsharpfallsinsomebanking
shares.
LateonFriday,Germanyfollowedsuitwithabanonshort-sellingin11nancermsinanefforttoprotectthem
from damage by speculators.
There will be serious long-term damage to the ability of the US to export its way of doing business to the rest of
the world.
Robert Peston,
BBC Business Editor
Read Peston’s thoughts in full
Who’s to blame for the crisis?
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105
names have been changed in order to protect the ‘innocent’
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107
Taken together, the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, account for over 40% of the na-
tion’s containerized import trade. The community of San Pedro lies next door.
Satellite image of Los Angeles basinwith Port of Los Angeles/Long Beach
Complex and San Pedro higlightedin foreground
C a s e S t u d y : C o m m u n i t y A m i d s t >
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where the goods go. The majority of goods passing throughthe Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach serve the north cen-
tral states (39%) followed by the south central states (26%). in
fact, it is estimated that over 60% of Chicago’s imported goods
pass through the Port of LA/LB Complex. This wasn’t always
the case. Prior to the Asian boom in manufacturing during the
1980’s, the New York/New Jersey Port Complex imported the
most. This boom can be contributed to the size of Southern
California’s market; it’s geographic location in relation to East
and Southeast Asia; the large number of industrial warehousesto serve as distribution centers; and California’s established land
infrastructure (primarily Interstate 5, and the railroads, the Union
PacicandBurlingtonNorthernSantaFe)
locally, the port’s own infrastructure played a huge role in the
development of Southern California as the leading gateway for
foreign imports. The surrounding deepwater channels and access
to roads and railroads leading all over the country incited growth
within the port itself. The California coastal environmental lawsencourage the expansion of ports rather than the building or de-
velopment of others. This, along with the Port’s near autonomy,
meant the Ports expanded with little local resistance until the
China Shipping Suit of 2003 regarding the construction of a gi-
ant new terminal. In which, the ‘greening’ of the port emerged.
The settlement required the city to provide $10 million to clean
up trucks in the port; $20 mil. to mitigate aesthetic impacts on
San Pedro and Wilmington; $20 mil. to reduce air pollution; to
replace4largecraneswithsmallerones;andcreateatrafcplanfor the terminal and other parts of the port.1
1 Bonavich, Edna and Jake B. Wilson. Getting the Goods: Ports, Labor, and the
Logistics Revolution
< C o m
m u n i t y A m i d s t : P o r t ’ s I m p
a c t & I m p o r t a n c e
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5000-2000 B.C.: Chumash inhabit greater Los Angeles area. Experienceareliablemaritimeeconomyforcenturiesbasedongatheringandshing.
1542: Spaniard Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo lands on California
coast. At this point there are 300,00 Native Americans in California. Dur-
ing the colonial era this gure drops by two-thirds due to European diseases.
1871: In response to lumber and coal boom, Con-
gress calls for the dredging of the main channel to a
depth of 10 feet and the construction of a breakwater.Pre-WWI: San Pedro constructs the
rstsubmarinebaseonthewestcoast.Great Depression: Commerce declines
WWII: Port thrives again due to shipping military equipment
1907: Port of San Pe-
dro becomes part of
Port of Los Angeles
L a t e 1 7 0 0 s : D e v e l o pm e
n t of L .A . wi t h S anP e d r o a t t h e h e ar t b e gi n s un d e r S p ani s h r ul e .
s p e d r o
s m o k e -
s t a c k
landmark
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North Meyler St., SanPedro, CA
20th Ce.: Standardization
of containers revolutionizes
logistics. These containers
become the visual depiction
of capitalism in motion.
Turn of 19th Ce.: Abalone diving at depths less than 20 feet is banned
due to over-exploitation.
1900s: The town of San Pedro is essentially built by the monies brought in by the shing industry.
By 1970’s: Fishing has waned in the area as competitors in Asia
and Latin America offer cheaper prices due to less regulations.
This same global shift leads to the Port of LA/LB Complex as
the leading US port.
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As the streets rise from the Pacic, theculdesacs and gaps between houses
offer reminders of the port below.
Rising along Meyler St., SanPedro, Ca
Approximate Elevation: 53’above sea level
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Giant contractors seeking to make
productionexibletakeoverroleof
inventory management through use
of computer models and digital in-
frastructure. The distance between
production and R&D facilities isdecreased to save time and labor.
A s t h e s t r e e t s r i s e f r o m
t h e P a c i c ,
t h e c u l d e s a c s a n d g a p s b e t w e e n
h o u s e s o f f e r r e m i n d e
r s o f t h e p o r t b e l o w .
>
Argument between exible production advocated by neo-
liberalism and mass-production by welfare state begins.
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Wal-Mart is currently the 6th largest trading partner with China.1
Rising along Meyler St., SanPedro, Ca
Approximate Elevation: 89’above sea level
1 http://blogs.harvardbusiness.org/leadinggreen/2008/10/walmarts-new-sustainability-ma.html
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Port of LA/LB experienced a period of autonomy from government and for many
years acted like a private enterprise in competition with other ports. Adverse effects
on the local community of San Pedro developed due to expanding infrastructureof port and burdened existing public infrastructure of local interstate highway
system.
Port of LA/LB Complex ranks fth largest in world, behind Singapore,Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Shenzhen.1
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Discovering origins of
DeLanda’s anti-market
commoditization in recent
history. Reaons for being
(global) and an outcome
(local - San Pedro).
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Slides of San Pedro were isolated
only to be replaced onto thetopography of a site S i t e
M a p p i n g : T o p o l i g h t b o x >
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I began with the desire to add luminosity to a site model, toexhibit a two dimensional representation on a three dimensional surface.
The construction is simple. 2 x 2’s make up the topography of the site.
Holes bored through selected 2 x 2’s created cavities to place led’s within.
Wiring fell along the back surface and slides sat atop 4 pins each tapped
into a 2 x 2.
Fig x.xBored Cavity for LED placement
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Fig x.x(Clockwise) 40 wired LEDs,Glue + 350 wood blocks,
Finished Product
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Slides placed on the 3 dimensional surface of the site (abstracted) at-tempted to open new entryways despite their initial isolation by
light, image capture, and shutter speed. Slide locations either
correspond with specic locations where they were taken or make con-
nections between different areas of the city of San Pedro as a whole and
the port complex.
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I had chosen a site...
but could not step foot on its soil
(Right) Screenshotsfrom material purchas-ing
The browneld site. NorthGaffey St., San Pedro, Ca.
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125
I had planned to take led throwies, tape them to the inner surface
of a clear trash bag, blow the bag up and then toss them over the
barbed wire fence containing the San Pedro site. This site has
become a site of investigation but not a site in which to complete
a project.
