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Fertilization, Pregnancy, Parturition
TEKS: 130.3(C)(6)(A)
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Objectives
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Describe the process of reproduction and
development including fertilization;
Describe gestation period for several animals;
Define livestock parturition; and
Describe dystocia.
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Fertilization – When the sperm and egg
unite.
Attachment – The embryo attaches itself
to the uterus for further development.
Stages of Prenatal Growth
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Stages of Prenatal Growth
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Embryonic Stage – The period when
body parts and organs start to form.
The length of time differs between
species
Fetal Period – Period that lasts until birth
is mainly a time when body parts and
organs mature.
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Gestation and Gestation Periods for
Different Species
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1. Gestation – Length of Pregnancy
2. Gestation time:
Human: 253-303 Days
Cow: 285 Days
Ewe: 147 Days
Mare: 336 Days
Sow: 114 Days
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Gestation
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3. The fetus develops in uterus, most of
growth is in the last 1/3 of gestation.
4. Umbilical cord connects the navel to the
placenta, where food, oxygen and wastes
are exchanged.
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Parturition
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Signals the end of gestation.
started by the release of cortisol
This release causes progesterone levels to decline and estrogen, prostaglandin, and oxytocin to increase.
All these hormonal changes cause relaxation of the cervix and contractions to occur.
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Parturition and Problems with
Parturition
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Abnormal positions (Dystocia)
Piglets don’t assume any particular position during
birth and it doesn’t seem to affect the ease of birth.
However calves, lambs and foals may present
themselves in abnormal positions.
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9 Taylor, Robert E., Scientific Farm Animal Production, 4th ed.
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A pictorial study of parturition.
Lambing: The Birth Of Twins
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The First Lamb
This Suffolk ewe
gave birth to twins.
This is the first lamb
to be born.
She is licking it
clean.
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The lamb is
yellow
because of
the amniotic
fluid.
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The Wait for the New Lamb
You can see the
new lamb’s
head.
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The ewe is
straining while
the lamb is
being born.
Part of the new
lamb’s body is
showing.
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Now the two
lambs are
born.
They are ewe
lambs.
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The ewe is starting to lick the new lamb.
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And licking. 17
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And licking.
The lamb is trying to stand. 18
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The ewe lamb is looking for her first drink of
colostrum.
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Now she is standing.
The afterbirth is being expelled. 20
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Both lambs are standing and ready to find the ewe’s udder.
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They have both nursed
and are resting.
Being born is tiring.
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