Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) in infrastructure:Rules and guidance
Liesbeth TrompKees van IJselmuijden
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Engineers, Consultants, Architects, FRP team
Kees van IJselmuijden (engineer)
Ernst Klamer(engineer)
Liesbeth Tromp(FRP specialist)
Joris Smits(architect)
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FRP Capabilities Royal HaskoningDHV
� Engineering (including Finite Element Analysis)
� Architectural Design � Feasibility studies � Life Cycle Costing� Sustainability evaluations (LCA)
� Second opinion and consultancy� Tender documents� System based contract
management/ Quality Control
� Royal HaskoningDHV is technical coordinator of national FRP design guidance and partner of FRP Eurocode
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Why FRP?
Low maintenance• 10% - 30% lower costs• reduced (traffic) hindrance
Sustainable and durable• Efficient material usage, low energy usage• Long life (> 80 years)
Lightweight and prefab• 2 á 3 times lighter than steel• Quick installation• Renovation and life time extension
Cost effective• Life Cycle Analyses• Replacement of steel structures, lift bridges,moveable structures, temporary structures
Strong• 200 - 500 MPa • Fatigue resistant
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Applications in infra structure and architecture
FRP has demonstrated its value and feasibility a.o. for: � Footbridges� Traffic deck panels
� Traffic bridges� Moveable bridges� Hybrid bridges ( FRP/steel)� Renovation (lightweight life time extension)
� Cladding� Edge elements
� Roof structures
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Footbridges by RHDHV
� Footbridge and incidentalvehicles
� Installed 2013
Design by Jorge Moura, Royal HaskoningDHVDesign by Joris Smits, Royal HaskoningDHV
� Floating footbridge andincidental vehicles
� Installed 2011
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Liftbridge Katwijk
� Foot bridge and incidental vehicles; span 25m � FRP lift bridgedeck, steel balance structure, concrete
substructure and approaches� Architectural design and engineering by RHDHV (2013)
Design by Joris Smits, Royal HaskoningDHV
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Royal HaskoningDHV: Dragon Fly bridge
� Pedestrian bridge and incidental vehicle� Hybrid glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforcement
Ontwerp Jorge Moura, RoyalHaskoningDHV
Lift bridge Oude Rijn, Katwijk
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FRP traffic bridge and trams :Sint Sebastiaansbridge Delft
� Traffic bridge (tender design)� 2 moveable decks: FRP deck with steel main beams
combined LM1 and tram load (deck 34m by 12m)� Heavy traffic and tram load, fatigue analysis� Engineering of structures c.a by RHDHV
Engineering by Royal HaskoningDHV
34m
12m
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Results: Thermal analysis
Ux (transverse)(1,8mm - -3,4mm)
Uy (length)(6,4mm - -20,4mm)
Uz (vertical)(22mm - -2,9mm)
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Results Traffic loads: SLS
App 41 mm (steel 28 mm)FRP deck Uz < 17, 8 mmIncluding conversion factors
1,1*1,1*1,1 = 1,33
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FRP Cladding Bridges Jeddah
� Architect Joris Smits and team (RHDHV)� Engineering by RHDHV (South Africa, Netherlands)
� Steel truss bridges 20m – 60m� FRP Cladding
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Team Herziening CUR96 :
Overheden� Rijkswaterstaat� Ingenieursbureau Den Haag� Ingenieursbureau Rotterdam
(GWR)� Ingenieursbureau Utrecht� COBc
Toeleveranciers (composiet, materialen):� FiberCore Europe� Bijl Profielen� PPG� Teijin Twaron� DSM� Bostik� VKCN (branche organisatie)� Groot Composiet
Universiteiten / Onderzoeksinstituten� Universiteit Twente� Technische Universiteit Delft� INHolland � WMC� TNO
Normalisatie Instituten, Consultants
� CUR� NEN� TechnoConsult
Aannemers en ingenieursbureaus� Heijmans� Movares� Solico
� Royal HaskoningDHV� Witteveen + Bos� CTC
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Official members of WG4Name E-mail Presented by
1Luigi Ascione(Convenor)
[email protected]@tiscalinet.it
UNI, Italy
2 Lone Døjbak Andersen [email protected] DS, Denmark
3 Andrea Benedetti [email protected] UNI, Italy
4 Jean-François Caron [email protected] AFNOR, France
5 Miroslav Cerny [email protected] UNMZ, Czeck republic
6 Joäo Ramôa Correia [email protected] IPQ, Portugal
7 Patrice Godonou [email protected] SIS, Sweden
8 Eugenio Gutierrez [email protected] JRC, Italy
9 Wojcieech Karwowski w.karwowskil.pw.edu.pl Warsaw University of Technology
10 Thomas Keller [email protected] SIA, Switzerland
11 Jan Knippers [email protected] DIN, Germany
12 IJselmuijden, Kees van [email protected] NEN, The Netherlands
13 Toby Mottram [email protected] BSI, UK
14 Matthias Oppe [email protected] DIN, Germany
15 Carlo Paulotto [email protected] Acciona, Spain
16 Pawel Poneta [email protected] Mostostal Warszawa S.A., Poland
17 Andreas Schleifer [email protected] DIN, Germany
18 Morten Gantriis Sorensen [email protected] DS, Denmark
19 Ioannis Stefanou [email protected] AFNOR, France
20 Jon Taby [email protected] SN, Norway
21 Thanasis Triantafillou [email protected] ELOT, Greece
22 Liesbeth Tromp [email protected], The Netherlands
23 Frédéric [email protected] DIN, Germany
Eurocode FRP
MEMBERS WG4
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Eurocode FRP
Structure of the Technical Report� Preface� Chapter 1: General� Chapter 2: Basis of Design (Partial Factors Method)� Chapter 3: Materials � Chapter 4: Durability
(UV Radiation; Temperature; Humidity; Static Charge; Fire)
� Chapter 5: Basis of Structural Design (Modeling of FRP, Behaviour in the case of Fire; Design assisted by Testing)
� Chapter 6: Ultimate Limit States and Fatigue (Profiles; Plates and Shells; Sandwich Panels)
� Chapter 7: Servicability Limit States (Deformations; Vibration and Comfort; Damage)
� Chapter 8: Connections (Bolted and Adhesive Joints)
� Chapter 9: Production, Realisation, Management and Maintenance
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Challenges• Maturing Technology• Variety of Materials• Variety of production processes
– Pultrusion– (Vacuum Assisted) RTM– Hand lay up– Filament winding
• Different environments– Dry– Wet dry– Wet– Temperatures
• Variety of applications and loading conditions• Connections
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Chapter 2 CUR96:Partial factors for the material CUR96
γM =γM1 * γM2
� γM1 - source of material data :� Detailed design material data derived from tests on same material
and process (γM1 = 1.15- from tests, 1.35 from literature )
� γM2 Depending on Manufacturing method and design Verification
� By coefficient of variation
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Conversiefactoren:klimaatinvloeden, langeduureffecten
� ηc = ηct . ηcv . ηck . ηcf;
� Temperatuur� Reductie orde 10%
� Vocht� Reductie nat/droog orde 10%,
natte toepassingen 30%.