I had been asking myself to throw LEDs, lithium batteries, and
rare earth magnets onto my site with no foreseeable chance of
reclaiming them after the experiment. This essentially told me
that I can not step foot on the site. Anything rare must not be left
unclaimed, right?
The lagoon/river ecosystems of northern San Diego county are
an unique occurrence in Southern California. I will not ask my-
self to leave items unclaimed here.
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Site Modication:
Whoa!
This is a tomato farm
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127
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129This is southern california
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This is under state control
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131
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This is rancho margarita
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135
This is camp pendleton marine corp base
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10101010101010101010
Striating military apparatus
behaving openly
Seeking to “occupy an ‘unmanaged landscape,’ free from the impo-
sition of orders that have been tied ever tighter by the hands of progress and the
military-industrial artice that direct them”
Anthony Burke
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137
Current development models maximize
property road access either through a
street grid or, as in much of suburban
America, by snaking roads through sub-
divisions. Though this maximizes edge
length, the surface area of the roads
has increased exponentially, creat-
ing inefcient property to road ratios.[SkycarCity UWM]
narrative Current infrastructural thinking serves the private. The po-
lar thinking inherent in asking society where it will go rather than ask-ing where are things picking up speed leads to top down planned societ-
iesbenettingbusinesspluggingintoabottomupphysicalinfrastructure.
The last two centuries have been about expansion. The Manifest Destiny
spirit of the 1800’s led to the construction of railroads spanning across
the continent by 1869. The 20th century’s cheap oil incited the spread
of the automobile and ultimately the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956.
The 21st century is already shaping up to be the digital infrastructure
age. The military lies at the heart of this shift. Military technology has
long made its way into civilian use, most notably as satellites. The mili-
tary will continue to develop this digital infrastructure. An infrastruc-tureasambiguousasthemarshandtheseaisneededtollthegapbe -
tween military and civilian use in technology paid for by the taxpayer.
Dualistic thinking conceptmodel.
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The sandy ocean oor meets the slurpy plane of themarsh. The marsh/river ecosystem presents an interesting mixture of
natural infrastructure meeting the smoothness of the sea. While the infra-
structure of the marsh explicitly does the job of cleaning water for its en-
try to the sea, the daily ebb and ow of the tides as well as seasonal swell
action blur the boundaries between the two. Is the water fresh or is it salty?
The Golden StateCalifornia
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139
Is it land or is it sea?
[Peter Cook]
Tomato Fields
Interstate 5
Santa Margarita River
Del Mar
Recreational
Beach
Sea
Estuary
Base Housing
Camp Pendleton Marine CorpsBase
Dharavi, the shadow slumof Mumbai. Human gradi-ent applied to determinis-
tic infrastructure
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technicalities Camp Pendleton is the
breath between the continuous urban
surface of LA and Orange County, and
the sprawl of San Diego. Marine Corps
Base Camp Pendleton is often revered as
the saving grace from the impending Los
Angeles-icationof San Diego County.
The military’s hold on this land hasleft it relatively undeveloped. Amidst
its 125,000 acres, there are only 3,800
buildings and 500 miles of road. The
military’s ownership of the land as the
only reason for area as undeveloped is a
slightoversimplication.Hadthebase
never been commissioned, the natural
geography of the area would have slight-
ly subdued development, much like the
restraint seen in Laguna Beach. A series
of small creeks and the Santa Margarita
River run through gorges as they empty
into the ocean. These gorges and the
mountains would incur a less develop-
able land relative to the valleys of LA
and Orange County.
The site sits within this larger geographi-
cal context just 2 and a quarter miles past
the Oceanside/Camp Pendleton border.
At Camp Pendleton’s north edge lies San
Clemente; northeast Cleveland National
Forest; and east Fallbrook.
Los Angeles-ication
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SITEwithin larger Camp Pendleton Setting
141
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My site is the daisy in the cracks. The scale is much larg-
er of course, but not galactic. This is still architectural, no cosmos.
Articial surface suffocates the earth beneath it. Where vegetation grew wildly
before, parking’s pavement inhibits its growth. Boundaries apply.
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143
[A] special system of direct in-
terregional highways, with all
necessary connections through and around
cities, designed to meet the requirements
of the national defense and the needs of a
growing peacetime trafc of longer range.
[what was needed per FDR]
Daisy, the bounded individualand friend.
narrative We stratify the earth. Lay layer upon layer upon
soil, sand, and clay and then expect that after that, it will not
grow. But it does. The daisy grows through the cracks it forms.
The material of the earth is not submissive, but supple. Wecall them weeds and spray them. The pesticide soaks into their
leaves and they die. Their seeds, however, do not leave. They
stay. A tree pushes through another crack. And if its roots are
strong enough, pavers are pushed aside, sidewalks are lifted,
andaatplanebecomesahingepinnedaroundtherootofan
elm. Yes, it can be suppressed, but no it cannot at all times.
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My site is a result of the 1956 Federal Highway Act. It is the daisy too.
The daisy grows from a residual set in action. The residual of
infrastructure slivers. Where freeways converge; overpasses, on ramps,
and off ramps slide in and out of interstate surface leaving space slivers.
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145
The one degree of freedom of the trackstakes priority over the two degree freedom
of the car. The left over is allowed to
be wild to exist in a quasi-natural state
bounded by interstate and train tracks.
[site specic sliver]
narrative We live in a top-down world. Our nomadic ances-
tors roamed the earth in an open system. What they neededwas the world in front of them. Their resources, their nutri-
ents, their sustenance for survival passed directly from the earth
to the mouth. Today is much different. Our current thinking
favors predetermined control. Modern infrastructural think-
ing supplies these pre-lived events, this predetermined growth.
The smooth space of the earth has always been such. Enti-
ties ow in and out of each other, transforming, mutating,
growing. At a larger scale, it is all one surface. Today, the
federal highway system is all one surface. In 1956, the Fed-eral Highway Act passed. incited by Franklin D. Roosevelt.
.Marine Corps Base sitebounded by interstate 5 and
railroad
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147
Privately Leased
Farmland
I-5
Train
Tracks
SITE SLIVER
River
River
Extent
N
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149
passing trains
passing in car
peninsula - island - bottom contour
150
148
154
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Driving along boundary, the site is present as a passing. It reads like agrove of eucalyptus trees and is. The interstate approaches, moves for-
ward head on and wraps around trees appearing to foat over the interstate.
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151
Until the bell rolls
on its greased axle,
the morning’s music
is not mechanical.
[Joa Suorez]
Photos taken on northboundI-5 every 15 seconds Site in
Black from Point toScribble.
Looking into site from east
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155
the passing cars the cars are loud when they pass. They cre-
ate a rythmic roar. There are no surprises only a steady stream
of drivers. Minus the sounds of the car and the site is a much
different place. The sound serves as the only sign of its loca-
tion between to Interstate roads. The site offers a type of seren-
ity in its white noise of the passing cars and almost wild lookingsite. Like the driver passing the site in a ‘serenity capsule,’ the
site is a relief. Unlike the unawareness that develops after driv-
ing for some time, this site asks that you be aware. All its facets
want to be exposed and they’re right there. Commuters heading
north to Orange County pass through Camp Pendleton everyday
along the I-5. With no trafc, it is a nice 30 minute scenic drive.
(Opp) Video Stills of a 180ºScene at Site Prow, SouthernEnd Overlooking I-5, BNSFRailway, and Santa Marga-rita River. In the distance tothe right is Del Mar Beach
area of Camp Pendleton
Follow the Cars. Stills Everysecond. Southbound I-5,
West of Site
the “wild” site, where are the cars?oh listen
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My site is a result of the 1956 Federal Highway Act. It is the daisy too. The
daisy grows from a residual set in action. The residual of infra-
structure slivers. Where freeways converge; overpasses, on ramps, and off
ramps slide in and out of interstate surface leaving space slivers.
Peninsula at Mid Tide State3/4 Mile from Mean High
Tide Line
Becomes Island
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Island off Site between I-5 Northbound and Southbound
Rising Tide Markings
Becomes Bottom Contour
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(Below) As the tide fees,barnacles reveal themselvesand birds re-land. (Previ-ous) “Drawings”marked the
changing water level.
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159
peninsula - island - bottom contour with sticks of 24,” I drew around the
sandbars edges at low tide. I chose an
island and a peninsula. As the tide rose,
the peninsula became an island; the island
became a bottom contour; and eventu-
ally both became bottom with high tide.
These drawings had already existed in
other forms. The site lies along an inter-esting part of the Santa Margarita River/
Estuary ecology. This is an area of river
and estuary gradient. The ebb and ow
of the ocean’s tide makes its way into
this region, almost a mile from the mean
high tide line. Plinths of concrete and
a jetty below the northbound I-5 touch
the water here as the only man-made
constrictions of the ecology. Barnacles
encrust themselves along these hard
surfaces revealing the changing water
levels and the inuence of the salty sea.
The low tide leaves once foating algae strung along salt grass.
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large scale hydrology the Santa
Margarita Watershed covers 740
square miles. Its major water body
is the Santa Margarita River which is
formed by the conuence of the Mur-
rieta and Temecula Creeks (Opp. Top)
Dissimilarly, many major water bod-
ies make up the San Juan Watershed
to the north. Here, a series of creeks
and small gorges nd their way to the
ocean. It covers 496 square miles.
To the south, the San Luis Rey Wa-
tershed covers 562 square miles. It
originates 6000’ above sea level in the
Palomar and Hot Springs Mountains.
< H y d r o l o g y >
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wetland classifcation fowing between:
[P] Palustrine - The Palustrine System includes all nontidal
wetlands dominated by trees, shrubs, emergents, mosses or
lichens, and all such wetlands that occur in tidal areas where
salinity due to ocean derived salts is below 0.5 ppt. Wetlands
lacking such vegetation are also included if they
exhibit all of the following characteristics:
1. are less than 8 hectares ( 20 acres );
2. do not have an active wave-formed or bedrock shoreline
feature;
3. have at low water a depth less than 2 meters (6.6 feet in the
deepest part of the basin;
4. have a salinity due to ocean-derived salts of less than0.5 ppt.
[SS] Scrub-Shrub - Includes areas dominated by woody veg-
etation less than 6 m (20 feet) tall. The species include true
shrubs, young trees (saplings), and trees or shrubs that are
small or stunted because of environmental conditions.
[R] Seasonal-Tidal - No denition given
and[E] Estuarine - The Estuarine System describes deepwater
tidal habitats and adjacent tidal wetlands with low energy andvariable salinity, inuenced and often semi-enclosed by land.
(1) Subtidal - These habitats are continuously submerged sub-
strate, (i.e. below extreme low water).
[UB] Unconsolidated Bottom - Includes all wetlands and
deepwater habitats with at least 25% cover of particles smaller
than stones (less than 6-7 cm), and avegetative cover less than
30%.
[L] Subtidal - The substrate is permanently ooded with tidal
water.emtpying into[M] Marine - The Marine System describes open ocean and
high energy coastlines with salinities exceeding 30 parts per
thousand (ppt) and little or no dilution except outside the
mouths of estuaries.
(1) Subtidal - These habitats are continuously submerged sub-
strate, (i.e. below extreme low water).
[UB] Unconsolidated Bottom - Includes all wetlands and
deepwater habitats with at least 25% cover of particles smallerthan stones (less than 6-7 cm), and a vegetative cover less
than 30%.
[L] Subtidal - The substrate is permanently ooded with tidal
water.
< W e t l a n d s a n d D e e p w a t e r H a b i t a
t s C l a s s i f c a t i o n
N a t i
o n a l W e t l a n d s I n v e n t o r y M a p p i n g C o d e D e s c r i p t i o n
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< p r o g r a m
starting with a farmer, a sergeant, a private, and a train
conductor
(right) Program notes
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Coming and going
rather than starting and nishing; arrival/departure; destination that is
persistently claimed/unclaimed
But there does exist substrate
Substrate, the substance or layer that underlies something, or on which some process occurs
the process of substanceAlthough ends do not exist, substrate allows individuals to stop, to breathe, to collect, and watch “some process
[that] occurs” before them.
This is where the palm fronds in the sky x the eyes upon themselves and the mind begins
the coming and going…
Coming and going in culture: we witness culture unfold upon itself through
substrate
The child stops to watch the train go by, at once to be fascinated by it and to also understand its move-
ment, the process of acceleration. The old man sits, crosses his legs, glances at the palm fronds, but this time heobserves. He watches the coming and going around him.
“Kleist, Lenz, and Buchner have another
way of traveling and moving: proceeding
from the middle, coming and going
rather than starting and nishing…
…They know how to move between things, establish a logic of the AND, overthrow ontology, do away with
foundations, nullify endings and beginnings.
They know how to practice pragmatics.”
-Deleuze & Guattari
There are gradients in this coming and going. Because as soon as that boy stops, he can begin again. The inclusion
of sedentary or passive spaces adds complexity to this understanding. The large sloping oor and stepped seating
of the opera induce the individual to sit. During the length of the opera the coming and going plays out in the mind.