� Kruip� Bij hoge permanente belasting� Afhankelijk laminaatopbouw
� Vermoeiing � Reductie van stijfheid, orde 10%� Sterkte analyse: UGT toets
levensduuranalyse o.b.v. spanningsniveau en wisselingen.
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Lameleigenschappen VVK (bouwstenen)
� Vezel en hars
� Lameleigenschappen:� Tabellen� Formules (Halpin-Tsai – Manera)
� Laminaateigenschappen:� Klassieke laminaten theorie� => software
UD
0/90
CSM (mat)
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Rekenprogramma’s materiaaleigenschappen
• Diverse rekentools beschikbaar tbv bepalen laminaateigenschappen.• obv Klassieke laminaten theorie (Classical Laminate Theory)• Overzicht zie :
http://www.compositesuk.co.uk/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=SRE1-zpumWI%3D
Voorbeeld: Kolibri (Lightweight Structures)
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Sterkte van laminaten of lamellen
� Tsai-Hill (gecorrigeerd) (‘Von Mises’ voor VVK)Houdt rekening met gecombineerde spanningen:
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Toetsing UGT en BGT� Materiaaleigenschappen
� Karakteristieke waarden uit tabel of testen� Toon aan dat ontwerpwaarden worden gerealiseerd
� Ontwerpwaarden uit testen of methode van partiële factoren � Materiaalfactoren� Conversiefactoren
� Analyse methoden� Handberekeningen of eindige elementenanalyse� Sterkte toets:
� O.b.v. vereenvoudigd rek criterium (GVK = 1.2%)� O.b.v. Tsai-Hill (gecorrigeerd)� O.b.v. doorsnede-toets (profielen)
� Bewijsvoering door testen� Materiaaltesten� Componenttesten � Full scale-test
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BGT eisen: Comfort van (voet)bruggen
� Comforteis: maximale versnelling i.p.v. statische doorbuiging L/300. (NEN-EN 1991-2 2011 Nationale bijlage) � Stijfheid VVK is relatief laag t.o.v. sterkte.� Massa VVK is relatief laag t.o.v. sterkte
=> veelal eigenfrequentie met bijkomende massa.� Demping (vergelijkbaar met beton)
� Limiet statische doorbuiging? (bijv. incidentele voertuigen)
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Failure modes FRP
� compression� Interlaminaire shear (ILSS)� In plane shear
� Delamination� Tensile� Bolted connections
� Bearing (gat-ovalisatie)� Netto section failure� Shear out � Pull out
� Adhesive connections� Peel stresses� Shear failure
Delaminatie t.g.v. ILSS
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Chapter 8: Connections
� Rules for (multi row) bolted connections� Geometrical limits� Verification of bolted connection for :
� In plane and out of plane loading� Formulas for determination of joint capacity� Stress concentration factors
� Rules for adhesive connections� General configurations� Verification by tests
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Guidance adhesive connections
� Prevent progressive collapse� Long term properties
� aging (temperature, moisture, creep, cure, coating)� Fatigue (no rules for infra)
� Analytical (hand or FEA) supported by test data.
� Test data from previous projects used as ‘proof of principle’ in design. Tests as part of quality control.
� Instructions for tolerances, tools and quality control.� Climate control, training and supervision by trained specialist in
realisation phase!
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� Expert review
� Trained personel
� Proces control:� Proces conditions (moisture, temperature, safety)� Traceable materials� Fiber placement ( fiber straightness)� Impregnation (no voids)� Cure
• Quality checks• Verification tests materials (design proof and quality control )� imperfections: geometry, voids
• Inspection and maintenance plan• 0-measurement• Inspection protocol
Tuned toconsequence class
and level of expertise
Quality Control
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� Pultrusion:� NEN-EN 13706 part 1 - 3
� flatness� straightness
� Production-imperfections� Fiber buckling� Voids and dry spots� Etc.
Quality of pultrudes and material
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EC FRP and CUR96
� Technical report FRP draft finished in 2015� Published for comments 2015 via CEN website� Technical Report/Specifications development until 2018
� Dutch design guide CUR96 finished 2015� English version will be presented in an event in Utrecht by
Rijkswaterstaat
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Thank you for your attention!
Voor meer informatie over VVK:[email protected]
Liesbeth Tromp
+31-683530320