The exchange between spectacle and viewer is engaged. And in the classroom, the student sits attentively. The
teacher speaks and knowledge is exchanged through this interface.
These are the spaces of substrate of the mind. Where the process of knowledge expands to the observer.
And so I plan to mount the teeter totter with the user. To engage in a mutual play. I write the play and the audience
rewrites it, I rewrite it and the audience writes it.
“Behavior is a dynamic process of feedback
between states of formation and adaptation.
It does not assume a center, a body; behavior
ows between agents and scales. Behavior
is not always measured in terms of action
and reaction, one to one, but can switch
from eld to object and back again,
creating non-linear patterns of relations between micro and molar states.”
-Tom Wiscombe
This is pragmatics. It is process. The ends don’t justify practicality. The being set in action justies practicality.
But we do not set, we become.
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Bonavich, Edna and Jake B. Wilson. Getting the Goods: Ports, Labor, and the
Logistics Revolution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008.
Brown, Elspeth H., Catherine Gudis, and Marina Moskowitz. Cultures of Com
merce: Representation and American Business Culture, 1877-1960. NY: Pal
grave Macmillan, 2006.
Brownell, Blaine. Transmaterial: A Catalog of Materials that Redene Our Phy
sical Environment. NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006.
Burns, Carol J. and Andrea Kahn. Site Matters. NY: Routledge, 2005.
Close, Frank. Particle Physics: A Very Short Introduction. NY: Oxford Univer
sity Press, 2004.
Cooper, Casey. “History of the US Highway System: From Dirt Paths to
Superhighways.” 1 December 2008.
<http://www.gbcnet.com/ushighways/history.html> Gausa, Manuel. “Antitypes.” Actar Arquitectura. 4 October 2008.
<http://www.archilab.org/public/2000/catalog/actar/actaren.htm#>
“Enrique Peñalosa.” Projects for Public Spaces. 1 October 2008.
<http://www.pps.org/info/placemakingtools/placemakers/epenalosa>
Howse, P.E. Termites: A Study in Social Behaviour. London: Hutchinson & Co
Ltd., 1970.
Kofranek, Anton M., Margaret J. McMahon, and Vincent E. Rubatzky. Hart
mann’s Plant Science: Growth, Development, and Utilization of Cultivated
Plants. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc., 2002.Koolhaas, Rem. Rem Koolhass: Conversations with students. Architecture at
Rice 30. NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996.
Koolhaas, Rem. Delirious New York. NY: The Monacelli Press, Inc., 1994.
Koolhaas, Rem. “Life in the Metropolis” or “The Culture of Congestion.” Ar
chitectural Design 47, no. 5 (August 1977)
Lewis, Paul, Tsurumaki, Marc, and David J. Lewis. Situation Normal… Pam
phlet Architecture 21. NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 1998.
Miss M. “An Interview with Manuel de Landa.” Zero News Datapool. 1 Octo
ber 2008. <http://t0.or.at/delanda/intdelanda.htm> Peters, Michael A. Poststructuralism, Marxism, and Neoliberalism: Between The
ory and Politics. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littleeld, Inc., 2001.
Rand, Ayn. For the New Intellectual. NY: Signet, 1961.
Romero, Fernando and LAR. Hyper-Border: The Contemporary U.S.-Mexico
Border and its Future. NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2008.
Ross, David. Some Among Them are Killers Unmanaged Landscapes for Non
U.S. Military and Government Users. Pamphlet Architecture 24. New York:
Princeton Architectural Press, 2003.
Melzer, Arthur M., Jerry Weinberger, and M. Richard Zinman. Democracy andthe Arts. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.
Schwarzer, Mitchell. Zoomscape: Architecture in Motion and Media. NY: Princ
eton Architectural Press, 2004.
Smout Allen. Augmented Landscapes. Pamphlet Architecture 28. NY: Princ
eton Architectural Press, 2007.
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b i b l i o g r a p h y
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“The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense High
ways.” United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Ad
ministration. 1 December 2008.
<http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/routender/index.htm>
Thurman, Harold V. and Alan P. Trujillo. Essentials of Oceanography. 9th ed.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc., 2008.
United States. U.S. Geological Survey. Hydrologic- and Salt – Balance Inves
tigations Utilizing Digital Models Lower San Luis Rey River Area: San Di
ego County, California. 1974.
United States. Marine Corps. Economic Impact Summary: Camp Pendleton,
California. 1993.
Wiscombe, Tom. “Emergent Processes.” 28 September 2008.
<http://www.emergentarchitecture.com>
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Fig 1.2-14Previous Formatting
Attitude
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the individual
Described in…
Birth & death
6 stages of life
(infancy, childhood, adolescence,
young adulthood, adulthood, old age)
Adding points
1 point, this may represent an individual. On the right, an image from Leave it to Beaver, the quintessential
suburban white of the 50’s.
2 and 6 points in an individual’s life. As multiple individual points, we locate them in space in relation to each
other. These relations build values.
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Birth & death
Birth, some middle, & death
6 stages of life
A line through the points of the individual
introduces time
ng time
What is the nature of the path?
A line is drawn through the points. In our culture, reading left to right we have introduced time. The points now
represent periods of time for that individual. They are now related in time and space. Time initiates change. The
line is important because it attempts to describe a path through time, throughout life.
If we populate the line with an innite amount of individual points, we attempt to describe the human through
time. Perhaps, the innite amount of points could be summed up from a biological perspective, but that is hardly
the totality of the human. What is the nature of that path? What has formed you? What has inuenced you?
Populating the line infinitesimally
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Rings as structure
Essentially I am asking what is the condition of becoming? How can this be described visually and orally? A
set of rings encircles the line now as structure, the structures of lives; the institutions and identities ascribed to the
individual. The line is set in motion through the structures, but the structures are not so simple. They themselves
are extremely complex and must resolve their own identities as well.
Rings encircle the individual and the line
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Plates with thkness
Rings become porous plates with weights
(structures have their own identities and gravities to resolve)
Finding way through structures of society
The path removed
The circles can be considered as circular plates with some thickness for they are not individual hoops to jump
through, but hold weight themselves. Fortunately, the plates are porous., but their porosity and size differs. There
are multiple ways to proceed. To manage these porous disks, the path becomes sinuous. The line through the rings
is no longer linear. Here is where the notion of linear time is abandoned. A single day during high school is not
as important as the day I met my ancé. That is my own simplied example for abandoning linear concepts of time. We can all relate to this notion of nonlinear time based on our own memories, our nostalgic notions of the
important things in our lives. And of course in a scientic way, we can look to the theories of Einstein to see that
time is not linear but relativistic to an object’s velocity relative to the speed of light.
The points have been removed. They are not accurate in describing the human. Asking now: what composes the
human? The cultural environment and what else?
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Multiple paths, multiple lines of flight
(own sense of identity in “the many places where we
reside”)
Even now this set of drawings can not dene the complexity of identity. But isn’t that what is trying to be said,
that it cannot be dened. But it can be appreciated. Here is another group of images going one step further. We do
not go down only one path in our lives, but multiples. As French philosopher Gilles Deleuze and his counterpart
psychoanalyst Felix Guattari say in their book, A Thousand Plateaus, we are engaged in multiple lines of ight.
Here we see many paths structured with our porous plates from before.
The paths have become nonlinear, in fact even circuitous at moments. What appears loose like a scribble is actu-
ally a way to begin to describe these very complex issues of identity in time and space.
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What is architecture’s role in this for me? Through a better understanding of the construction of identity, I not
only develop a geometrical language of meaning to build with, but develop a broader sense of architecture in its
totality. I am not concerned with the purity of architecture as an autonomous eld if it does not test itself within
the built environment. Composed as such, architecture loses autonomy and becomes part of something much
larger including the elds of science, art, sociology, philosophy, mathematics, history, and popular culture; all in
real time.
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landspace
P
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WIN
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185
TER
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PROCESS
N F E R S T R U C T U R E an infrastructure that infers
rather than from explicit}
U P R A S T R U C T U R E an infrastructure that refers
F I C T I O N A L creature propagates realityS T U D I O 4 0 0
cal
david j pearson
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{to deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning
{to someone or something mentioned above or earlier}
{camp pendleton marine corps base, san diego, ca}
Karen L a n g e
2008-09 p a r t i a l c o m p l e t i o n o f b a r c h. poly
a n o v e r v i e w ( 1 8 6 )
w h e r e d i d t h i s g o ? ( 1 9 2 )
s i t e m a p p i n g ( 2 0 0 )
s i t e m o v e s + p r o g r a m ( 2 1 0 )
n a r r a t i v e s ( 2 2 8 )
p o s i t i o n a l / r e l a t i o n a l s t u d y ( 2 2 6 )
p r o g r a m ( 2 2 8 )
m a t e r i a l / f o r m a l s t u d i e s ( 2 3 2 )
light 246vegetated/structural integration 274
c a p s u l e s ( 2 8 4 )
g e s t u r e m o d e l 1 ( 2 8 8 )
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Current infrastructural thinking serves the private. The polar thinking inherent in ask-
ing society where it will go rather than asking where are things picking up speed leads
to top down planned societies benetting business plugging into a bottom up physical
infrastructure. The last two centuries have been about expansion. The Manifest Destinyspirit of the 1800’s led to the construction of railroads spanning across the continent by
1869. The 20th century’s cheap oil incited the spread of the automobile and ultimately
the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The 21st century is already shaping up to be the
digital infrastructure age.
the issue
1. how does infrastructure affect the democratic nature of place/
how is democratic participation experienced amidst infrastructure/what boundaries does infrastructure impose/
what does physical infrastructure serve/
what does digital infrastructure serve
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clever idea - wrong answer
modern thinking
an overview
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camp pendleton[marine corps base]
where
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Camp Pendleton is the breath between the continuous urban surface
of LA and Orange County, and the sprawl of San Diego. Marine
Corps Base Camp Pendleton is often revered as the saving grace
from the impending Los Angeles-ification of San Diego County. The
military’s hold on this land has left it relatively undeveloped. Amidst
its 125,000 acres, there are only 3,800 buildings and 500 miles of
road. At Camp Pendleton’s north edge lies San Clemente; northeast
Cleveland National Forest; and east Fallbrook.
san diego
los angeles
san francisco
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1769 Conquistadores arrive on Saint
Margaret’s Day
1841-1882
NOW home to 60,000 military family members; 322 species, 5 endangered or near
threatened; 90,000 daily workers; nudist beach; nuclear power plant; state park; mili-
tary training; interstate 5; burlington northern santa fe rail; the last free-flowing river in
southern california; natural wildlife corridor from palomar mountain range.
Luiseños Indians inhabit area living in huts
near water sources. Women gathered seeds,
roots, wild berries, acorns, wild grapes,
strawberries, wild onions, and prickly pear in
finely woven baskets. The men hunted deer,
antelopes, rabbits, wood rats, ducks, quail,
seafood, and various insects.
what
NOW home to 60,000 military family members; 322 species, 5 endangered or
near threatened; 90,000 daily workers; nudist beach; nuclear power plant; state
park; military training; interstate 5; burlington northern santa fe rail; the last
free-owing river in southern california; natural wildlife corridor from mounain
range.
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Serves as Rancho Santa Margarita
Sept 1939 WWII begins and in 1942 Marine
Corps buys ranch land as staging post for Pa-
cific operations.
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potential space . potential realities
project gone about through autopsy [death through
removed culture and ultimate distillation of
mation and manipulation of existing parts t
FICTIONAL CREATURE PROPAGATES REALITY
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A “creature” to move alongtracks and harness energyfrom jersey barrier retrotted
with small wind turbines.
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197
The military has just announced ambitious plans forthe design and construction of a machine that will
roam the area between north and southbound Interstate
5 just north of the Oceanside/Camp Pendleton border.
It will conduct environmental tests and amend toxicity
as seen t through the planting of native plants germi-
nated within its greenhouse. Using contemporary sci-
ence and military spending it will grow itself through
the collection of unwanted particles (CO2) into a series
of 3 dimensional ber optic surfaces (19th ce. pointil-lism no longer mocked leaves 2d space). The surfaces
will disseminate information based upon car velocities
(trafc) and particulate matter to commuters through
movement of the cables acting as a eld and color. The
sliver lies along the stretch of land between Oceanside
and San Clemente known as Camp Pendleton Marine
Corps Base. Historical uses have varied from early Na-
tive American camps along water bodies to the Santa
Margarita Rancho. Its importance now lies at the in-
tersection of military territorializing and the last free-
owing river of Southern California. The local com-
munities, the military, and various conservation groups
are working together in this unique project.
Skepticism has risen around the real motives of a mili-
tary caught between recent immigration laws and..
beginning
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beginning functions of a cow
what does a roaming creature do here? remedy and
propagate reality. fctional creature propagates real-
ity.
early functioning of this creature strapped oversizedweighty antennae receptors, a gigantic screen, digging
legs, and a spiraling observatory platforms to a growing
“ball.”
it became:
functions: disseminate information of...
particulate matter
auto velocitysample water toxicity
remediate areas of tox-
icity
program: 3d surface service of 12000 ft. cubed, surfaces of ber
optic cables
with a critical territory of:
river+south of river sliver bounded by interstate 5 lanes
north and southbound
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Early Mass Study
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beginning architectural gestures
coupling the freeway and railroad surfaces
the tower determines the information from each surface.
information disseminates from its surfaces through ex-
posed human activity and the creature/armature/tower
relationship.
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Endangered speciesmanagement zone
Del Mar BeachLifeguards
Game Warden
Singh & Sons Farm
Cal TransBNSF Railroad
NCTD Maintenance Yard
Overlapping jurisdictions withinsite vicinity
Camp Pendleton
Oceanside
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what are these jurisdictions?
THE GAME WARDEN patrols the Marine Corps Base
ensuring animal and military training activity don’t con-
ict. The warden heavily uses a trail beneath the inter-
state that cuts through the site.
SINGH & SONS FARM grows tomatoes on swaths of
land both east and west of the interstate. Farming ac-
tivities occur most in early spring (tilling and sowing )
and in late summer through fall (harvesting).
THE NCTD MAINTENANCE YARD washes, repairs,
and overhauls existing Coaster and Sprinter commuter
trains of San Diego County.
THE ENDANGERED SPECIES MANAGEMENT
ZONE protects the breeding and hatching ground of the
California Least Tern and Snowy Plover.
THE DEL MAR BEACH LIFEGUARDS patrol a rec-
reational portion of this area of coastline mostly ofim-
its. Summer sees a high volume of people descend onto
this beach. Their jurisdiction ends at the southern edge
of the Santa Margarita Rivermouth.
THE BURLINGTON NORTHERN SANTA FE RAIL-
ROAD owns the railroad tracks running through and 2
feet from the ties in both directions perpendicularly al-
though they are responsible for the maintenance of the
property from the tracks to the adjacent surfaces (I-5).
CAL TRANS is responsible for the construction of the
interstate and road system and bridges of California.
this series of overlapping jurisdictions allows a unique public/private relationship
to exist. oddities from overlapping jurisdictions have developed allowing such be-
haviors as nudism, water fowl hunting, animal trapping, and pesticide laced water
disposal to occur. the site is clearly overtaken by “caretakers.” how do i reconcile
these?
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Interstate 5 (8 lanes) + rail-road (1 track, 2 proposed)
single family residential
downtown OS
open space
beach recreation area/harbor
infrasctructural sliver
Camp Pendleton
Oceanside
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Air Routes
CamPen Land Use
Live Fire & Maneuver Leases (non-military use)
Amphibious Training
Land Routes
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how is the earth moved across?
military use
in a larger sense the entire area of camp pendleton expe-
riences military activity whether by land, air, or sea. a
maneuver corridor runs along the trail cutting through
the site. here soldiers march, jeeps wrangle, and tanks
trek. further east into the mountains, live re erupts.
this series of maps shows the varying amount of motion across the terrain of camp
pendleton by land, air, and sea.
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user groups?
300-322 species (the highest category of Ca Species Di-
versity) inhabit the Camp Pendleton Area.
California Cougar- Cleveland National Forest and ne
CamPen. Near threatened and protected in Ca
Mule Deer- Cleveland National Forest and northeast
CamPen; some potential fawning in north west Pendle-
ton (San Onofre). Least concern
Gray Fox- Cleveland nat. forest and northeast CamPen.
Least concern
Brown Headed Cowbird- wetlands mostly, San Mateo
Creek and Santa Margarita Estuary. Least concern,
birds from north that migrate in winter
Western Bluebird- Cleveland National Forest and north-
east CamPen; San Mateo Creek. Least concern, birds
from north that migrate in winter
California Gnatcatcher- coastal ranges of Pulgas to San
Onofre. Endangered. Frequents dense coastal sage
scrub, non-migratory
Least Bell Vireo- small slivers, one near SMER. Not
threatened in general but endangered subspecies in
Coastal Ca
Cactus Wren- throughout CamPen. Least concern
Orange Throated Whiptail Lizard- speckled on CamPen
coast. Data decient
Arroyo Southwestern Toad- nearly nonexistent. Endan-
gered and fully protected
California Least Tern- Endangered. SM Rivermouth
is only natural nesting site remaining in CA besides 2
remnant colonies.
the species that make the lists of concern, endangered, threatened....
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500ʼ 1500ʼN Santa Margarita River and Tidal
Marsh - Predictable Motion Study
Unpredictable marks plus sound device introductions to re-cord hatching of least tern and snowy plover eggs
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how is the earth moved across?
ecological patterning
the movement of nearby organisms, machines, and molecules leave
traces of their presence despite their predictable or unpredictable na-
ture.
What moves, the periodic, predictable motion over the surface of
the earth.
tides: ebb and ow twice daily (exceptions 3-5 days/month); range:
-1.6’- to 7.1’+
trains: 50 passenger/freight daily traveling through sliver
least tern: wiggles butt in sand, lays egg. and beach is off limits march
1- september 15
crops: harvested in fall, tilled in early spring
interstate 5: morning commute to orange county, evening return
How will I move across it?
sound devices spaced every 50’ record egg shell cracking frequency,
which is relayed to tower.
creature, armature, tower, offramp + vehicle popouts for viewing site
from car
How have others moved across leaving evidence of unpredictable
movement?
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the frst site moves
a tower placed atop a slope rising 36’ from the river’s
northern bank provides access at 36’ for drivers-by ap-
proaching from the offramp and at its base connection
to the river. an offramp entering the sliver at the prow
of the hill. the addition of two new lanes, one popping
in and out corresponding to clearings in the trees for
views to the ocean.
armatures emerging from the base of the tower connect-
ing to the inside through the plants on tracks.
bioswales absorb surface runoff of interstate slowly
cleansing the water they take in before meeting the
river. potential for new jurisdictions. what endangered
species will inhabit these bioiswales?
Armatures
Bioswales
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Gestural programmatic section study
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tower relationship to armature device
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BIOSWALES AND SOUND DEVICES
=epa [new jurisdiction]
an odd relationship exists between what can be and what might be. The bystander asks what might
be. An active agent asks what can be set into action. The value of a bioswale is the ability to cleanse water.
Sometimes it becomes habitat. So what if the least tern sets up shop on a bioswale. Does the epa get involved?
Let’s give them a “potential” ofce. {The value of a bioswale next to a least tern nesting site presents possible
relationships}
This architecture of potential space. The narrative of potential reality.
The totality of the bioswale can not be understood without adjacent entities. A least tern inhabits the
swale (builds nest --` bringing egg, cracking egg and life). The epa creates/extends the endangered speciesmanagement zone to the freeway, to the underpasses.
BREEDING TAKES PLACE ON SALT FLATS.
what is the most we can do outside of the sliver with the
volumes, contours, landscape within the sliver
use the sliver, love the sliver
multiplicity of ofce spaces to occupy jurisdictions. Perpetual bureaucratic complexity
machine.
Relations build value. Relation to the whole, broken into the parts, beyond the parts.
What else builds value?
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an armature emerges from the landscape oating and touching down lightly along the river
ecosystem. toxicity levels are continuoulsy treated and plant remediation is performed
where high levels of toxic elements occur. the adjacent farm’s pesticide laced water
(ows into river at night) and interstate surface runoff require constant oversight in
this endangered species managment zone.
the armature recedes into the landscape and up into the tower where small plants are
germinated and raised to young health in glass orbs which follow a tracking system ofthe sun.
high tide
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plan
glass orb greenhouse
low tide
elevations
device movement based
upon areas of remediation
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THE CASUAL EGO DRIVER
All I want to know is why there? I drive over this bridge everyday staring at the sea
until the brush and eucalyptus intercept my view. Actually, the only place I slow is
this stretch. I look mostly at the sea, but occasionally to the east up into the moun-
tains and gorges that the river recedes into. I’m waiting for the dust storms. The
caution orange sign along the hill lters the view of the tomato elds. It states:
CAUTION:
PERIODIC DUST STORMS
REDUCE SPEED
I doubt that’s why I slow. But the building, my god. It’s halfway to the middle of
nowhere on this stretch and a third of the way past Oceanside. It’s either bustling
with the movement of some glass shapes moving steadily or dead like the other
few buildings on base seen from the 5. I can only tell they’re glass because of the
marching glowing dots of light as the sun strikes in early morning. I wouldn’t say
I don’t like the building, just curiosity I suppose. Like all military buildings my in-
terest peaks as I wonder what the hell goes on inside them. But this one, I’m eager
to know what it is cause it actually tells me something. Those glass shapes…
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221personal accounts
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THE MARINE
My only opinion: this is us. I report to my government. My duty has brought me
here, but it started in another time. My boys in Iraq, they’re fascinated. I don’t
say much on duty. Don’t need to. We’re here observing. Somehow it’s a greater
purpose. They restructured military service to the environment. It seems odd, I
know, but you know what, what the hell, why not? Life’s weird. Here now, but my
campaigns took me all over and I can say we’re not all that different and I’m talking
about all life. These least terns down there, they mean something, little breeding
creatures, this river last of its kind in California. So all this stuff, it’s good.
So ya I’m proud. I may not be on the frontline with a bullet hose in hand, but some-
thing’s happening here. Things are changing. And fuck look at this structure, it does
things I don’t understand, houses things I peer in at and the best thing for me, I’m
here on duty with people from all walks. We’ve got civilians of all kinds: a biolo-
gist, botanists, a CalTrans guy, a railroad dude, techy guys, and all kinds of people
walking through.
“Corporal!”
“Yes, Sergeant Major!”…trail to oblivion
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THE MIGRANT WORKER
Ah el norte, no es todo que pensaba, pero
no hace falta. Gano dollars y estoy con-
tento, dinero para mi familia y regreso.
He trabajado en otros lugares pero aquí
es diferente. Veo una diversidad de vida
que no ves en los estados unidos al lado
de las granjas. El ejercito tieno muhco
aquí. Ellos son extraños, no le meto en
sus problemas. Tiene una mente diferente
que la mía. Sus acciones son sospecho-
sas pero cuando hablamos, son amables.
Pero, ahora me da igual. Además hay
la carretera, el tren, el mar, un estuario,
especies de pájaros, y el viento. Me en-
canta el viento del mar. Ah basta! Adíos
y un saludo, ándale a ti.
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THE RESEARCH SCIENTIST
I’m nally doing the kind of cutting edge research I always wanted to. We
are unlocking the genetic code, the secrets of plants that have been aroundfor ages. We are back at our primordial roots looking for answers when man
foraged and hunted. Little did we know the answers lied in the food we eat,
our very own sustenance. We have discovered three plant species and two
migratory birds thought to be extinct, all within this sliver. A sliver between
2 freeways for god sakes! Plant life has truly become our salvation, it has
become real life, amidst us. And it is not so as some grand narrative... I must
return to work.
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positional/relational program study
35,000 square foot tower
horizon/upload space:creature to ll the horizon, men to take it away
meeting space: following horizon activities
massive strutural core: splitting below to support structural ringed re-
peating oor plates above
spectator’s disjunctive space: see river, see trafc, expe-
rience site, alternative horizon of I-5 surface
circulation: spiraling from below
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perched into the hill, entering above and below, public from “pri-
vate” freeway where we learn publicity of interstate, spiraling acen-sion from private military space, looking at the sea, looking at cars, mind-
ing the river, appreciating atness of estuary, no longer just driving by.
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self-organized blends
by hand with matter + some reaction
plant experiments became study models, became orga-
nized parts to build from, became organized tension to
blend.
i searched for an avenue to morph the pre-self-orga-
nized plant matter with new self-organized wax/watertemperature reaction.
these became self-organized blends.
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beginning gestures
by hand: intuiton + instinct studies
from a helix a blurob emerged, but it lacked
surface.
from styrofoam, a collage arose.
molding cooling wax and soap, i folded with
my hands
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drawings done concurrently
drawings pushed certain ideas creating parts for later con-
glomerations and ideas for emerging behaviors to come.
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methods
the interpretation of light
The basic phenomena of light became a motive force in
formal/systems development. The rst study involved
a specic naturally occurring lighting condition. The
light quality of the inside of a breaking wave’s unique-
ness lies in the reection of the water and the complex
curving, moving, and transforming surfaces of the wa-
ter.
The second investigation arose out of need. The need to
reinterpret 3 dimensional analog models (pp. 238-244)
2 dimensionally and digitally. A at bed scanner served
as the tool to accomplish this. Through the passing of
a linear beam of light, the scanner describes a 3 dimen-
sional object with color value.
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drawing system based on light
a way of drawing developed to mimic the light quali-
ties of the inside of a breaking wave
1. dene curvature desired
2. dene origin point (center of mass of curve)
3. horizon line based on origin point
4. draw vertical from origin point
5. draw line between intersections of curve (1) and vertical (4); curve
and horizon (3)
6. opening dened (use to determine envelope, coverage, facade
quality)
7. bisect opening into equal parts. extend bisection to curvature (sta-
ble light region defned)
8. draw line between horizon and curve intersection and vertical and
curve intersection (directed light defned)
9. connection determined locally (based upon circulation, meeting
points, view to river, etc.)
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transforming the draw-
ings allowed another
level of interpretation
and intuition to emerge.
asking questions of form
and movement guided de-
cisions in replication,
rotation, scaling, etc.
layering
scaled and rotated
capsule build
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scaled successively every 2
how can growth be “scaffolded”
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receding in space
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elbow symmetry
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bull symmetry
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sociological
intensity
study (pp.)
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How does this become physical again?
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CNC machined
mold derived
from Rhi-
no studies
Holes drilled
through the
mold allow
thermoforming
of PolyEth-
ylene Glycol
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Thermoforming, the process of heating a thermoplastic material and shaping it into a
mold, produced a skin based on the shape of the CNC mold. This mold derived from the
plant/wax/light study exhibited characteristics of a living integrated structural system.
The thermoforming process provides varying levels precision in relation to the mold.
Parameters, such as temperature, material, and duration effect the detail achieved. ThePolyEthylene Glycol skins indicate these level of detail. Above, the resulting skin
was less precise than below. The disadvantage of the more precise skin if the appear-
ance of the holes used for the vacuum the machine uses to suck the plastic to the mold.
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Spray Adhe-
sive + MDF dust
Spray Adhesive + MDF
dust/plaster mix
Duotone spray paint
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By rst creating a mold, an innite number of skins can be produced. This allowed
not only an investigation of the different levels of detail the thermoform process
can attain but also the materiality, I myself could produce from this very manufac-tured material process. The intent was to create the look and spatial experience
of a structural system integrated with a living vegetated wall. Thus, an MDF dust
produced this effect best under the parameters of lighting conditions and overall bi-
zarreness. a spray paint application revealed the effects of an opaque surface.
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The perpetuating and ever-mutating changes of jurisdictions and
agencies of authority requires an architectural vessel reective of those behaviors. Capsule ofces open and close depending onboundary changes and arising responsibilities. Tendons extendfrom a structurally laced core. When new ofce space is needed,the tendons contract around structural steel ribs fabricated off siteand put in place by tower personnel.
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This rst building gestural model at 1/8” began dening relation-ships between spaces and site. Key strategies developed here were:primary public vertical circulation occurs within the atrium; research
labs ank its western edge for peripheral light; ofce spaces of thejurisdiction as well meeting spaces ank the eastern edge; ofcesbecome capsule like spaces gradiating from the structure decom-pression. They open/form/close depending on ofce space needs.
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MODEL
N F E R S T R U C T U R E an infrastructure that infers
rather than from explicit}
U P R A S T R U C T U R E an infrastructure that refers
C A R E T A K E R tower S T U D I O 4 0 0
cal
david j pearson
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{to deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning
{to someone or something mentioned above or earlier}
{camp pendleton marine corps base, san diego, ca}
Karen L a n g e
2008-09 p a r t i a l c o m p l e t i o n o f b a r c h. poly
s i t e m o d e l ( 2 9 6 )
f i n a l w o r k i n g m o d e l ( 3 0 0 )
entry/atrium 306
spiral ramp 312
capsules/tendons 314
research labs 322
observatory penthouse 328
program below/structural core 334
s y s t e m s ( 3 4 2 )
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The nal working model scaled at 1/4”began with a base constructed in a way tofurther understand this relationship of multiple systems. Its goal was` to ultimatelybuild a site model of tectonic quality that revealed unseen relationships. The struc-tural dowels presented a eld condition acting upon the site. They create a relation-ship to what is below that the mentality of a single surface can not produce.
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Public entrance on north view to interior atrium volume and abovelibrary space
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Entry path with spiraling ramp to river’s edge on left; elevator straight ahead and horizon upload space and reasearch labs toright
Atrium in plan: a continuous staircase meets a succession of ramps at each oor,rising another foot to meet the corresponding oor.
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Views rising along atrium counterclockwise
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Spiraling ramp from river level looking into entry/atrium space.Staircase ramp and capsules lie above.
The Ramp descends beneath a horizontal windowfacing the site sliver and interstate to the south.
Not far below, the change in river depth can beseen dpending on the tide.
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Capsule relationship to asending atrium ramp/staircase circulation.A series of plates connect to the landings to service the capsules andlibrary space. The library space sits above the north entry welcomingthe public. The live trace growth steel columns/plates extend to thecapsules and support the library space.
View from double story library space looking back into atrium with capsules to left
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Peripheral light from the atrium to the east lters into the research lab space. Research
lab ofces, digital labs, and conference rooms receive ltered light through the veg-etated strucutural west facade.
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The north facade sits adjacent to a row of existing eucalyptus trees atthe top of the hill. These trees demarcate the entry to the tower andlter the view of the interstate beyond.
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Worm’s eye view up structural spiralramp core. Core meets program belowto dene water treatment pools.
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Program below the ground plane includes water treatment and clas-sied military operations. The tower’s proximity to the river allowsconnection to the river and the water table providing water for thebuilding as well as pulling in toxic water from the river to treat.Building, farm, and railroad maintenance yard water all passesthrough this facility before its discharge into the river.
Series of stairs descend to water treatmentand classied military operations
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Blue scuppers allow the vegetated wall’s excess water to dripdown along the west face of the building, creating occasionalsheetings of water during periods of above average moisture.During periods of drought, the scuppers collect water each nightwhen the dew point is reached, much like an upside down um-brella or a canopy of trees in early morning.
When both the vegetated roof and fa-cade reach their saturation point, ex-cess water is diverted down the westface to the culvert which serves as anatural bioswale to cleanse the water before reaching the river.
Facade gutter
Vegetated wall system with integrated scuppers
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West facade
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For the open plan required for plant research labs, the structureis pushed to the atrium as a structural steel webbing and to the
facade on the exterior. Vierendeel trusses within the oor platescarry loads to the vegetated/structural facade and allow underoor interstitial space. This facade blends with a vegetated system thatminimizes the western heating load and afternoon glare.
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Vegetated wall-structural integration
Perforated metal screening
Live trace growth/steel base pilings extend-ing up along atrium as columns and trusses
Structure sans vegetation
The structural system emerges around the south independently,where it becomes 3 dimensional and ties into the steel base/live
trace columns and atrium steel webbing via trusses across the curv-ing ramps on the eastern side. To minimize heat load, a perforatedsteel screen partially covers the south face and extends below fromthe vegetated wall to cover the rst oor.
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Vegetated/Structural system expanding toward elevator core andlinking into live trace growth columns via trusses embedded in oor plates.
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David John Pearson
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STUDIO 400
K LANGE
2008-2009
California Polytechnic StateUniversity San Luis Obispo
Thank You Karen